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Mining Task-Specific lines of code Counters

IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 100218-100233页

作者： Ochodek, Miroslaw Durczak, Krzysztof Nawrocki, Jerzy Staron, Miroslaw Poznan Univ Tech Fac Comp & Telecommun PL-60965 Poznan Poland Univ Gothenburg Chalmers Dept Comp Sci & Engn S-41756 Gothenburg Sweden

Context: lines of code (LOC) is a fundamental software code measure that is widely used as a proxy for software development effort or as a normalization factor in many other software-related measures (e.g., defect density). Unfortunately, the problem is that it is not clear which lines of code should be counted: all of them or some specific ones depending on the project context and task in mind? Objective: To design a generator of task-specific LOC measures and their counters mined directly from data that optimize the correlation between the LOC measures and variables they proxy for (e.g., code-review duration). Method: We use Design Science Research as our research methodology to build and validate a generator of task-specific LOC measures and their counters. The generated LOC counters have a form of binary decision trees inferred from historical data using Genetic Programming. The proposed tool was validated based on three tasks, i.e., mining LOC measures to proxy for code readability, number of assertions in unit tests, and code-review duration. Results: Task-specific LOC measures showed a "strong" to "very strong" negative correlation with code-readability score (Kendall's $\tau $ ranging from -0.83 to -0.76) compared to "weak" to "strong" negative correlation for the best among the standard LOC measures ( $\tau $ ranging from -0.36 to -0.13). For the problem of proxying for the number of assertions in unit tests, correlation coefficients were also higher for task-specific LOC measures by ca. 11% to 21% ( $\tau $ ranged from 0.31 to 0.34). Finally, task-specific LOC measures showed a stronger correlation with code-review duration than the best among the standard LOC measures ( $\tau $ = 0.31, 0.36, and 0.37 compared to 0.11, 0.08, 0.16, respectively). Conclusions: Our study shows that it is possible to mine task-specific LOC counters from historical datasets using Genetic Programming. Task-specific LOC measures obtained that way show stronger correlations with t

关键词： Software measurement software size lines of code LOC

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A statistical study of the relevance of lines of code measures in software projects

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INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2014年第4期10卷 243-260页

作者： Barb, Adrian S. Neill, Colin J. Sangwan, Raghvinder S. Piovoso, Michael J. Penn State Univ 30 E Swedesford Rd Malvern PA 19355 USA

lines of code metrics are routinely used as measures of software system complexity, programmer productivity, and defect density, and are used to predict both effort and cost. The guidelines for using a direct metric, such as lines of code, as a proxy for a quality factor such as complexity or defect density, or in derived metrics such as cost and effort are clear. Amongst other criteria, the direct metric must be linearly related to, and accurately predict, the quality factor and these must be validated through statistical analysis following a rigorous validation methodology. In this paper, we conduct such an analysis to determine the validity and utility of lines of code as a measure using the ISBGS-10 data set. We find that it fails to meet the specified validity tests and, therefore, has limited utility in derived measures.

关键词： ISBSG-10 Software estimation Data mining Linear models lines of code

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Flow-Sensitive Pointer Analysis for Millions of lines of code

Flow-Sensitive Pointer Analysis for Millions of Lines of Cod...

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9th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on code Generation and Optimization (CGO)

作者： Hardekopf, Ben Lin, Calvin Univ Calif Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781612843551

Many program analyses benefit, both in precision and performance, from precise pointer analysis. An important dimension of pointer analysis precision is flow-sensitivity, which has been shown to be useful for applications such as program verification and static analysis of binary code, among many others. However, flow-sensitive pointer analysis has historically been unable to scale to programs with millions of lines of code. We present a new flow-sensitive pointer analysis algorithm that is an order of magnitude faster than the existing state of the art, enabling for the first time flow-sensitive pointer analysis for programs with millions of lines of code. Our flow-sensitive algorithm is based on a sparse representation of program code created by a staged, flow-insensitive pointer analysis. We explain how this new algorithm is a member of a new family of pointer analysis algorithms that deserves further study.

关键词： Pointer lines of code codes analysis programme Analysis lines lines program code binary code program verification

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Ethics between the lines (of code)

Ethics between the lines (of code)

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IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering

作者： Sliwa, Jan Bern Univ Appl Sci TI RISIS CH-2501 Biel Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781479949922

All technical systems influence humans, therefore developing and using them has always ethical aspects. This influence may be strong or weak, direct or indirect. Nowadays, especially with the advent of smart medical devices, systems analyzing big data about us and taking decisions related to our lives, or other forms of pervasive computing, this interaction of technical systems with humans is becoming more intensive and more complex. The growing number of such system, lack of experienced developers, limited budgets and the rush to market may cause important, unpredictable risks. This paper discusses the problem of the ethical decisions taken by the developers inadvertently - just by coding - and proposes some measures to contain this problem and to reduce its impact.

关键词： lines of code Ethics big data Juncus Budgets Human DEVELOPERS Developers codes ethical aspects lines lines Rush

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Optimal resource selection for Green Software Development using Machine Learning

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Procedia Computer Science 2025年 258卷 647-657页

作者： Nisha Kumari Tirthankar Gayen Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi - 110067 India Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology New Delhi - 110003 India

Today software development consumes a lot of natural resources which are needed to be preserved for future needs. The resources that are used in developing software are huge in numbers casting a negative impact on the environment. Hence, one needs to utilize these resources in an efficient manner in order to conserve it. Since resources are limited, there is a need for more improved software as well as an efficient software development process which consumes less energy and resources. In order to fulfill this objective, Green Software Development (GSD) can be useful. But sometimes the cost incurred for the GSD may be too high and benefits obtained may be very less or negligible. This outcome may not be very beneficial to the developers. Therefore, this article proposes an effective approach using machine learning for cost-benefit analysis to provide optimal resource selection for GSD. This approach makes a trade-off between requirements and expenditures (cost incurred to achieve the objective based on the requirements) to provide optimal resource selection and aids in analyzing the economic feasibility for GSD.

关键词： Green Software Development Commercial-Off-the-Shelf Component-Based Software Development lines of code Carbon

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Measuring stability of object-oriented software architectures

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IET SOFTWARE 2015年第3期9卷 76-82页

作者： Ebad, Shouki A. Ahmed, Moataz Aly Northern Border Univ Fac Comp & IT Rafha 91911 Saudi Arabia King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals Informat & Comp Sci Dept Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Software architectural stability reflects the capability of software to evolve while preserving its architecture. Stability in this context means preserving cross-architectural components communications and structural relationships unchanged. It is recognised that cross-architectural components changes are costly and should be avoided. In object-oriented development, class packages form the basic architectural components of large-scale software systems. There has been a number of architecture stability metrics proposed in the literature. Those metrics mainly measure changes in cross-components structural relationships and not cross-components communication. In this study, the authors' present a new architectural stability metric that measure inter-package calls. The authors' theoretically validated ASM through a set of prominent mathematical properties. The authors' also empirically validated the metric using two open source projects: JHotDraw and abstract window toolkit. Measurements of the ASM were shown to be consistent with the lines of code changes across releases in the two projects.

关键词： open source ARCHITECTURE object orientation lines of code computer programs Writers Software systems Software architecture Building components computer software

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Automatic code generation from unified modelling language sequence diagrams

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IET SOFTWARE 2013年第1期7卷 12-28页

作者： Kundu, Debasish Samanta, Debasis Mall, Rajib Indian Inst Technol Sch Informat Technol Kharagpur 721302 W Bengal India Indian Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Kharagpur 721302 W Bengal India

Unified modelling language (UML) is a visual modelling language, which has gained popularity among software practitioners. In a model-driven software development environment, the existing UML tools mainly support automatic generation of structural code from UML class diagrams. However, the code generation from UML diagrams such as statechart, activity, collaboration and sequence diagrams (SDs) are not supported by most UML tools and also have scarcely been reported in the literatures. This work proposes an approach to automatic generation of code from UML 2.x SDs of use cases. From the XML metadata interchange (XMI) representation of an SD of a use case, the authors construct a graph model called sequence integration graph (SIG). The SIG encapsulates information related to messages, control flow and method scope of interactions. These information are then used to generate code. The proposed approach has been tested using a number of real-life application systems and the results substantiate the efficacy of the approach to synthesise the code for controller classes. The authors observe that approximately 48% of the total lines of code within controller class methods can be generated with the proposed approach. The proposed approach can be easily extended to other behavioural UML models such as interaction-overview diagrams, communication diagrams and activity diagrams.

关键词： Graphical models environment of program development codes lines of code autogeneration UML code generation

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Beware of counting LOC - Seeking a better method for estimating system size in an attempt to measure knowledge content.

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COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 2004年第3期47卷 21-24页

作者： Armour, PG Corvus Int Inc Deer Pk IL USA

By far the most common software sizing metric is source lines of code (LOC).When we count LOC we are trying to "size" a system by counting how many precompiled source lines wehave created, or expect to create, in the final system. Since one of the primary purposes ofcounting LOC is to determine how big a system might be before we go and build it―say as an input toa project estimation process―we are presented with a dilemma. Before we build a system, we don'thave any lines of code yet, so how can we count them? Once we have written the lines of code and wecan count them, we don't need to estimate since we have the actual values. LOC counts forestimation, it seems, are only accurate when we don't need them and are not available when we do.

关键词： Dilemma LEVEL OF CONCERN Not Available lines of code

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A SIMPLE SERIES FOR PERSONAL-COMPUTER COMPUTATION OF THE ERROR FUNCTION Q(.)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 1989年第9期37卷 989-991页

作者： BEAULIEU, NC Department of Electrical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ONT Canada

A simple series for computation of the error function Q(.) is derived. It is well suited for implementation on a personal computer, having six or more significant figure accuracy over a wide range of argument and requiring few lines of code to program. Its advantage over other series is its rapid convergence over a wide range of argument.

关键词： series (mathematics) Significant figure lines of code ERROR FUNCTIONS Quality factor Disputes

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A SOFTWARE SIZE MODEL

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1992年第4期18卷 265-278页

作者： VERNER, J TATE, G CITY POLYTECH HONG KONG DEPT INFORMAT SYSTKOWLOONHONG KONG

A major problem of software cost estimation is first obtaining an accurate size estimate of the software to be developed. A bottom-up approach to software size estimation is described, which first identifies factors affecting software size, thus obtaining size explanation equations, and then seeks suitable predictors based on those explanation factors which can be used for size estimation. The approach, or model, is bottom-up in that it sizes individual software components or modules first, and then obtains subsystem and system sizes by summing component sizes. Since components may have different purposes and characteristics-e.g., menu, computation, and reporting components-the model allows for the partitioning of system components into several different types, each component type having different size explanation and estimation equations. The approach is similar to function point analysis, which partitions components of business systems (transactions) into five types: inputs, outputs, inquiries, entities (or files), and external interfaces. The partitioning here, however, is not fixed, but depends on the particular software development technology. In this sense the approach can be regarded as a generalization of function point analysis. The model is applied to several different software systems, including both business applications and systems programs.

关键词： FUNCTION POINT ANALYSIS lines of code PRODUCT METRICS SOFTWARE METRICS SOFTWARE SIZE ESTIMATION

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