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morbillivirus infection in pilot whales: strict protein requirement drives genetic conservation

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY 2011年第10期156卷 1853-1859页

作者： Banyard, Ashley C. Tiwari, Ashok Barrett, Thomas AFRC Inst Anim Hlth Pirbright Lab Woking GU24 0NF Surrey England Indian Vet Res Inst Mol Biol Lab Div Anim Biotechnol Izatnagar 243122 Uttar Pradesh India

morbillivirus infection of marine mammals has been documented across all of the world's oceans. Whilst infection is generally demonstrated using a variety of histopathological and serological techniques, where possible, the use of molecular techniques is being used to enable accurate genetic typing of virus strains through sequence analysis. Here, we present genetic data from dolphins and pilot whales affected by morbillivirus infection in the recent outbreak in the Mediterranean Sea during a six-month period from the end of October 2006 to April 2007. To date, very few studies have looked at characterizing outbreaks of morbillivirus infections in whale species at the molecular level. Here, we provide a full sequence for the haemagglutinin (H) gene from material derived from both a dolphin and a pilot whale from the 2007 outbreak in the Mediterranean Sea and show this virus to be 100% identical across the region analysed. Furthermore, we compare partial sequence data from the nucleocapsid (N) gene of the pilot whale material with previously published data and show evidence for strong protein conservation between these different isolates. Finally, we discuss the current classification of cetacean morbilliviruses as a single species.

关键词： morbillivirus Cetacean Whale

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morbillivirus vaccines: Recent successes and future hopes

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VACCINE 2014年第26期32卷 3155-3161页

作者： Buczkowski, Hubert Muniraju, Murali Parida, Satya Banyard, Ashley C. Anim Hlth & Vet Labs Agcy Weybridge KT15 3NB Surrey England Pirbright Inst Pirbright GU24 0NF Surrey England

The impact of morbilliviruses on both human and animal populations is well documented in the history of mankind. Indeed, prior to the development of vaccines for these diseases, morbilliviruses plagued both humans and their livestock that were heavily relied upon for food and motor power within communities. Measles virus (MeV) was responsible for the death of millions of people annually across the world and those fortunate enough to escape the disease often faced starvation where their livestock had died following infection with rinderpest virus (RPV) or peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Canine distemper virus has affected dog populations for centuries and in the past few decades appears to have jumped species, now causing disease in a number of non-canid species, some of which are been pushed to the brink of extinction by the virus. During the age of vaccination, the introduction and successful application of vaccines against rinderpest and measles has led to the eradication of the former and the greater control of the latter. Vaccines against PPR and canine distemper have also been generated;however, the diseases still pose a threat to susceptible species. Here we review the currently available vaccines against these four morbilliviruses and discuss the prospects for the development of new generation vaccines. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： morbillivirus Vaccines Measles Rinerpest Canine distemper Peste des petits ruminants Eradication

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morbillivirus cross-species infection: is there a risk for humans?

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FUTURE VIROLOGY 2012年第11期7卷 1103-1113页

作者： Cosby, S. Louise Queens Univ Belfast Sch Med Dent & Biomed Sci Ctr Infect & Immun Ctr Med Biol Belfast BT9 7BL Antrim North Ireland

The WHO has set regional elimination goals for measles eradication to be achieved by 2020 or earlier. A major question is whether an opportunity for veterinary virus infection of humans may arise when measles is eradicated and if vaccination is discontinued. Lessons have been learned from animal to human virus transmission i.e., HIV and more recently from severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza virus infections. We are therefore alerted to the risk of zoonosis from the veterinary morbilliviruses. In this review the evidence from viral genomics, animal studies and cell culture experiments will be explored to evaluate the possibility of cross-infection of humans with these viruses.

关键词： canine distemper virus cross-species infection dolphin distemper virus measles virus morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus phocine distemper virus receptors rinderpest virus zoonosis

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morbillivirus Infection in a Wild Siberian Tiger in the Russian Far East

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES 2010年第4期46卷 1252-1256页

作者： Quigley, Kathy S. Evermann, James F. Leathers, Charles W. Armstrong, Douglas L. Goodrich, John Duncan, Neil M. Miquelle, Dale G. Wildlife Conservat Soc Siberian Tiger Project Bronx NY 10460 USA Washington State Univ Dept Vet Clin Sci Pullman WA 99164 USA Washington State Univ Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab Coll Vet Med Pullman WA 99164 USA Washington State Univ Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol Pullman WA 99164 USA Henry Doorly Zoo Omaha NE 68107 USA Univ Pretoria ZA-0110 Onderstepoort South Africa

We report the first documented case of morbillivirus infection in a wild, free-ranging Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). The tigress entered a small village in the Russian Far East in an ambulatory but stuporous state with no apparent recognition or fear of humans. Her condition progressed rapidly with neurological signs, anorexia, and ultimately death. Histologic lesions included vacuolated to malacic white matter in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus, with associated lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. Large, intranuclear, eosinophilic inclusions were within regional astrocytes, and the brain lesions were immunohistochemically positive when stained for canine distemper viral antigen. Hematologic and blood chemistry results were consistent with overwhelming systemic infection and starvation. The animal also was antibody-positive for canine distemper virus, feline panleukopenia, and feline coronavirus.

关键词： Canine distemper Far East morbillivirus Russia Siberian tiger

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morbillivirus and Toxoplasma Exposure and Association with Hematological Parameters for Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bears: Potential Response to Infectious Agents in a Sentinel Species

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ECOHEALTH 2010年第3期7卷 321-331页

作者： Kirk, Cassandra M. Amstrup, Steven Swor, Rhonda Holcomb, Darce O'Hara, Todd M. Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol Fairbanks AK 99775 USA US Geol Survey Alaska Sci Ctr Anchorage AK 99508 USA

Arctic temperatures are increasing in response to greenhouse gas forcing and polar bears have already responded to changing conditions. Declines in body stature and vital rates have been linked to warming-induced loss of sea-ice. As food webs change and human activities respond to a milder Arctic, exposure of polar bears and other arctic marine organisms to infectious agents may increase. Because of the polar bear's status as arctic ecosystem sentinel, polar bear health could provide an index of changing pathogen occurrence throughout the Arctic, however, exposure and monitoring protocols have yet to be established. We examine prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, and four morbilliviruses (canine distemper [CDV], phocine distemper [PDV], dolphin morbillivirus [DMV], porpoise morbillivirus [PMV]) including risk factors for exposure. We also examine the relationships between antibody levels and hematologic values established in the previous companion article. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and morbilliviruses were found in both sample years. We found a significant inverse relationship between CDV titer and total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils, and a significant positive relationship between eosinophils and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Morbilliviral prevalence varied significantly among age cohorts, with 1-2 year olds least likely to be seropositive and bears aged 5-7 most likely. Data suggest that the presence of CDV and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies is associated with polar bear hematologic values. We conclude that exposure to CDV-like antigen is not randomly distributed among age classes and suggest that differing behaviors among life history stages may drive probability of specific antibody presence.

关键词： Arctic Alaska Climate change hematology morbillivirus Polar bear Arctic sentinel Toxoplasma gondii

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morbillivirus infection in cetaceans stranded along the Italian coastline: Pathological, immunohistochemical and biomolecular findings

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RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013年第1期94卷 132-137页

作者： Di Guardo, Giovanni Di Francesco, Cristina Esmeralda Eleni, Claudia Cocumelli, Cristiano Scholl, Francesco Casalone, Cristina Peletto, Simone Mignone, Walter Tittarelli, Cristiana Di Nocera, Fabio Leonardi, Leonardo Fernandez, Antonio Marcer, Federica Mazzariol, Sandro Univ Teramo Fac Vet Med Teramo Italy Ist Zooprofilatt Sperimentale IZS Reg Lazio & Tos Rome Italy IZS Piemonte Turin Italy IZS Piemonte Imperia Italy IZS Mezzogiorno Salerno Italy Univ Perugia Fac Vet Med I-06100 Perugia Italy Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain Univ Padua Dept Anim Med Prod & Hlth Padua Italy Univ Padua Dept Comparat Biomed & Food Sci Padua Italy

morbilliviruses are recognized as biological agents highly impacting the health and conservation status of free-ranging cetaceans worldwide, as clearly exemplified by the two Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) epidemics of 1990-1992 and 2006-2008 among Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). After these two epidemics, morbilliviral infection (MI) cases with peculiar neurobiological features were reported in striped dolphins stranded along the Spanish coastline. Affected cetaceans showed a subacute-to-chronic, non-suppurative encephalitis, with brain lesions strongly resembling those found in human "subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" and "old dog encephalitis". Brain was the only tissue in which morbilliviral antigen and/or genome could be detected. Beside a case of morbilliviral encephalitis in a striped dolphin's calf stranded in 2009, we observed 5 additional MI cases in 2 striped dolphins, 1 bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and 2 fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), all stranded in 2011 along the Italian coastline. Noteworthy, 3 of these animals (2 striped dolphins and I bottlenose dolphin) showed immunohistochemical (IHC) and/or biomolecular (PCR) evidence of morbilliviral antigen and/or genome exclusively in their brain, with 1 striped dolphin and I bottlenose dolphin also exhibiting a non-suppurative encephalitis. Furthermore, simultaneous IHC and PCR evidence of a Toxoplasma gondii coinfection was obtained in I fin whale. The above results are consistent with those reported in striped dolphins after the two MI epidemics of 1990-92 and 2006-2008, with evidence of morbilliviral antigen and/or genome being found exclusively in the brain tissue from affected animals. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： morbillivirus Infection Pathogenesis Encephalitis Cetaceans Strandings Italy Mediterranean Sea

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morbillivirus infection in bottlenose dolphins: Evidence for recurrent epizootics in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE 1996年第4期12卷 499-515页

作者： Duignan, PJ House, C Odell, DK Wells, RS Hansen, LJ Walsh, MT StAubin, DK Rima, BK Geraci, JR NATL VET SERV LAB FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LABGREENPORTNY 11944 MOTE MARINE LAB CHICAGO ZOOL SOCSARASOTAFL 34236 NOAA NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVSE FISHERIES SCI CTRCHARLESTON LABCHARLESTONSC 29412 SEA WORLD FLORIDA ORLANDOFL 32821 MYST MARINELIFE AQUARIUM MYSTICCT 06355 QUEENS UNIV BELFAST SCH BIOL & BIOCHEMDIV MOL BIOLBELFAST BT9 7BLANTRIMNORTH IRELAND

morbillivirus infection is widespread among odontocetes of the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Serologic evidence of infection in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, was first detected during an epizootic along the mid-Atlantic tease in 1987. Here, we report recurrent epizootics in the coastal dolphin population since at least the early 1980s based on serological surveys and regional stranding frequencies. The first observed epizootic of this series occurred in the Indian and Banana Rivers in 1982 and was followed by others on the mid-Atlantic coast in 1987-1988 and in the Gulf of Mexico between 1992 and 1994. This temporal pattern of infection is likely facilitated by the population size and its fragmentation into relatively discrete coastal communities. Introduction of morbillivirus into a community with a sufficient number of naive hosts may precipitate an epizootic, depending on the potential for transmission within the group. Propagation of an epizootic along the cease is probably determined by frequency of contact between adjacent communities and seasonal migrations. morbillivirus antibodies were also detected in serum from offshore bottle-nose dolphins. The sere-prevalence in the latter may be higher than in coastal dolphins because of their close association with enzootically infected pilot whales (Globicephala spp.). Occasional contact between offshore and coastal dolphins may provide an epizootiologic link between pilot whales and coastal dolphin communities.

关键词： bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus morbillivirus serology epizootic pilot whales Globicephala spp

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morbillivirus INFECTION IN LIVE STRANDED, INJURED, TRAPPED, AND CAPTIVE CETACEANS IN SOUTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND AND NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES 2012年第1期48卷 47-55页

作者： Stone, Brett M. Blyde, David J. Saliki, Jeremiah T. Morton, John M. QML Vetnost Murarrie Qld 4172 Australia Sea World Gold Coast Qld 4217 Australia Univ Georgia Athens Vet Diagnost Lab Athens GA 30602 USA Jemora Pty Ltd Geelong Vic 3220 Australia

We report serologic evidence of cetacean morbillivirus (CMV) infection in five of eight cetacean species found live stranded, injured, or trapped along the coast of southeastern Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia between December 2005 and January 2011 Antibody to CMV was detected in 13 of 27 (48%) wild cetaceans sampled. Antibody prevalence was significantly higher in clinically diseased (69%) compared to nondiseased (18%) animals (P=0.018). There was high antibody prevalence (83%, n=6) in melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra). Two of 13 (15%) captive cetaceans sampled between November 2005 and January 2011. had CMV antibodies and, as infection was unlikely to have occurred while in captivity, CMV infection appears to have been present in Australian wild cetaceans since at least 1985. These results indicate that morbillivirus infection is occurring without widespread cetacean mortality in this region. However, as the deaths of two immature Australian offshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were attributed to CMV infection, morbillivirus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of disease in cetaceans in Australia. Captive cetacean populations may be prone to significant mortality as a result of CMV introduction, so strict quarantine procedures should be enforced when injured or stranded cetaceans are hospitalized and rehabilitated at Australian zoos and marine parks.

关键词： Australia cetacean CMV epidemiology morbillivirus New South Wales Queensland serology

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morbillivirus INFECTIONS IN WILDLIFE (IN RELATION TO THEIR POPULATION BIOLOGY AND DISEASE-CONTROL IN DOMESTIC-ANIMALS)

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VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY 1995年第2-4期44卷 319-332页

作者： ANDERSON, EC Wildlife Unit Veterinary Research Laboratory P.O. Box CY 551 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe

The three members of the morbillivirus genus that infect wildlife in ecosystems where domestic animals occur are rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and canine distemper. Data on the relative susceptibility of species of the Order Artiodactyla for rinderpest have been obtained from historical records of outbreaks. Rinderpest in wildlife has only occurred in equatorial and eastern Africa since the great pandemic of 1889-1897. The distributions, densities and population dynamics of susceptible species in this region are described. There has only been one recorded outbreak of PPR in wildlife but the possibility of its occurrence in the future now that it is present in many parts of west and eastern Africa is discussed. Wild carnivora are not likely to be important maintenance hosts for canine distemper but the disease is of significance in free-ranging carnivores and particularly in small populations of endangered susceptible wildlife species. It is also of great significance in zoo populations.

关键词： morbillivirus WILDLIFE POPULATION BIOLOGY DISEASE CONTROL

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morbillivirus infection in stranded common dolphins from the Pacific Ocean

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JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES 1998年第4期34卷 771-776页

作者： Reidarson, TH McBain, J House, C King, DP Stott, JL Krafft, A Taubenberger, JK Heyning, J Lipscomb, TP Sea World Calif San Diego CA 92109 USA USDA Natl Vet Serv Labs Greenport NY 11944 USA Marine Mammal Ctr GGNRA Marin Headlands Sausalito CA 94965 USA Univ Calif Davis VM PMI Lab Marine Mammal Immunol Davis CA 95616 USA Los Angeles Cty Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles CA 90007 USA Armed Forces Inst Pathol Washington DC 20306 USA

From August 1995 to August 1997, six of 18 common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) that stranded along beaches of southern California (USA) tested antibody positive for dolphin morbillivirus (DMV). Titers ascertained by virus neutralization ranged from 1:50 to 1:910 while those determined by ELISA ranged from 1:80 to 1:195. The first individual to strand survived and was released back into the Pacific Ocean 14 mo later. Histopathologic examination of tissues from the other five dolphins did not reveal lesions characteristic of morbilliviral disease;however, morbilliviral RNA was detected in three of the five by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing. This is the first report of morbilliviral infection in any marine mammal species in the northern hemisphere of the Pacific Ocean. These data indicate that DMV, or a closely related morbillivirus, is present in the Pacific Ocean and infection of common dolphins may not be associated with morbillivirus disease.

关键词： Delphinus delphis enzyme linked immunosorbent assay morbillivirus polymerase chain reaction rehabilitation virus neutralization

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