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A survey on software defined networking with multiple controllers

JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2018年 103卷 101-118页

作者： Zhang, Yuan Cui, Lin Wang, Wei Zhang, Yuxiang Jinan Univ Dept Comp Sci Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Guangdong Key Lab Big Data Anal & Proc Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Shandong Univ Weihai Network & Informat Ctr Weihai Peoples R China

Compared with traditional network, Software Defined Networking (SDN) decouples control plane and data plane, providing programmability to configure the network. In spite of such capability, one of the criticisms of SDN is that the SDN controller is a single point of failure and hence the controller decreases overall network availability. Having multiple controllers improves reliability of the network because the data plane can continue to operate if one controller fails. Furthermore, a single controller of SDN has many limitations on both performance and scalability. Thus, multiple controllers are required and critical for large-scale networks. However, multiple controllers increase network complexity dramatically and impose many new challenges to the management and schedule of SDN. This paper surveys latest researches on multiple controllers of SDN. Benefits and challenges of multiple controllers are discussed after giving an overview of SDN and OpenFlow in the paper. Afterward, we dwell on the detailed design principles and architectures of SDN with multiple controllers. Following that, current research works on multiple controllers placement and scheduling are carefully summarized and analyzed. Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some future works and suggested open research directions.

关键词： Software defined networking multiple controllers OpenFlow

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Load-Balancing multiple controllers Mechanism for Software-Defined Networking

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WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 2017年第4期94卷 3549-3574页

作者： Ma, Yi-Wei Chen, Jiann-Liang Tsai, Yao-Hong Cheng, Kui-He Hung, Wen-Chien Shanghai Maritime Univ China Inst FTZ Supply Chain Shanghai Peoples R China Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Taipei Taiwan Hsuan Chuang Univ Dept Informat Management Hsinchu Taiwan Inst Informat Ind Smart Network Syst Inst Taipei Taiwan

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new form for networking that has the potential to have a major impact on Internet technology. Key aspects of SDN include the separation of data plane and the control plane. SDN architecture facilitates the management of complex networks and represents a new solution for future network applications Internet technology. As the size of networks increases, the scalability of the centralized controller becomes increasingly important. This work proposed a load-balancing mechanism for use in a multiple-controller SDN environment by implement a hierarchical control plane with both a meta-control plane and a local control plane. The meta-control plane analyzes the resources and utilization of the local control plane to optimize processing performance. This mechanism supports the load balancing of the local control plane to optimize data plane performance and eliminate the bottleneck of the centralized control in a network. This work analyzes the proposed load-balancing mechanism in a multiple-controller SDN environment. The results indicate that the meta controller based manager mechanism can monitors and effectively deal with the loading of the overloaded local controller. Based on the results thus obtained, the proposed local control plane scheduling balances the loadings of the multiple controllers and increases the network throughput by 12.7 and 9.2 % over those achieved using a centralized controller and multiple controllers without a scheduling mechanism.

关键词： Software-defined networking Load balancing multiple controllers Hierarchical control Meta controller

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Value function-based approach to the scheduling of multiple controllers

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JOURNAL OF PROCESS CONTROL 2008年第6期18卷 533-542页

作者： Lee, Jong Min Lee, Jay H. Georgia Inst Technol Sch Chem & Biomol Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA Univ Alberta Dept Chem & Mat Engn Edmonton AB T6G 2G6 Canada

Both gain scheduling and multiple model based control approaches are considered to be practical approaches for control of industrial nonlinear processes. However, the former ignores system dynamics and the latter is specific to the type of controller design and limited in its scope of application as practiced in industry. This paper proposes a value function-based strategy for switching among local controllers, thereby providing an effective global control policy for the entire operating regions. The suggested method selects the best one among a set of available control policies at each time step by evaluating the "value" function associated with the successive state when a particular control action instructed by a candidate policy is taken for a give state. The value function, which maps a state to its associated discounted infinite horizon cost-to-go, is obtained by solving the dynamic programming in an approximate way using closed-loop simulation or operational data and a function approximator. The proposed approach has the advantages that candidate controllers are general and the switching is performed not by a fixed heuristic rule but rigorously via dynamic programming. From the viewpoint of dynamic programming, the approach helps alleviate the curse of dimensionality with respect to the state space and action space. Optimal or approximately optimal switching rules can be learned without a model, which defines the state transitional rule. The approach is demonstrated on several different nonlinear control examples. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： approximate dynamic programming nonlinear control multiple controllers

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Design of multiple controllers for networked control systems with delays and packet losses

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TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL 2013年第6期35卷 720-729页

作者： Yu, Junyan Deng, Zhiliang Yu, Mei Gao, Yanping Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Math Sci Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Peoples R China North China Elect Power Univ Dept Automat Beijing Peoples R China Beijing Technol & Business Univ Coll Comp & Informat Engn Beijing Peoples R China

We address stabilization problems of networked control systems in the presence of bounded packet losses and time-varying network-induced delays. When the delay is less than the transmission interval, we prove that the stability of the closed-loop system is implied by that of a switched system. Based on theories on switched systems, we present stabilizing conditions by using packet-loss-dependent Lyapunov functions, and design multiple controllers depending on the packet loss and the network-induced delay. Furthermore, based on the stabilizing conditions, we discuss the robustness of the stabilization against the packet loss and the network-induced delay. Several numerical examples and simulations are worked out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.

关键词： Networked control systems switched systems packet losses network-induced delays multiple controllers

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Adaptive Consistency Strategy of multiple controllers in SDN

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 78640-78649页

作者： Zhang, Bang Wang, Xingwei Huang, Min Northeastern Univ Coll Comp Sci & Engn Shenyang 110169 Liaoning Peoples R China Northeastern Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Shenyang 110819 Liaoning Peoples R China

In large-scale software-defined networking (SDN), the logically centralized controller usually uses multiple distributed controllers to manage and operate the network in a cooperative manner from the perspective of global network view. One of the major challenges with respect to deploying multiple controllers in SDN is how to synchronize the state among controllers to maintain information consistency. Aiming at solving this problem, we propose a periodically adaptive synchronization strategy of controllers. At first, the consistency level of controllers in the network is quantified based on the characteristics of SDN. Then, an adaptive synchronization strategy is proposed. By the use of this strategy, controllers are divided into three kinds of roles, and the synchronization period is adjusted dynamically by an adaptive function according to the current network state to attain a certain consistency level. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy has merits of reducing communication overhead of controllers as well as improving network availability compared with the other non-adaptive strategies. However, it lacks consideration of load balance among controllers, which will be our future research direction.

关键词： multiple controllers consistency periodic synchronization communication overhead availability

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Optimal Control for Stochastic Systems With multiple controllers of Different Information Structures

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL 2021年第9期66卷 4160-4175页

作者： Qi, Qingyuan Xie, Lihua Zhang, Huanshui Qingdao Univ Coll Automat Inst Complex Sci Qingdao 266071 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Shandong Univ Sch Control Sci & Engn Jinan 250061 Peoples R China

In this article, we investigate the optimal linear quadratic control problem for stochastic systems with multiple controllers, where each controller has its own information structure, which differs from each other. More specifically, we consider the optimal control problem for systems with multiple controllers of different delayed state information. First, the necessary and sufficient solvability conditions are given in terms of forward and backward difference equations (FBSDEs). Further, an innovation method is proposed to decouple the FBSDEs, and the optimal control strategies are derived based on a given nonsymmetric Riccati equation. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the main results. It is stressed that the proposed methods and results can be seen as an important addition to the optimal control theory with asymmetric-information-structure controllers.

关键词： Optimal control Stochastic systems Delays Symmetric matrices Riccati equations Cost function Different information structures multiple controllers optimal control solution to forward and backward difference equations (FBSDEs)

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An Efficient Load Adjustment for Balancing multiple controllers in Reliable SDN Systems 4

An Efficient Load Adjustment for Balancing Multiple Controll...

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4th IEEE International Conference on Applied System Invention (IEEE ICASI)

作者： Wang, Kai-Yu Kao, Shang-Juh Kao, Ming-Tsung Natl Chung Hsing Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Taichung Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538643426

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are flexible for use in network traffic routing determination because they separate control and data planes. OpenFlow-the de facto protocol for SDNs-requires a dedicated SDN controller. When a network's coverage increases, a system based on a single SDN controller can experience a severe bottleneck. Using multiple controllers in an SDN may solve the scalability problem. In this paper, to achieve load balancing among controllers, we proposed a load adjustment mechanism for application to each controller. The proposed mechanism comprises three logical components: a load collector, load balancer, and switch migrater. Cbench was used to generate traffic to simulate various loads for each switch, and the experimental results confirmed that the data collection procedure and adjustment of global and local loading were efficient.

关键词： OpenFlow SDN multiple controllers Load balance

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A Fast Consensus Algorithm for multiple controllers in Software-Defined Networks 18

A Fast Consensus Algorithm for Multiple Controllers in Softw...

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18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)

作者： Ho, Chia-Chen Wang, Kuochcn Hsu, Yi-Huai Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Comp Sci Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9788996865063

multiple SDN controllers architecture has been proposed to improve the scalability problem and to avoid a single point of failure. One major issue in the SDN multiple controllers architecture is how to reach a consistent network state among SDN controllers. In order to resolve the above issue and to make sure that all controllers have the same network state and the whole network becomes consistent, an efficient consensus mechanism to synchronize the control state of each controller is required. In view of this, we propose a Fast Paxos-based Consensus algorithm (FPC) which provides strong consistency. The proposed FPC uses a controller priority mechanism to guarantee a proposal must be elected in each round and no additional round is needed even more than two proposers get the same votes. Using Estinet, simulation results have shown that the proposed FPC has lower average consensus time (35.3% lower) than Raft. With a low consensus time, the proposed FPC can improve the data store access performance (26.0% faster at retrieving data and 59.7% faster at storing data via the REST API comparing with the Raft). Therefore, the proposed FPC is feasible for multiple SDN controller networks.

关键词： Consensus algorithm consistency multiple controllers SDN

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Adaptive control for uncertain linear systems using switching between multiple controllers

Adaptive control for uncertain linear systems using switchin...

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36th Annual International Conference of the Society-of-Instrument-and-Control-Engineers (SICE 97)

作者： Maki, M Hagino, K Univ of Electro-Communications Tokyo Japan

This paper deals with the problem of designing an adaptive control system in order to reduce conservatism inherent in a robust control scheme which consists of single and fixed gain controller when the linear state-space model of the plant contains unknown parameters which vary within certain prescribed bounds. The whole possible parameter space is divided into several parameter subspaces, and multiple controllers ate established for the corresponding parameter subspace, in which each one is designed so as to achieve the minimum quadratic cost bound. Furthermore, an on-line switching method among multiple controllers is presented, by which the true parameter subspace of the plant carl be detected in a real-time fashion and at the same time an appropriate controller is selected.

关键词： adaptive control robust control known parameters multiple controllers switching

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Constructing Higher-Dimensional Nondegenerate Hyperchaotic Systems with multiple controllers

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIFURCATION AND CHAOS 2017年第9期27卷 1750146-1750146页

作者： He, Jianbin Yu, Simin Lu, Jinhu Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Elect & Informat Sch Hangzhou 310018 Zhejiang Peoples R China Guangdong Univ Technol Coll Automat Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Acad Math & Syst Sci Inst Syst Sci Beijing Peoples R China

This paper proposes a new approach for constructing higher-dimensional nondegenerate hyperchaotic system with multiple controllers. Here, the so-called higher-dimensional nondegenerate hyperchaotic system means that it can be provided with a maximum number of positive Lyapunov exponents, which has been an open problem for research in recent years. The details of design are given by three steps as follows: (i) Design an n-dimensional nominal matrix and similarity transformation matrix, and get an asymptotic stable nominal system;(ii) Add a master controller for the nominal matrix and get the controlled system. Then, find suitable control positions such that the controlled system satisfies the average eigenvalue criterion, i.e. the number of average eigenvalues with positive real parts of all Jacobi matrices over a given period of time is equal to (n - 2), and the maximum value of average eigenvalues with positive real parts is greater than a given threshold T-h;(iii) Add nonmaster controllers, and the control positions are fixed and parameters are given in advance. So it can generate nondegenerate hyperchaotic systems with (n - 2) positive Lyapunov exponents. Finally, two typical examples are given to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： Chaos anti-control nondegenerate hyperchaotic system multiple controllers positive Lyapunov exponent

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