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A new bitwise voting strategy for safety-critical systems with binary decisions

TURKISH JOURnAL OF ELECTRICAL EnGInEERInG AnD COMPUTER SCIEnCES 2015年第5期23卷 1507-1521页

作者： Durmus, Mustafa Seckin Eris, Oytun Yildirim, Ugur Soylemez, Mehmet Turan Istanbul Tech Univ Elect & Elect Fac Dept Control Engn TR-80626 Istanbul Turkey

The main issue in controlling safety-critical systems such as nuclear power reactors or railway interlocking systems is to provide high safety and reliability where the risk ratio is at the highest level because small errors might result in hazardous accidents (e.g., death or injury of many people). The n-version programming technique, where n-different modules run in parallel, can be used to improve the reliability and safety of such systems at the desired safety level. Decisions of n-different modules are then evaluated by another component, usually known as the voter, using different voting strategies. In the current study a bitwise voting strategy to evaluate module decisions that are based on safe-states of variables is proposed and possible synchronization problems between the modules are determined. Sequence diagrams and solutions for synchronization problems are also explained.

关键词： Bitwise-voting n-version programming programmable logic controllers railway interlocking systems safety-critical software

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n-version Design of Fault-Tolerant Control Software for Communications Satellite System

N-version Design of Fault-Tolerant Control Software for Comm...

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International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCOn)

作者： Kulyagin, Vitaly A. Tsarev, Roman Yu. Prokopenko, Alexander V. nikiforov, Alexander Yu. Kovalev, Igor V. Siberian Fed Univ Dept Informat Krasnoyarsk Russia Siberian State Aerosp Univ Syst Anal & Operat Res Krasnoyarsk Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781479971039

The article considers the problem of fault-tolerant satellite control software design. To provide the control software fault-tolerance the n-version programming based on program redundancy is used. In the paper the peculiarities of the design of control software for communications satellite system are presented. The article suggests the model for the choice of optimal structure of n-version software under resource requirement constraints. To solve the optimization problem it is proposed an algorithm. numerical example illustrates how fault-tolerant control software for communications satellite system can be designed in order to increase software reliability using n-version programming.

关键词： n-version programming n-version software fault-tolerance optimization control communications satellite system

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Software mutational robustness

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GEnETIC programming AnD EVOLVABLE MACHInES 2014年第3期15卷 281-312页

作者： Schulte, Eric Fry, Zachary P. Fast, Ethan Weimer, Westley Forrest, Stephanie Univ New Mexico Dept Comp Sci Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22903 USA Stanford Univ Dept Comp Sci Palo Alto CA 94304 USA Santa Fe Inst Santa Fe NM 87501 USA

neutral landscapes and mutational robustness are believed to be important enablers of evolvability in biology. We apply these concepts to software, defining mutational robustness to be the fraction of random mutations to program code that leave a program's behavior unchanged. Test cases are used to measure program behavior and mutation operators are taken from earlier work on genetic programming. Although software is often viewed as brittle, with small changes leading to catastrophic changes in behavior, our results show surprising robustness in the face of random software mutations. The paper describes empirical studies of the mutational robustness of 22 programs, including 14 production software projects, the Siemens benchmarks, and four specially constructed programs. We find that over 30 % of random mutations are neutral with respect to their test suite. The results hold across all classes of programs, for mutations at both the source code and assembly instruction levels, across various programming languages, and bear only a limited relation to test suite coverage. We conclude that mutational robustness is an inherent property of software, and that neutral variants (i.e., those that pass the test suite) often fulfill the program's original purpose or specification. Based on these results, we conjecture that neutral mutations can be leveraged as a mechanism for generating software diversity. We demonstrate this idea by generating a population of neutral program variants and showing that the variants automatically repair latent bugs. neutral landscapes also provide a partial explanation for recent results that use evolutionary computation to automatically repair software bugs.

关键词： Mutational robustness Genetic programming Mutation testing Proactive diversity n-version programming neutral landscapes

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The links between human error diversity and software diversity: Implications for fault diversity seeking

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SCIEnCE OF COMPUTER programming 2014年第Partc期89卷 350-373页

作者： Huang, Fuqun Liu, Bin Song, You Keyal, Shreya Beihang Univ Beijing 100191 Peoples R China UCL London WC1E 6BT England

Software diversity is known to improve fault tolerance in n-version software systems by independent development. As the leading cause of software faults, human error is considered an important factor in diversity seeking. However, there is little scientific research focusing on how to seek software fault diversity based on human error mechanisms. A literature review was conducted to extract factors that may differentiate people with respect to human error-proneness. In addition, we constructed a conceptual model of the links between human error diversity and software diversity. An experiment was designed to validate the hypotheses, in the form of a programming contest, accompanied by a survey of cognitive styles and personality traits. One hundred ninety-two programs were submitted for the identical problem, and 70 surveys were collected. Code inspection revealed 23 faults, of which 10 were coincident faults. The results show that personality traits seems not effective predictors for fault diversity as a whole model, whereas cognitive styles and program measurements moderately account for the variation of fault density. The results also show causal relations between performance levels and coincident faults;coincident faults are unlikely to occur at skill-based performance level;the coincident faults introduced in rule-based performances show a high probability of occurrence, and the coincident faults introduced in knowledge-based performances are shaped by the content and formats of the task itself. Based on these results, we have proposed a model to seek software diversity and prevent coincident faults. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software diversity Human error n-version programming Cognitive style Personality trait

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Managing redundancy in CAn-based networks supporting n-version programming

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COMPUTER STAnDARDS & InTERFACES 2009年第1期31卷 120-127页

作者： Proenza, Julian Miro-Julia, Jose Hansson, Hans Univ Illes Balears Dept Matemat & Informat Palma de Mallorca 07122 Spain Malardalen Univ Malardalen Real Time Res Ctr S-72123 Vasteras Sweden

Software is a major source of reliability degradation in dependable systems. One of the classical remedies is to provide software fault tolerance by using n-version programming (nVP). However, due to requirements on non-standard hardware and the need for changes and additions at all levels of the system, nVP solutions are costly, and have only been used in special cases. In a previous work, a low-cost architecture for nVP execution was developed. The key features of this architecture are the use of off-the-shelf components including communication standards and that the fault tolerance functionality, including voting, error detection, fault-masking, consistency management, and recovery, is moved into a separate redundancy management circuitry (one for each redundant computing node). In this article we present an improved design of that architecture, specifically resolving some potential inconsistencies that were not treated in detail in the original design. In particular, we present novel techniques for enforcing replica determinism. Our improved architecture is based on using the Controller Area network (CAn). This choice goes beyond the obvious interest of using standards in order to reduce the cost, since all the rest of the architecture is designed to take full advantage of the CAn standard features, such as data consistency, in order to significantly reduce the complexity, the efficiency and the cost of the resultant system. Although initially developed for nVP, our redundancy management circuitry also supports other software replication techniques, such as active replication. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

关键词： Software fault tolerance Distributed computing Replica determinism CAn protocol n-version programming

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TCAMChecker: A Software Approach to the Error Detection and Correction of TCAM-Based networking Systems

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JOURnAL OF nETWORK AnD SYSTEMS MAnAGEMEnT 2013年第3期21卷 335-352页

作者： Shafiq, M. Zubair Meiners, Chad Qin, Zheng Shen, Ke Liu, Alex X. Michigan State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn E Lansing MI 48824 USA Hunan Univ Coll Software Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are widely used in network devices carrying out the core operation of single-operation lookups. TCAMs are the core component of many networking devices such as routers, switches, firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems. Unfortunately, they are susceptible to errors caused by environmental factors such as radiation. TCAM errors may have significant impact on search results. In fact, only one error in a TCAM can cause 100 % of search keys to have wrong lookup results. Therefore, TCAM error detection and correction schemes are needed to enhance the reliability of TCAM-based systems. All prior solutions require hardware changes to TCAM circuitry and therefore are difficult to deploy. In this paper, we propose TCAMChecker, the first software-based solution for TCAM error detection and correction. Given a search key, TCAMChecker probabilistically decides to verify the lookup result. If TCAMChecker decides to verify the lookup result then it performs two parallel lookups for the given search key. If the lookup results do not match then at least one error is detected and is corrected by using a backup error-free memory. note that the probability of lookup verification can be tuned for tradeoff between performance and reliability. A higher probability of lookup verification provides a more reliable TCAM system at the cost of performance. Our proposed TCAMChecker can be easily deployed on existing TCAM-based networking devices to improve the system reliability.

关键词： Intrusion detection systems n-version programming Ternary content addressable memory

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An optical scan e-voting system based on n-version programming

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2008年第3期6卷 47-53页

作者： Goirizelaia, Inaki Huarte, Maider Unzilla, Juanjo Selker, Ted Univ Basque Country Sch Engn Madrid Spain MIT Media Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA CALTECH MIT Voting Technol Project Pasadena CA 91125 USA

This article presents Demotek, a multi-agent prototype for an electronic voting system based on optical character recognition technology. Trade-offs in voter training, ease of use, security, and coercion across various systems are considered for the purpose of recognizing achievable improvements. Based on the use of n-version programming techniques, we propose improvements to Demotek, including those in security and new capabilities. This case study demonstrates how the voter"s authentication system and vote data transmission could further simplify and improve the electoral process by adding these new capabilities to the electronic voting system using n-version programming.

关键词： Electronic Voting Systems n-version programming Vote Transmission Voter"s Authentication

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A Dependent Model for Fault Tolerant Software Systems During Debugging

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IEEE TRAnSACTIOnS On RELIABILITY 2012年第2期61卷 504-515页

作者： Wang, Rong-Tsorng Tunghai Univ Dept Stat Kaohsiung Taiwan

This paper proposes a special redundant model for describing the s-dependency of multi-version programming software during testing and debugging. n-version programming (nVP) is one of the most important software fault tolerance techniques. Many papers have studied the issue of fault correlation among versions. However, only a few of them consider this issue during the testing and debugging part of the software development life cycle. During testing and debugging, faults may not be successfully removed. Imperfect debugging may result in unsuccessful removal, and the introduction of new faults. Different from existing nVP models, the model proposed in this paper allows an assessment of s-dependency when correlated failures may not necessarily occur at the same execution time point. The model focuses on 2 VP systems. It is developed to be a bivariate counting process by assuming positive s-dependency among versions. Considering imperfect debugging, this bivariate process characterizes dynamic changes of fault contents for each version during testing and debugging. The system reliability, expected number of faults, probability of perfect debugging, and parameter estimation of model parameters are presented. An application example is given to illustrate the proposed model. The paper provides an alternative approach for evaluating the reliability of 2 VP software systems when there is positive s-dependency between versions.

关键词： Bivariate counting process correlated failures imperfect debugging n-version programming software fault tolerance software reliability

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A cost model for n-version programming with imperfect debugging

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JOURnAL OF THE OPERATIOnAL RESEARCH SOCIETY 2006年第8期57卷 986-994页

作者： Bhaskar, T. Kumar, U. D. Indian Inst Management Calcutta Fellow Programme Off Kolkata 700104 W Bengal India

One of the challenging problems for software companies is to find the optimal time of release of the software so as to minimize the total cost expended on testing and potential penalty cost due to unresolved faults. If the software is for a safety critical system, then the software release time becomes more important. The criticality of a failure caused by a fault also becomes an important issue for safety critical software. In this paper we develop a total cost model based on criticality of the fault and cost of its occurrence during different phases of development for n-version programming scheme, a popular fault-tolerant architecture. The mathematical model is developed using the reliability growth model based on the non-homogeneous Poisson process. The models for optimal release time under different constraints are developed under the assumption that the debugging is imperfect and there is a penalty for late release of the software. The concept of Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis is used for measuring criticality. Journal of the Operational Research Society (2006) 57, 986-994.

关键词： software reliability fault tolerance n-version programming non-homogeneous Poisson process imperfect debugging

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An open on-board CBTC controller based on n-version programming

An open on-board CBTC controller based on N-version programm...

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International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation/International Conference on Intelligent Agents Web Technologies and International Commerce

作者： Carr, D. W. Ruelas, R. Gutierrez-Ramirez, J. F. Salcedo-Becerra, H. Univ Guadalajara Dept Ingn Proyectos Apdo Postal 307CP 45101 Zapopan Jalisco Mexico

ISBN: (纸本)0769525040

A new method of controlling trains based on constant communications with each train is known as Communications Based Train Control (CBTC). This method allows more traffic and trains closer together at the same time improving safety. This paper looks at an open on-board CBTC controller for subway cars using a modified model of n-version programming, to create a system that guarantees the highest level of safety, at the same time performing the on-board functions required by CBTC.

关键词： CBTC n-version programming safety critical system

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