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Supporting multiple parallel programming paradigms on top of the MILLIPEDE virtual parallel machine

Supporting multiple parallel programming paradigms on top of...

2nd International Workshop on High-Level Parallel Programming Models and Supportive Environments / 11th International Parallel Processing Symposium

作者： Itzkovitz, A Schuster, A Shalev, L Technion - Israel Inst of Technology Haifa Israel

ISBN: (纸本)0818678836

The MILLIPEDE system is a small yet powerful interface of a Virtual Parallel Machine (VPM) on top of distributed computing environments. MILLIPEDE is thus a convenient environment for porting various existing parallel programming languages,for the design of new parallel programming languages, and for the development of parallel applications. MILLIPEDE is fully implemented at the Technion on a cluster of PCs running Windows-NT.(1) In this paper we briefly, describe the MILLIPEDE interface and discuss the implementation issues of several parallel languages.

关键词： multiprogramming

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Provably efficient two-level adaptive scheduling

Provably efficient two-level adaptive scheduling

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12th International Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing

作者： He, Yuxiong Hsu, Wen-Jing Leiserson, Charles E. Nanyang Technol Univ Nanyang Ave Singapore 639798 Singapore MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783540710349

Multiprocessor scheduling in a shared multiprogramming environment can be structured in two levels, where a kernel-level job scheduler allots processors to jobs and a user-level thread scheduler maps the ready threads of a job onto the allotted processors. This paper presents two-level scheduling schemes for scheduling "adaptive" multithreaded jobs whose parallelism can change during execution. The ACDEQ algorithm uses dynamic-equipartioning (DEQ) as a job-scheduling policy and an adaptive greedy algorithm (A-GREEDY) as the thread scheduler. The ASDEQ algorithm uses DEQ for job scheduling and an adaptive work-stealing algorithm (A-STEAL) as the thread scheduler. AGDEQ is suitable for scheduling in centralized scheduling environments, and ASDEQ is suitable for more decentralized settings. Both two-level schedulers achieve O(1)-competitiveness with respect to makespan for any set of multithreaded jobs with arbitrary release time. They are also O(1)-competitive for any hatched jobs with respect to mean response time. Moreover, because the length of the scheduling quantum can be adjusted to amortize the cost of context-switching during processor reallocation, our schedulers provide control over the scheduling overhead and ensure effective utilization of processors.

关键词： multiprogramming

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Comparing high-level and low-level implementations of a molecular dynamics algorithm

Comparing high-level and low-level implementations of a mole...

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2nd International Workshop on High-Level Parallel Programming Models and Supportive Environments / 11th International Parallel Processing Symposium

作者： Travieso, G Departamento de Fisica e Informatica-IFSC-USP Sao Carlos Brazil

In this work we address through a specific example the question about the overhead incurred with the use of higher abstraction levels for parallel programming. We develop a simple molecular dynamics application in ALW... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)0818678836

关键词： multiprogramming

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Using squeak for teaching user interface software 01

Using squeak for teaching user interface software

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32nd SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education

作者： Guzdial, M Georgia Inst Technol Coll Comp Atlanta GA 30332 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1581133294

Squeak is a new programming language that is particularly appropriate for learning computer science. It offers an excellent infrastructure for interesting projects (e.g., multimedia, Web browsing and serving), and all source code is included (and written in Squeak) from the virtual machine, windowing, on up. Squeak is being used in a course on Objects and Design (focusing on the development of user interfaces), both to enhance the infrastructure for a course on, and to change how user interfaces are taught. Rather than teach a toolkit, the focus is now on teaching students how to build toolkits. This paper presents a pilot study suggesting benefits of our new approach.

关键词： User Interface Device Component Source code Pedagogy Teaching INFRASTRUCTURE software interface Pilot Studies computer science FOCUSING multiprogramming computer software virtual machines Computer Programming Languages

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Exploring Energy-Efficient DRAM Array Organizations

Exploring Energy-Efficient DRAM Array Organizations

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54th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)

作者： O, Seongil Choo, Sungwoo Ahn, Jung Ho Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Convergence Sci & Technol Seoul South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781612848570

DRAM is widely used as main-memory storage in contemporary computer systems. As VLSI process technology advances, more transistors can be integrated in a single die leading to higher storage capacity and communication throughput per DRAM chip. New DRAM standards are created in order to keep up with these trends, and many factors such as performance, energy efficiency, reliability, and fabrication/testing cost are considered when a new DRAM architecture is designed. However, there are few studies on DRAM array organizations that consider both performance and energy efficiency of entire computer systems using the organizations. In this paper, we explore the design space of contemporary DRAM array organizations by varying the number of pages that can be concurrently accessed and the size of the pages. We compare various main-memory DRAM array organizations using multithreaded and multiprogrammed workloads on a chip-multiprocessor system with die-stacked DRAM memory in search of energy-efficient array configurations.

关键词： Arrays DRAM architecture DRAM chips DRAM chips Energy efficiency Organizations Timing VLSI VLSI process technology Wires chip-multiprocessor system communication throughput contemporary computer system design space die-stacked DRAM memory energy efficiency energy-efficient DRAM array organization energy-efficient array configuration fabrication cost main-memory storage microprocessor chips multi-threading multiprogrammed workload multiprogramming multithreaded workload reliability storage capacity testing cost transistor

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Computed Tomography: Physical Principles and Recent Technical Advances

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JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIATION SCIENCES 2010年第2期41卷 87-109页

作者： Seeram, Euclid British Columbia Inst Technol 3700 Willingdon Ave Burnaby BC V5G 3H2 Canada

This Directed Reading article describes the physical principles and instrumentation of computed tomography (CT) and outlines several recent advances in CT technology. First, the history of CT is presented with emphasis on the contributions of two pioneers who earned the Nobel Prize for the development of the first clinically useful CT scanner. Second, the essential physical principles-most notably radiation attenuation, Lambert-Beer's Law-and the calculation of CT numbers using attenuation data are described. The third major topic will focus on CT technology, including a description of the major system components, the evolution of CT data acquisition systems, image reconstruction fundamentals and common digital image postprocessing operations such as windowing and three-dimensional (3D) techniques. The next section of this article addresses the elements of spiral/helical CT principles and technology. The limitations of conventional CT are first presented and provide a motivation for the development of volume CT scanners. Data acquisition, including detector technology and slip-ring technology, is reviewed, followed by a description of image reconstruction basics for multislice CT (MSCT) scanning. In particular, MSCT detector technology, pitch and various advantages are outlined, followed by a discussion of the advantages of MSCT scanning. The final section of this reading reviews the elements of MSCT applications, such as 3D imaging, virtual reality imaging and the basics of cardiac CT imaging. The article concludes with an introduction of the use of CT in other areas, such as radiation therapy and nuclear medicine.

关键词： X-Ray Computed Tomography Scanners X-Ray Computed Tomography Nobel Prize cardiac ct multiprogramming Nuclear Medicine Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

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On the Design of Bayesian Storage Allocation Algorithms for Paging and Segmentation

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IEEE Transactions on Computers 1969年第7期C-18卷 644-651页

作者： Shemer, Jack E. Gupta, Someshwar C. Scientific Data Systems El Segundo Calif. United States Information and Control Sciences Center Institute of Technology Southern Methodist University Dallas Tex. United States

This short note focuses attention upon techniques for dynamic memory allocation in multiprogrammed systems which employ the addressing mechanisms of paging and segmentation. Here, event indicators and mathematical tools are presented which supply characterizations of the paging and segmentation addressing processes. It is shown that these statistical characterizations form data bases which can be used to derive Bayesian storage allocation algorithms conditionally based upon usage, demand, and processing history. It is argued that these characterizations, and algorithms similar to those constructed here, provide a flexible basis for efficient memory management in multiprogrammed, and by extension, time-shared environments. Although emphasis is directed to managing primary (main) memory residence, the techniques could be extended to govern memory management for a hierarchy of storage devices. Copyright © 1969 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Adaptive Algorithms Demand Paging Dynamic Memory Management multiprogramming Operating Systems Paging And Segmentation Statistical Software Characterizations Storage Allocation Time Sharing

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A Practical Approach to Managing Resources and Avoiding Deadlocks

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Communications of the ACM 1973年第5期16卷 323-329页

作者： Frailey, Dennis J. Southern Methodist University Dallas TX United States

Resource scheduling and allocation can be expensive with regard to time and space in multiprogramming or time-sharing environments involving large numbers of tasks and resources with conflicting requirements. Detection and/or prevention of deadlocks can require massive amounts of additional overhead if efficient usage of resources is to be maintained. A resource management program is described which uses linked lists along with other techniques to overcome a large portion of this overhead. The program, which is currently running as part of a large scale general purpose operating system, keeps resources relatively active but does not detect or prevent all deadlocks in its implemented state. Certain changes, which would permit more comprehensive levels of deadlock prevention/detection at additional cost, have not been incorporated in the running system due to the infrequency of deadlock situations. © 1973, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： deadlock deadly embrace multiprocessing multiprogramming resource allocation resource management scheduling time-sharing

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Inter-Process Communication using Pipes in FPGA-based Adaptive Computing

Inter-Process Communication using Pipes in FPGA-based Adapti...

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IEEE Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)

作者： Liu, Ming Lu, Zhonghai Kuehn, Wolfgang Jantsch, Axel Justus Liebig Univ Giessen JLU Phys Inst 2 Giessen Germany Royal Inst Technol KTH Dept Elect Syst Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9780769540764

In FPGA-based adaptive computing, Inter-Process Communications (IPC) are required to exchange information among hardware processes which time-multiplex the resources in a same reconfigurable region. In this paper, we use pipes for IPC and analyze the performance in terms of throughput, throughput efficiency and latency in switching contexts. We also present two practical implementations using FPGA BRAM and external DDR memory. Experimental results expose the key role that context switching plays in determining the IPC performance at various pipe sizes and data rates.

关键词： Adaptive computing FPGA partial reconfiguration FPGA-based adaptive computing Inter-Process Communication (IPC) Pipes context switching external DDR memory field programmable gate array field programmable gate arrays inter-process communication multiprogramming pipe concept resource time-multiplex

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Implementation of conditional critical regions in systems using different process communication techniques

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Annual Review in Automatic Programming 1980年第C期10卷 29-38页

作者： Schoitsch, E Research Centre Seibersdorf Österreichische Studiengesellschaft für Atomenergie GmbH A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria

Conditional Critical Regions (CCR) are a very good instrument for describing and designing process-synchronisation in real time systems. A straightforward implementation is not a feasible solution because of its huge runtime-overhead, but certain properties of the CCR allow the separation of the synchronizing operations on the shared data from the nonsynchronizing ones. This allows to use standardized conditions ("normalized CCR") instead of general conditional expressions and to extend the monitorconcept by integrating the normalized CCR. Thus a very efficient implementation has been found. The feasibility of this solution in multitasking systems on a single processor has been proven by an industrial project, a large data-acquisition system in a rolling mill, where many difficult problems of event-, timeout- and exception-handling in a very rough process environment had to be solved. Then some ideas concerning the applicability of the CCR in multiprocessor environments will be discussed, especially in distributed systems where the shared data concept in the original meaning is no longer valid and is replaced by other process-communication techniques (signals, mailboxes, rendezvous). It is shown, that the normalized CCR as synchronizing system-control element need not necessarily be embedded in the shared dataconcept and the concept is suited for distributed systems also, preserving its advantages such as transparent programming of process control on user level, functional separation of long- and medium term scheduling, simplicity and generality. © 1982.

关键词： computer software Conditional critical regions distributed systems interrupt handling monitor concept multiprogramming parallel processes process synchronization real-time systems shared data

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