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A comparative analysis using LEACH protocol to enhance energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks with harmony search algorithm

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DISCOVER COMPUTING 2025年第1期28卷 1-27页

作者： Sambhe, Nilesh Yenurkar, Ganesh Kanase, Vijay V. Anjana, S. Ninawe, Neeraj Babrekar, Shripad Pophali, Om Kale, Ayush Vyas, Prathmesh Yeshwantrao Chavan Coll Engn Dept Comp Technol Nagpur 441110 Maharashtra India Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed Be Univ Krishna Inst Med Sci Dept Surg Satara 415539 Maharashtra India Manipal Acad Higher Educ Manipal Inst Technol Manipal Dept Comp Sci & Engn Udupi 576104 Karnataka India

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are critical to many applications, but their use is frequently hampered by energy constraints, particularly in remote locations. WSN nodes are typically installed in remote and frequently inaccessible locations, making battery replacement challenging, thus emphasizing the importance of energy efficiency. This research presents an energy-conserving approach centred on the Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), optimized by considering key parameters such as the number of sensor nodes, initial energy levels, transmission range, and data rate. The network performance is tested against the LEACH algorithm by evaluating parameters including energy consumption, network lifetime, and throughput. The comparative analysis is performed using graphs depicting the energy consumption of nodes by both approaches. With the Harmony Memory Size (HMS), Harmony Memory Considering Rate (HMCR), and Pitch Adjustment Rate (PAR) adjusted for best outcomes, the suggested method maximizes the performance of WSNs by effectively regulating the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Unlike LEACH, which involves clustering of nodes and periodic rotation of clusters, HSA is based on energy-efficient harmony and does not rely on clustering, thereby finding the most energy-efficient communication path within the network. Simulation results indicate that the HSA algorithm is 9.52% more efficient, with its energy usage being 9.2% more economical compared to the LEACH algorithm. This demonstrates HSA's potential for enhancing WSN performance in energy-constrained environments.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks Harmony search algorithm low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy energy constraints WSN nodes

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Performance evaluation of main approaches for determining optimal number of clusters in wireless sensor networks

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AD HOC AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 2020年第3期33卷 184-195页

作者： Benmahdi, Meryem Bochra Lehsaini, Mohamed Univ Tlemcen STIC Lab Tilimsen 13000 Algeria

Among important issues in the current energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based on clustering approaches are how to determine the optimal number of clusters, how to generate clusters and how select cluster-heads to improve WSNs performance. These approaches aim to reduce energy consumption of the WSN nodes and to extend the network lifetime. This paper reviews and compares the performance of three clustering techniques for determining number of clusters: rule of thumb, elbow, and silhouette. Each of these techniques involves a distributed K-means approach to generate clusters. Moreover, we compare these three clustering methods with low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), Imp LEACH and MODLEACH in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and the number of packets sent to the base station (BS). The results obtained indicate that rule of thumb method provides better performance compared to other clustering techniques in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.

关键词： clustering K-means low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy LEACH silhouette elbow rule of thumb wireless sensor networks WSNs

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Impact of rate of recurrent communication of sensor node on network lifetime in a wireless sensor network

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IET SCIENCE MEASUREMENT & TECHNOLOGY 2017年第4期11卷 473-479页

作者： Natarajan, Hemavathi Nagpal, Shobhit Kumar Selvaraj, Sudha Natl Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Tiruchirappalli 620015 Tamil Nadu India

Recent research works suggest cluster head reselection as a mechanism for network lifetime improvement. Cluster head reselection is either energy or time dependent. However, frequent cluster head reselection increases time overhead and energy consumption leading to reduction in network lifetime. Hence, an attempt is made to minimise the cluster head reselection frequency. The cluster head reselection is carried out whenever the energy of current cluster head falls below the threshold and this threshold corresponds to the minimum energy required for a node to survive. It is this selection of the threshold value that favours reduction in cluster head reselection frequency. Further, the cluster head reselection is based on energy drainage parameters such as the rate of recurrent communication of sensor node in addition to the residual energy of the node and distance of the node from the base station. To demonstrate the effect of rate of recurrent communication of sensor node on cluster head reselection, experiments are conducted both through simulation and hardware. Further, to study the effectiveness of the proposal, comparisons are made with other algorithms such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)-C, adaptive decentralised re-clustering protocol and T-LEACH. Reduced cluster head reselection frequency exhibits low energy consumption and time overhead with enhanced network lifetime.

关键词： wireless sensor networks recurrent communication rate sensor node network lifetime wireless sensor network cluster head reselection frequency energy drainage parameters residual energy low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy energy consumption time overhead

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Learning-Based Security Technique for Selective Forwarding Attack in Clustered WSN

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第1期118卷 789-814页

作者： Singh, Surinder Saini, Hardeep Singh IKG PTU Jalandhar Kapurthala Punjab India Indo Global Coll Engn Abhipur Punjab India

Selective forwarding attacks in WSN can damage many mission-critical applications, like military surveillance and forest fire censoring. In such attacks, malicious nodes most of the time functions like regular nodes, but sometimes drop sensitive packets selectively, like a packet recording the dissimilar power' activity, making it more difficult to identify their malicious intent. The current selective forwarding attack detection schemes, randomly select checkpoint nodes, available in-between nodes within a forwarding route, which are responsible for producing acknowledgments for each received packet. In this paper, the complete sets of nodes are differentiated into three different types based on their functionality as Inspector Node (IN), Cluster Head (CH), and Member Nodes (MN). The newly considered node as IN is considered to overhear all of the activities of the Cluster head, as CH is the most compromising node in the complete cluster, and in the case, if the CH is attacked then the complete cluster stops working in the network. The IN is trained based on certain rules and predefined parameters which analyses if the CH or MN is malicious or not and considers the required action. NS2 is considered for the simulation of the proposed methodology and also for the validation of the proposed work. In the proposed methodology, two different stages are considered as detection and correction, which works to tackle the attacks and also considering the system efficiency almost. As in the proposed methodology, the effect of the attack is minimized which increases the QOS and also better data transmission.

关键词： Wireless sensor network clustering low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy energy Efficient Nodes Protocols Sensors Routing Transmission Packets

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Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Efficient Cluster Head Selection in WSN

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第6期79卷 3585-3629页

作者： Imtiaz Ahmad Tariq Hussain Babar Shah Altaf Hussain Iqtidar Ali Farman Ali Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology The University of AgriculturePeshawarPakistan School of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang Gongshang UniversityHangzhouChina College of Technological Innovation Zayed UniversityDubaiUnited Arab Emirates School of Computer Science and Technology Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing400065China Department of Applied AI School of ConvergenceCollege of Computing and InformaticsSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul03063South Korea

Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and *** of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering *** have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime *** strategies have been applied to get over these *** may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such ***,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy *** paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)*** the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken *** simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 *** sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to *** number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and *** network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based *** to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed *** overall results have been evaluated and

关键词： Wireless sensor network cluster head selection low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy accelerated particle swarm optimization

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An Optimized Novel Trust-Based Security Mechanism Using Elephant Herd Optimization

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第3期44卷 2489-2500页

作者： Saranya Veerapaulraj M.Karthikeyan S.Sasipriya A.S.Shanthi Tamilnadu College of Engineering CoimbatoreIndia Krishna College of Engineering CoimbatoreIndia

Routing strategies and security issues are the greatest challenges in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Cluster-based routing low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy(LEACH)decreases power consumption and increases net-work lifetime *** WSN is a challenging issue faced by *** systems are very helpful in detecting interfering nodes in *** have successfully applied Nature-inspired Metaheuristics Optimization Algorithms as a decision-making factor to derive an improved and effective solution for a real-time optimization *** metaheuristic Elephant Herding Optimizations(EHO)algorithm is formulated based on ele-phant herding in their *** considers two herding behaviors to solve and enhance optimization *** on Elephant Herd Optimization,a trust-based security method is built in this *** proposed routing selects routes to destination based on the trust values,thus,finding optimal secure routes for transmitting *** results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed EHO based *** Average Packet Loss Rate of the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization performs better by 35.42%,by 1.45%,and by 31.94%than LEACH,Elephant Herd Optimization,and Trust LEACH,respec-tively at Number of Nodes *** the proposed routing is efficient in selecting secure routes,the average packet loss rate is significantly reduced,improving the network’s *** is also observed that the lifetime of the network is enhanced with the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization.

关键词： Wireless sensor network low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy trust systems elephant herding optimizations algorithm trust-based elephant herd optimization

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Fault-tolerant mechanism for wireless sensor network

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IET WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEMS 2020年第1期10卷 23-30页

作者： Mohapatra, Hitesh Rath, Amiya Kumar Veer Surendra Sai Univ Technol Comp Sci & Engn Burla Odisha India NAAC Bangalore Karnataka India

The study aims to understand the various types of faults occur in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The primary objective of the fault-tolerant technique is to enhance the robustness and self-healing capacity of sensor network. The resource constraint environment, remote deployment and harsh monitoring conditions frequently invite different types of faults in WSN. The fault can be handled in two ways such as fault tolerance and fault prevention method. The novelty of this state-of-art is, the authors propose two new algorithms named Uniform energy clustering for fault tolerance and Population-Based clustering for fault prevention. The result of the simulation is satisfactory in comparison to existing algorithms such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, Stable Election Protocol, Virtual Area Partition - energy and energy-Aware Multi-Hop Multi-Path Hierarchical protocols. In addition to these new algorithms, they also propose a unique taxonomy on fault which is based on sensitivity issues of specific applications.

关键词： fault tolerance wireless sensor networks pattern clustering protocols fault prevention Uniform energy clustering fault tolerance low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy Virtual Area Partition - energy fault-tolerant mechanism wireless sensor network WSN fault-tolerant technique self-healing capacity resource constraint environment remote deployment harsh monitoring conditions

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Mobile routing algorithm with dynamic clustering for energy large-scale wireless sensor networks

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IET WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEMS 2020年第5期10卷 208-213页

作者： Elmonser, Malika Ben Chikha, Haithem Attia, Rabah Carthage Univ Tunisia Polytech Sch SERCOM Lab La Marsa 2078 Tunisia Jouf Univ Coll Comp & Informat Sci Dept Comp Engn & Networks Sakakah Saudi Arabia

The clustering technique is a key routing method for large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which strongly extends the network's lifetime and scalability. The fundamental protocol of this technique, which is called low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), is proved as a solution that offers good energy efficiency and consequently expands the network lifetime. As the energy efficiency is deteriorated with the network size, LEACH improvements are becoming so substantial to support the scalability in the large-scale WSNs. The authors propose a new dynamic multi-hop clustering protocol. It exploits both the mobility and the multi-hop communication to prolong the lifetime of the mobile WSN. The proposed protocol, called dynamic multi-hop LEACH (DMH-LEACH), combines the dynamic clustering, multi-hop transmissions, and node mobility to improve the energy efficiency of LEACH. They also study the effect of the traffic and energy heterogeneity on the proposed protocol. Finally, they simulate DMH-LEACH protocol for both homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol allows to better balance the energy consumption for all sensor nodes and considerably extends the network's lifetime.

关键词： telecommunication network routing energy conservation protocols wireless sensor networks large-scale WSNs multihop communication dynamic multihop clustering protocol mobile WSN highest residual energy lowest mobility factor cluster heads dynamic clustering multihop transmissions node mobility traffic energy heterogeneity DMH-LEACH protocol energy consumption sensor nodes mobile routing algorithm energy large-scale wireless sensor networks clustering technique key routing method fundamental protocol low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy good energy efficiency network lifetime network size LEACH improvements

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DYNAMIC REPLENISH CHILDREN PARENT LEACH FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ROUTING

DYNAMIC REPLENISH CHILDREN PARENT LEACH FOR WIRELESS SENSOR ...

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IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC)

作者： Yan, Jian-Feng Qian, Li-Feng Soochow Univ Sch Comp Sci & Technol Suzhou 215006 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781457703218

Death of part of the nodes in wireless sensor network is a key problem to affect lifetime of the whole network. To avoid early death of such nodes, we put forth a children parent scheme implemented with Leach protocol. The children parent scheme allows supplement of nodes when some node runs out of energy due to causes such as hot spot or unbalanced network topology. Experiment results show the scheme can greatly prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.

关键词： Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

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Wireless Sensor Network Performance Research for LEACH Based on Multi-Agent Simulation 1

Wireless Sensor Network Performance Research for LEACH Based...

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1st IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA)

作者： Liao, Can Zhu, Kejun Tang, Jian Zhang, Shuwen China Univ Geosci Sch Econ & Management Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781509039319

Due to the limited data transmission capability, most of the sensor nodes in the wireless sensor networks(WSN) cannot send data to the base station directly. In most situations the data transfer has to be done by the means of multi-hop. low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy(LEACH) is one of the most widely used multi-hop strategies. However, as there are many random factors interrelated with each other in the networks, it's very difficult to evaluate the network performance for LEACH, which has become a hotpot of current research. Since lifetime is the most important network performance indicator, this paper collects the network operation parameters including working period through multi-agent simulation and computational experiments, and evaluates the network performance in different situations based on the collected data. The results would provide practical advices for optimizing the network performance and come up with a new thinking of adopting multi-agent simulation in WSN research.

关键词： Wireless Sensor Network low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy Network Performance Multi-Agent Simulation Computational Experiments

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