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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF FLICKER PERCEPTION IN CAT

PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR 1972年第4期8卷 603-&页

作者： SCHWARTZ, AS Division of Neurobiology Barrow Neurological Institute of St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix Arizona U.S.A.

The roles of the geniculostriate system and the superior colliculus in determining the critical flicker frequency (CFF) in cats were studied by subtotal lesions and electrical recordings in these respective areas. Lesions in the former uniformly decreased CFF; lesions in the latter usually were followed by increased CFF, which could have been due to continued training. These results suggested that the geniculostriate system mediated high frequencies of flicker, while the colliculus could mediate only lower frequencies. Photic following activity, defined as time-integrated power measurements of the fundamental flicker frequencies in the EEGs of these two areas, occurred reliably at suprathreshold frequencies in the cortex and at much lower frequencies in the colliculus. A quantitative relationship between CFF and photic following activity by these visual mechanisms was also noted. The data further support the view that the function of these visual components in the determination of CFF in the intact cat differ, and suggest the possibility that the colliculus may serve as a filter to limit the the discrimination of high flicker rates.

关键词： Critical flicker frequency neural coding EEG Photic following Visual mechanisms

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Encoding and decoding amplitude-modulated cochlear implant stimuli-a point process analysis

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010年第3期28卷 405-424页

作者： Goldwyn, Joshua H. Shea-Brown, Eric Rubinstein, Jay T. Univ Washington Dept Appl Math Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Res Ctr Dept Otolaryngol Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Biomed Engn Seattle WA 98195 USA

Cochlear implant speech processors stimulate the auditory nerve by delivering amplitude-modulated electrical pulse trains to intracochlear electrodes. Studying how auditory nerve cells encode modulation information is of fundamental importance, therefore, to understanding cochlear implant function and improving speech perception in cochlear implant users. In this paper, we analyze simulated responses of the auditory nerve to amplitude-modulated cochlear implant stimuli using a point process model. First, we quantify the information encoded in the spike trains by testing an ideal observer's ability to detect amplitude modulation in a two-alternative forced-choice task. We vary the amount of information available to the observer to probe how spike timing and averaged firing rate encode modulation. Second, we construct a neural decoding method that predicts several qualitative trends observed in psychophysical tests of amplitude modulation detection in cochlear implant listeners. We find that modulation information is primarily available in the sequence of spike times. The performance of an ideal observer, however, is inconsistent with observed trends in psychophysical data. Using a neural decoding method that jitters spike times to degrade its temporal resolution and then computes a common measure of phase locking from spike trains of a heterogeneous population of model nerve cells, we predict the correct qualitative dependence of modulation detection thresholds on modulation frequency and stimulus level. The decoder does not predict the observed loss of modulation sensitivity at high carrier pulse rates, but this framework can be applied to future models that better represent auditory nerve responses to high carrier pulse rate stimuli. The supplemental material of this article contains the article's data in an active, re-usable format.

关键词： Point process model Cochlear implant Auditory nerve Amplitude modulation neural coding

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Temporal coding of taste in the parabrachial nucleus of the pons of the rat

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2011年第4期105卷 1889-1896页

作者： Rosen, Andrew M. Victor, Jonathan D. Di Lorenzo, Patricia M. SUNY Binghamton Dept Psychol Binghamton NY 13902 USA Weill Cornell Med Coll Dept Neurol & Neurosci New York NY USA

Rosen AM, Victor JD, Di Lorenzo PM. Temporal coding of taste in the parabrachial nucleus of the pons of the rat. J Neurophysiol 105: 1889-1896, 2011. First published February 9, 2011;doi:10.1152/jn.00836.2010.-Recent studies have provided evidence that temporal coding contributes significantly to encoding taste stimuli at the first central relay for taste, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). However, it is not known whether this coding mechanism is also used at the next synapse in the central taste pathway, the parabrachial nucleus of the pons (PbN). In the present study, electrophysiological responses to taste stimuli (sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine) were recorded from 44 cells in the PbN of anesthetized rats. In 29 cells, the contribution of the temporal characteristics of the response to the discrimination of various taste qualities was assessed. A family of metrics that quantifies the similarity of two spike trains in terms of spike count and spike timing was used. Results showed that spike timing in 14 PbN cells (48%) conveyed a significant amount of information about taste quality, beyond what could be conveyed by spike count alone. In another 14 cells (48%), the rate envelope (time course) of the response contributed significantly more information than spike count alone. Across cells there was a significant correlation (r = 0.51;P < 0.01) between breadth of tuning and the proportion of information conveyed by temporal dynamics. Comparison with previous data from the NTS (Di Lorenzo PM and Victor JD. J Neurophysiol 90: 1418-31, 2003 and J Neurophysiol 97: 1857-1861, 2007) showed that temporal coding in the NTS occurred in a similar proportion of cells and contributed a similar fraction of the total information at the same average level of temporal precision, even though trial-to-trial variability was higher in the PbN than in the NTS. These data suggest that information about taste quality conveyed by the temporal characteristics of evoked responses is t

关键词： gustatory system brainstem neural coding

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Temporal coding in the gustatory system

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2006年第8期30卷 1145-1160页

作者： Hallock, Robert M. Di Lorenzo, Patricia M. SUNY Binghamton Dept Psychol Binghamton NY 13902 USA

Hallock, R.M. and Di Lorenzo, P.M. [2006. Temporal coding in the gustatory system. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. XX(X) XXX-XXX]. Early investigations of temporal coding in the gustatory system showed that the time course of responses in some neurons showed systematic differences across the various classes of taste stimuli, implying that the temporal characterisics of a response can convey information about a taste stimulus. Studies of temporal coding in the gustatory system have grappled with several unique methodological challenges, including the quantitative description and comparison of temporal patterns as well as the assessment of the relative contributions of spatial and temporal coding to the information contained in a response to a tastant. Other investigations have suggested that the cooperative activity among synchronously firing ensembles of taste-responsive neurons at all levels of processing in the brain can convey information about taste quality (sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami). Behavioral studies using patterned electrical stimulation of the brain in awake animals have supported the idea that temporal coding of taste stimuli may have functional significance. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： taste gustatory neural coding temporal coding neurophysiology

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SEROTONIN MODULATES ELECTROSENSORY PROCESSING AND BEHAVIOR VIA 5-HT2-LIKE RECEPTORS

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NEUROSCIENCE 2014年 271卷 108-118页

作者： Larson, E. A. Metzen, M. G. Chacron, M. J. McGill Univ Dept Physiol Montreal PQ Canada McGill Univ Dept Phys Montreal PQ Canada

Efficient sensory processing of the environment is a critical function for any organism to survive and is accomplished by having neurons adapt their responses to stimuli based on behavioral context in part through neuromodulators such as serotonin (5-HT). We have recently shown that one critical function of the serotonergic system in weakly electric fish is to enhance sensory pyramidal neuron responses within the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) to stimuli caused by same sex conspecifics, thereby enhancing their perception. This enhancement is accomplished by making pyramidal neurons more excitable through downregulation of potassium channels. However, the nature of the 5-HT receptors that mediate this effect is not known. Here we show that the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (ket) can effectively block the effects of 5-HT on pyramidal neuron excitability in vitro. Indeed, 5-HT application subsequent to ket application did not cause any significant changes in neuron excitability and responses to current injection. We further show that ket applied in vivo can block the effects of 5-HT on behavioral responses. Thus, our results strongly suggest that the previously observed effects of 5-HT on sensory processing within ELL and their consequences for behavior are mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. (C) 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： neural coding weakly electric fish neuromodulation neuroethology

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Information processing in the primate retina: Circuitry and coding

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF NEUROSCIENCE 2007年第1期30卷 1-30页

作者： Field, G. D. Chichilnisky, E. J. Salk Inst Biol Studies La Jolla CA 92037 USA

The function of any neural circuit is governed by connectivity of neurons in the circuit and the computations performed by the neurons. Recent research on retinal function has substantially advanced understanding in both areas. First, visual information is transmitted to the brain by at least 17 distinct retinal ganglion cell types defined by characteristic morphology, light response properties, and central projections. These findings provide a much more accurate view of the parallel visual pathways emanating from the retina than do previous models, and they highlight the importance of identifying distinct cell types and their connectivity in other neural circuits. Second, encoding of visual information involves significant temporal structure and interactions in the spike trains of retinal neurons. The functional importance of this structure is revealed by computational analysis of encoding and decoding, an approach that may be applicable to understanding the function of other neural circuits.

关键词： vision parallel pathways neural coding synchrony retinal ganglion cells

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A neural METRIC

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 1986年第4期10卷 377-386页

作者： ERICKSON, RP DUKE UNIV DEPT PHYSIOLDURHAMNC 27706

On the hypothesis that the language of the brain may be reducible to a simple yet general metric, the parameters of neural activity used by the nervous system to represent information are examined. Obviously the elegant specializations in neuron response characteristics and the discoveries of detailed and complex anatomical connections are important. But these appear to divert our attention from some of the equally important but simplest and most obvious aspects of neural organization. Some of these more obvious important parameters include the absolute sizes of various brain areas, amount of activity evoked in the neurons involved, and the time over which integration occurs. Considering both the simpler and more complex factors together leads to a very simple but powerful hypothesis of the natural language and metrics of the brain, the differences in amounts of evoked activity between diverse functions summed over space and time.

关键词： neural coding neural mass differences

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PATTERNS AND PAUSES IN PURKINJE CELL SIMPLE SPIKE TRAINS: EXPERIMENTS, MODELING AND THEORY

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NEUROSCIENCE 2009年第3期162卷 816-826页

作者： De Schutter, E. Steuber, V. Univ Antwerp B-2610 Antwerp Belgium Univ Hertfordshire Sci & Technol Res Inst Hatfield AL10 9AB Herts England

We review our recent experimental and modeling results on how cerebellar Purkinje cells encode information in their simple spike trains and present a theory of the function of pauses and regular spiking patterns. The regular spiking patterns were discovered in extracellular recordings of simple spikes in awake and anesthetized rodents, where it was shown that more than half of the spontaneous activity consists of short epochs of regular spiking. These periods of regular spiking are interrupted by pauses, which can be tightly synchronized among nearby Purkinje cells, while the spikes in the regular patterns are not. Interestingly, pauses are affected by long-term depression of the parallel fiber synapses. Both in modeling and slice experiments it was demonstrated that long-term depression causes a decrease in the duration of pauses, leading to an increase of the spike output of the neuron. Based on these results we propose that pauses in the simple spike train form a temporal code which can lead to a rebound burst in the target deep cerebellar nucleus neurons. Conversely, the regular spike patterns may be a rate code, which presets the amplitude of future rebound bursts. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： cerebellum Purkinje cell deep cerebellar nucleus neural coding long-term depression rebound burst

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Heterogeneity of neuronal responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract suggests sensorimotor integration in the neural code for taste

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2019年第2期121卷 634-645页

作者： Denman, Alexander J. Sammons, Joshua D. Victor, Jonathan D. Di Lorenzo, Patricia M. Binghamton Univ Dept Psychol Box 6000 Binghamton NY 13902 USA Weill Cornell Med Coll Feil Family Brain & Mind Res Inst New York NY USA Weill Cornell Med Coll Dept Neurol New York NY USA

Theories of neural coding in the taste system typically rely exclusively on data gleaned from tasteresponsive cells. However, even in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the first stage of central processing, neurons with taste selectivity coexist with neurons whose activity is linked to motor behavior related to ingestion. We recorded from a large (n = 324) sample of NTS neurons recorded in awake rats, examining both their taste selectivity and the association of their activity with licking. All subjects were implanted with a bundle of microelectrodes aimed at the NTS and allowed to recover. Following moderate water deprivation, rats were placed in an experimental chamber where tastants or artificial saliva (AS) were delivered from a lick spout. Electrophysiological responses were recorded, and waveforms from single cells were isolated offline. Results showed that only a minority of NTS cells responded to taste stimuli as determined by conventional firing-rate measures. In contrast, most cells, including taste-responsive cells, tracked the lick pattern, as evidenced by significant lick coherence in the 5- to 7-Hz range. Several quantitative measures of taste selectivity and lick relatedness showed that the population formed a continuum, ranging from cells dominated by taste responses to those dominated by lick relatedness. Moreover, even neurons whose responses were highly correlated with lick activity could convey substantial information about taste quality. In all, data point to a blurred boundary between taste-dominated and lick-related cells in NTS, suggesting that information from the taste of food and from the movements it evokes are seamlessly integrated. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are known to encode information about taste. However. recordings from awake rats reveal that only a minority of NTS cells respond exclusively to taste stimuli. The majority of neurons track behaviors associated with food consumpti

关键词： electrophysiology gustation licking neural coding taste

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neural representation of probabilities for Bayesian inference

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015年第2期38卷 315-323页

作者： Rich, Dylan Cazettes, Fanny Wang, Yunyan Pena, Jose Luis Fischer, Brian J. Seattle Univ Dept Math Seattle WA 98122 USA Albert Einstein Coll Med Dominick Purpura Dept Neurosci Bronx NY 10467 USA

Bayesian models are often successful in describing perception and behavior, but the neural representation of probabilities remains in question. There are several distinct proposals for the neural representation of probabilities, but they have not been directly compared in an example system. Here we consider three models: a non-uniform population code where the stimulus-driven activity and distribution of preferred stimuli in the population represent a likelihood function and a prior, respectively;the sampling hypothesis which proposes that the stimulus-driven activity over time represents a posterior probability and that the spontaneous activity represents a prior;and the class of models which propose that a population of neurons represents a posterior probability in a distributed code. It has been shown that the non-uniform population code model matches the representation of auditory space generated in the owl's external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx). However, the alternative models have not been tested, nor have the three models been directly compared in any system. Here we tested the three models in the owl's ICx. We found that spontaneous firing rate and the average stimulus-driven response of these neurons were not consistent with predictions of the sampling hypothesis. We also found that neural activity in ICx under varying levels of sensory noise did not reflect a posterior probability. On the other hand, the responses of ICx neurons were consistent with the non-uniform population code model. We further show that Bayesian inference can be implemented in the non-uniform population code model using one spike per neuron when the population is large and is thus able to support the rapid inference that is necessary for sound localization.

关键词： Bayesian inference neural coding Sound localization Barn owl Population code

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