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multiple description coding for Best-Effort Delivery of Light Field Video Using GNN-Based Compression

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2023年 25卷 690-705页

作者： Hu, Xinjue Pan, Yuxuan Wang, Yumei Zhang, Lin Shirmohammadi, Shervin Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Univ Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada Univ Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N Canada

In recent years, Light Field (LF) video has grabbed much attention as an emerging form of immersive media. LF collects, through a lens matrix, light information emanating in every direction, and obtains rich information about the scene, providing users with an immersive 6 Degrees of Freedom (DoF) experience. The visual content between different viewpoints is highly homogenized, suggesting the possibility of good compression and encoding. However, most fixed-structure LF coding schemes are difficult to adapt to the real-time requirements of different LF applications and best-effort network conditions causing packet loss. In this paper, we propose a dynamic adaptive LF video transmission scheme that can achieve high compression and yet provide near-distortion-free LF video when the network condition is stable. Additionally, for unstable network conditions a description scheduling algorithm is proposed, which can decode the LF video with the highest possible quality even if partial data cannot be received completely and/or timely. We achieve this by designing a multiple description coding (MDC) based solution to transport the LF video compressed by a Graph Neural Network (GNN) model. Experimental results show that the scheduling algorithm can improve the quality of the decoding results by 3% to 15%. Compared with other similar schemes, our system greatly improves the reliability of the video streaming system against packet loss/error and supports heterogeneous receivers.

关键词： Streaming media Encoding Image coding Decoding Packet loss Three-dimensional displays Spatial resolution Light field video multiple description coding best-effort video delivery graph neural network

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multiple description coding and Recovery of Free Viewpoint Video for Wireless Multi-Path Streaming

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2015年第1期9卷 151-164页

作者： Liu, Zhi Cheung, Gene Chakareski, Jacob Ji, Yusheng Grad Univ Adv Studies Natl Inst Informat Tokyo 1018430 Japan Univ Alabama Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA

By transmitting texture and depth videos captured from two nearby camera viewpoints, a client can synthesize via depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) any freely chosen intermediate virtual view of the 3D scene, enhancing the user's perception of depth. During wireless network transmission, burst packet losses can corrupt the transmitted texture and depth videos and degrade the synthesized view quality at the client. In this paper, we propose a multiple description coding system for multi-path transmission of free-viewpoint video, with joint interview and temporal description recovery capability. In particular, we encode separately the even frames of the left view and the odd frames of the right view, and transmit them as one description on one path. The second description comprises the remaining frames in the two views and is transmitted over a second path. If the receiver receives only one description due to burst loss in the other path, the missing frames in the other description are partially reconstructed using our frame recovery procedure. First, we construct two recovery candidates for each lost pixel in a frame. The first candidate is generated via temporal super-resolution from its predecessor and successor frames in the same view. The second candidate is generated via DIBR from the received frame of the same time instance in the other view. Next, we select the best pixel candidates one patch at a time, where an image patch corresponds to a neighborhood of pixels with similar depth values in the 3D scene. Near-optimal source and channel coding rates for each description are selected using a branch-and-bound method, for given transmission bandwidth on each path. Experimental results show that our system can outperform a traditional single-description/single-path transmission scheme by up to 5.5 dB in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the synthesized intermediate view at the client.

关键词： Free-viewpoints video multiple description coding wireless multi-path streaming depth-image-based rendering

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multiple description coding using pairwise correlating transforms

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2001年第3期10卷 351-366页

作者： Wang, Y Orchard, MT Vaishampayan, V Reibman, AR Polytech Univ Brooklyn NY 11201 USA Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08540 USA AT&T Labs Res Florham Pk NJ 07932 USA

The objective of multiple description coding (MDC) is to encode a source into multiple bitstreams supporting multiple quality levels of decoding. In this paper, we only consider the two-description case, where the requirement is that a high-quality reconstruction should be decodable from the two bitstreams together, while lower, but still acceptable, quality reconstructions should be decodable from either of the two individual bitstreams. This paper describes techniques for meeting MDC objectives in the framework of standard transform-based image coding through the design of pairwise correlating transforms. The correlation introduced by the transform helps to reduce the distortion when only a single description is received, but it also increases the bit rate beyond that prescribed by the rate-distortion function of the source. We analyze the relation between the redundancy (i.e., the extra bit rate) and the single description distortion using this transform-based framework. We also describe an image coder that incorporates the pairwise transform and show its redundancy-rate distortion performance for real images.

关键词： image coding image communication multiple description coding redundancy source coding transform coding

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multiple description coding of scalable video stream based on unequal loss protection and optimal rate allocation

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SCIENTIA IRANICA 2012年第3期19卷 782-794页

作者： Ardestani, M. R. Shirazi, A. A. Beheshti Iran Univ Sci & Technol Image Proc Lab Sch Elect Engn Tehran Iran

Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes may be used to protect a video code stream against packet erasures or errors when passing through an error-prone network. To have maximum possible fidelity at the decoder side, an Unequal Loss Protection (ULP) approach should be used to packetize the scalable video code stream, so that the different parts of the scalable video stream are protected according to their importance. Unequal loss-protected packetization leads to segmentation of the scalable code stream, such that the source can be reconstructed with the maximum possible fidelity at the decoder side. In Ardestani et al. (2009) [1] we have found an analytical relation between the optimal sizes of any two consecutive segments. This idea yields an efficient (as efficient as the local search algorithm in Stankovic et al. (2002) [2]) low-complexity progressive solution for the segmentation problem. In this paper, we use a progressive approach for ULP packetization of a scalable video stream generated from a T + 2D encoder. In addition, an optimal rate allocation is used for optimal rate budget division between successive Groups Of Pictures (GOPs) of the video sequence. The experimental results demonstrate that the optimal rate budget allocation outperforms the conventional strategy of equal rate budget distribution up to 0.65 dB. (C) 2012 Sharif University of Technology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unequal loss-protected packetization multiple description coding Joint source-channel coding Scalable video coding Rate allocation

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multiple description coding for H.264/AVC with Redundancy Allocation at Macro Block Level

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2011年第5期21卷 589-600页

作者： Lin, Chunyu Tillo, Tammam Zhao, Yao Jeon, Byeungwoo Beijing Jiaotong Univ Inst Informat Sci Beijing Key Lab Adv Informat Sci & Network Techno Beijing 100044 Peoples R China Xian Jiaotong Liverpool Univ Suzhou 215123 Peoples R China Sungkyunkwan Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Suwon 440746 South Korea

In this paper, a novel multiple description video coding scheme is proposed to insert and control the redundancy at macro block (MB) level. By analyzing the error propagation paths, the relative importance of each MB is determined. The paths, in practice, depend on both the video content and the adopted video coder. Considering the relative importance of the MB and the network status, an unequal protection for the video data can be realized to exploit the redundancy effectively. In addition, a simple and effective approach is introduced to tune the quantization parameter for the variable rate coding case. The whole scheme is implemented in H.264/AVC by employing its coding options, thus generating descriptions that are compatible with the baseline profile and extended profile of H.264/AVC. Due to its general property, the proposed approach can be employed for other hybrid video codecs. The results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed approach over other H.264/AVC multiple description schemes.

关键词： H.264/AVC multiple description coding rate allocation

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multiple description coding of motion fields for robust video transmission

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2001年第9期11卷 999-1010页

作者： Kim, CS Lee, SU Univ So Calif Dept Elect Engn Syst Inst Signal & Image Proc Los Angeles CA 90089 USA Seoul Natl Univ Sch Elect Engn Seoul 151742 South Korea

In many video-coding standards, the motion vector field is one of the most important data in the compressed bit-stream, and its loss can lead to severe degradation in the decoded picture quality. We propose the multiple description motion coding (MDMC) algorithm to enhance the robustness of the motion vector field against transmission errors. In MDMC, the motion vector field is encoded into two descriptions, which are transmitted over distinct channels to the decoder. The decoder is designed to provide an acceptable quality prediction image, even if one of the descriptions is lost during the transmission. Moreover, the decoder can reconstruct a higher quality prediction image, when both the descriptions are received without error. A complete multiple description video coder, based on the MDMC, is implemented by modifying the syntax of the H.263 standard, and tested intensively in a realistic error-prone environment. It is shown that the proposed algorithm provides much better objective and subjective performances than the H.263 coder in the error-prone environment.

关键词： H.263 standard motion vector field multiple description coding multiple description motion coding robust video transmission

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multiple description coding for Stationary Gaussian Sources

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2009年第6期55卷 2868-2881页

作者： Chen, Jun Tian, Chao Diggavi, Suhas McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Sch Comp & Commun Sci CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland AT&T Labs Res Florham Pk NJ 07932 USA

We consider the problem of multiple description coding for stationary Gaussian sources under the squared error distortion measure. The rate region is characterized for the 2-description case. It is shown that each supporting line of the rate region is achievable with a transform lattice quantization scheme. We show the optimal coding scheme has a natural spectral domain coding interpretation, which yields a reverse water-filling solution with a frequency-dependent water level instead of the flat water level as in the conventional single description case.

关键词： Gaussian source lattice quantization multiple description coding power spectrum

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multiple description coding of animated meshes

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2010年第10期25卷 729-744页

作者： Bici, M. Oguz Akar, Gozde B. Middle E Tech Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Ankara Turkey

In this paper, we propose three novel multiple description coding (MDC) methods for reliable transmission of compressed animated meshes represented by series of 3D static meshes with same connectivity. The proposed methods trade off reconstruction quality for error resilience to provide the best expected reconstruction of 3D mesh sequence at the decoder side. The methods are based on layer duplication and partitioning of the set of vertices of a scalable coded animated mesh by either spatial or temporal subsampling. Each partitioned set is encoded separately to generate independently decodable bit-streams or so-called descriptions. In addition, the proposed MDC methods can achieve varying redundancy allocations by including a number of encoded spatial or temporal layers from the other description. The algorithms are evaluated with redundancy-rate-distortion (RRD) curves and per-frame reconstruction analysis. RRD performances show that vertex partitioning-based MDC performs better at low redundancies for especially spatially dense models. Temporal subsampling-based MDC performs better at moderate redundancies as well as low redundancies for spatially coarse models. Layer duplication-based MDC can achieve the lowest redundancies with flexible redundancy allocation capability and can be designed to achieve the smallest variance of reconstruction quality between consecutive frames. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： multiple description coding Animated meshes 3D dynamic meshes Time consistent mesh sequence Subsampling Scalable coding

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multiple description coding for SNR scalable video transmission over unreliable networks

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2014年第3期69卷 843-858页

作者： Choupani, Roya Wong, Stephan Tolun, Mehmet Delft Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn Delft Netherlands Cankaya Univ Dept Comp Engn Ankara Turkey TED Univ Dept Comp Engn Ankara Turkey

Streaming multimedia data on best-effort networks such as the Internet requires measures against bandwidth fluctuations and frame loss. multiple description coding (MDC) methods are used to overcome the jitter and delay problems arising from frame losses by making the transmitted data more error resilient. Meanwhile, varying characteristics of receiving devices require adaptation of video data. Data transmission in multiple descriptions provides the feasibility of receiving it partially and hence having a scalable and adaptive video. In this paper, a new method based on integrating MDC and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scalable video coding algorithms is proposed. Our method introduces a transform on data to permit transmitting them using independent descriptions. Our results indicate that on average 1.71dB reduction in terms of Y-PSNR occurs if only one description is received.

关键词： Scalable video coding multiple description coding Multimedia transmission

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multiple description coding technique to improve the robustness of ACELP based coders AMR-WB

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SPEECH COMMUNICATION 2019年 108卷 33-40页

作者： Chaouch, Hocine Merazka, Fatiha Marthon, Philippe USTHB Univ LISIC Lab Telecommun Dept POB 32 El Alia Algiers Algeria ENSEEIHT Informat 2 Rue Camichel BP 7122 F-31071 Toulouse 7 France

In this paper, a concealment method based on multiple-description coding (MDC) is presented, to improve speech quality deterioration caused by packet loss for algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) based coders. We apply to the ITU-T G.722.2 coder, a packet loss concealment (PLC) technique, which uses packetization schemes based on MDC. This latter is used with two new designed modes, which are modes 5 and 6 (18,25 and 19,85 kbps, respectively). We introduce our new second-order Markov chain model with four states in order to simulate network losses for different loss rates. The performance measures, with objective and subjective tests under various packet loss conditions, show a significant improvement of speech quality for ACELP based coders. The wideband perceptual evaluation of speech quality (WB-PESQ), enhanced modified bark spectral distortion (EMBSD), mean opinion score (MOS) tests and multiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA) for speech extracted from TIMIT database confirm the efficiency of our proposed approach and show a considerable enhancement in speech quality compared to the embedded algorithm in the standard ITU-T G.722.2.

关键词： VoIP ITU-T G.722.2 multiple description coding Markov model WB-PESQ

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