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20th Conference on Object-Oriented programming, Systems, Languages and Applications

作者： Edwards, J MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Representing programs as text strings makes programming harder then it has to be. The source text of a program is far removed from its behavior. Bridging this conceptual gulf is what makes programming so inhumanly difficult - we are not compilers. Subtext is a new medium in which the representation of a program is the same thing as its execution. Like a spreadsheet, a program is visible and alive, constantly executing even as it is edited. Program edits are coherent semantic transformations. The essence of this new medium is copying. Programs are constructed by copying and executed by copyflow: the projection of changes through copies. The simple idea of copying develops into a rich theory of higher-order continual copying of trees. Notably absent are symbolic names, the workhorse of textual notation, replaced by immediately-bound explicit relationships. Subtext unifies traditionally distinct programming tools and concepts, and enables some novel ones. Ancestral structures are a new primitive data type that combines the features of lists and records, along with unproblematic multiple inheritance. Adaptive conditionals use first-class program edits to dynamically adapt behavior. A prototype implementation shows promise, but calls for much further research. Subtext suggests that we can make programming radically easier, if we are willing to be radical.

关键词： human factors languages non-textual programming visual programming prototypes copying

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Bridging the Syntax-Semantics Gap of programming

Bridging the Syntax-Semantics Gap of Programming

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ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on programming and Software (Onward!)

作者： Weidmann, Theo B. Thorgeirsson, Sverrir Su, Zhendong Swiss Fed Inst Technol Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450399098

Computer programming typically requires people to describe operations in a formally specified textual language. Unfortunately, working with syntax is a significant cognitive load, making programming difficult for beginners and time-consuming for professional developers. In response to this, contemporary research often focuses on abstracting or improving the process of composing code. We believe, however, that one fundamental reason why programming is difficult is the disconnect between the symbols and metaphors used in code and the mechanics they represent. programming languages use abstractions whose superficial similarities to natural language neither effectively help users understand programs nor enable them to work creatively. To tackle this fundamental limitation, this paper introduces a new language based on a novel programming-by-demonstration paradigm that (i) enables users to experiment and test their programs, (ii) allows describing complex operations without the need to learn any syntax, and (iii) always displays an approximation of the program state while programming a new operation. We explain the rationales behind our new approach and present our design and implementation using illustrative examples and a supplemental video recording.

关键词： programming-by-demonstration visual programming non-textual programming end-user programming learnable programming

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Subtext: Uncovering the simplicity of programming

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ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 2005年第10期40卷 505-518页

作者： Edwards, J MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA 02139 USA

关键词： human factors languages non-textual programming visual programming prototypes copying

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Subtext: uncovering the simplicity of programming 05

Subtext: uncovering the simplicity of programming

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Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications

作者： Jonathan Edwards MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595930316

Representing programs as text strings makes programming harder then it has to be. The source text of a program is far removed from its behavior. Bridging this conceptual gulf is what makes programming so inhumanly difficult -- we are not compilers. Subtext is a new medium in which the representation of a program is the same thing as its execution. Like a spreadsheet, a program is visible and alive, constantly executing even as it is edited. Program edits are coherent semantic *** essence of this new medium is copying. Programs are constructed by copying and executed by copy flow: the projection of changes through copies. The simple idea of copying develops into a rich theory of higher-order continual copying of trees. Notably absent are symbolic names, the workhorse of textual notation, replaced by immediately-bound explicit relationships. Subtext unifies traditionally distinct programming tools and concepts, and enables some novel ones. Ancestral structures are a new primitive data type that combines the features of lists and records, along with unproblematic multiple inheritance. Adaptive conditionals use first-class program edits to dynamically adapt behavior.A prototype implementation shows promise, but calls for much further research. Subtext suggests that we can make programming radically easier, if we are willing to be radical.

关键词： prototypes copying non-textual programming visual programming

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