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21st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED)

作者： Rubio, Miguel A. Univ Granada Dept Comp Sci Granada Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9783030522407;9783030522391

Online programming courses have become widely available and host thousands of learners every year. In these courses, participants must solve programming exercises by submitting partial solutions and checking the outcome. The sequence of partial solutions submitted by a student constitutes the programming trajectory followed by the student. In our work, we define a supervised machine learning algorithm that takes as input these programming trajectories and predicts whether a student will successfully complete the next exercise. We have validated our model with two different datasets: the first one is a set of problems from the online learning platform Robomission with over one hundred thousand exercises submitted. The second one comprises one hundred thousand exercises submitted to the Hour of Code challenge. The results obtained indicate that our model can accurately predict the future performance of the students. This work provides not only a new method to represent students' programming trajectories but also an efficient approach to predict the students' future performance. Furthermore, the information provided by the model can be used to select the students that would benefit from an intervention.

关键词： Machine learning Introductory programming novice programmer Educational data mining Block-based programming

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Concrete and other neo-Piagetian forms of reasoning in the novice programmer 11

Concrete and other neo-Piagetian forms of reasoning in the n...

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Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian Computing Education Conference - Volume 114

作者： Raymond Lister University of Technology Sydney NSW Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781920682941

This paper brings together a number of empirical research results on novice programmers, using a neo-Piagetian theoretical framework. While there already exists literature connecting programming with classical Piagetian theory, in this paper we apply neo-Piagetian theory. Using that neo-Piagetian perspective, we offer an explanation as to why attempts to predict ability for programming via classical Piagetian tests have yielded mixed results. We offer a neo-Piagetian explanation of some of the previously puzzling observations about novice programmers, such as why many of them make little use of diagrams, and why they often manifest a non-systematic approach to writing programs. We also develop the relatively unexplored relationship between concrete operational reasoning and programming, by exploring concepts such as conservation and reversibility.

关键词： neo-Piagetian novice programmer

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Early relational reasoning and the novice programmer: swapping as the "hello world" of relational reasoning 11

Early relational reasoning and the novice programmer: swappi...

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Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian Computing Education Conference - Volume 114

作者： Malcolm Corney Raymond Lister Donna Teague Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD Australia University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781920682941

We report on a longitudinal research study of the development of novice programmers in their first semester of programming. In the third week, almost half of our sample of students could not answer an explain-in-plain-English question, for code consisting of just three assignment statements, which swapped the values in two variables. We regard code that swaps the values of two variables as the simplest case of where a programming student can manifest a SOLO relational response. Our results demonstrate that the problems many students face with understanding code can begin very early, on relatively trivial code. However, using traditional programming exercises, these problems often go undetected until late in the semester. New approaches are required to detect and fix these problems earlier.

关键词： novice programmer chunking SOLO

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A Knowledge Engineering-Based Approach to Detect Gaming the System in novice programmers 34th

A Knowledge Engineering-Based Approach to Detect Gaming the ...

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34th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems

作者： Rocha, Hemilis Joyse Barbosa Costa, Evandro de Barros Tedesco, Patricia Cabral de Azevedo Restelli Univ Fed Pernambuco Comp Ctr Cin Recife PE Brazil Univ Fed Alagoas Inst Comp IC Maceio Alagoas Brazil Fed Inst Alagoas Maceio Alagoas Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783031790348;9783031790355

In recent years, the behavior called "gaming the system" has received increasing attention, especially in online learning environments, where students seek to advance in the system without actually engaging in genuine learning processes. Although previous studies have made progress in identifying and understanding this behavior, making use of machine learning models and knowledge engineering, previously validated detectors have not fully captured the gaming attitudes observed in our novice programming learning context. This challenge may be related to the transferability of motivations for gaming between different contexts, as well as to detection. Therefore, this article adopts an approach focused on the exploration and specific detection of "gaming the system" attitudes manifested by novice programmers in interaction with a learning environment. We propose an approach to detecting this behavior, combining knowledge engineering and machine learning algorithms. We describe the procedures for generating our database, followed by the elaboration of a model based on knowledge engineering and the development of a model based on machine learning. As a result, we identified two new game attitudes and incorporated them into the knowledge-based model, using cognitive task analysis to understand how experts encode these attitudes.

关键词： Gaming the system novice programmer detect

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Affective States in novice programmers: Automatically Detecting and Analyzing the Impact on Learning 34th

Affective States in Novice Programmers: Automatically Detect...

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34th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems

作者： Rocha, Hemilis Joyse Barbosa Pimentel, Bruno Almeida Costa, Evandro de Barros Tedesco, Patricia Cabral de Azevedo Restelli Univ Fed Pernambuco Comp Ctr Cin Recife PE Brazil Univ Fed Alagoas Inst Comp IC Maceio Alagoas Brazil Fed Inst Alagoas Maceio Alagoas Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783031790348;9783031790355

Programming is a complex cognitive activity that often poses a significant challenge for beginners. Beyond the cognitive dimension, understanding the role of affective states, such as emotions, attitudes, and motivation, in the learning process can provide valuable insights for educators to improve teaching methodologies and curriculum design. Despite this importance, few studies relate the cognitive aspects of beginning programmers to their affective states in the context of problem-solving. In this article, we explore the affective states reported by novice programmers in introductory programming courses, relating them to programming concepts and success rates during problem-solving activities. Furthermore, we apply machine learning algorithms to detect affective states in novice programmers, considering both student and task characteristics. Our initial results allow us to understand the affective states most prevalent in problems associated with each programming concept, as well as to reveal a significant association between affective states and the performance of novice programmers. Positive affective states, including pleasure, motivation, and challenge, were positively correlated with better performance outcomes. On the other hand, negative affective states such as frustration, anxiety, and boredom impaired performance. Additionally, our algorithms demonstrated good performance in detecting affective states.

关键词： affective states novice programmer detect

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Enhancing problem-solving skills of novice programmers in an introductory programming course

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COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION 2022年第1期30卷 174-194页

作者： Malik, Sohail Iqbal Mathew, Roy Al-Sideiri, Abir Jabbar, Jasiya Al-Nuaimi, Rim Tawafak, Ragad M. Al Buraimi Univ Coll POB 77 Al Buraimi 512 Oman Univ Tenaga Natl UniTen Kajang Malaysia

novices should focus both on problem-solving skills and programming knowledge (syntax and semantics) in learning to program. Most introductory programming courses pay more attention to programming knowledge. This study introduces a PAAM model (Problem Analysis Algorithmic Model) in the teaching-learning process of the introductory programming (IP) course. The model focuses on problem statement requirements (input, output, and process) and problem-solving skills for novices. A web application was developed to offer the model in the course. Two surveys were conducted to collect the responses of IP students. Semistructured interviews were performed with the IP instructors. The final exam grades of the IP course over the last two semesters were compared to determine the impact of the PAAM model on the students gain. Results show that most students appreciated the model in the teaching-learning process of the course. The model helps students to develop problem-solving skills (p = .002), understand problem statement inputs (p = .003), process (p = .004), outputs (p = .034), and motivates them to learn programming (p = .031). The application impacts positively on students' behavior and attitude toward completing the programming exercises in the course. Overall, the PAAM approach (11.1%) impacts positively by decreasing the attrition rate (9.9%) in the course when it is compared with the traditional approach (21.0%).

关键词： E-learning novice programmer problem-solving skills programming education pseudo-code

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Development of an unfolding model of procedures for programming learning of novice programmers

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COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION 2021年第6期29卷 1911-1930页

作者： Kim, Youngmin Lee, Minjeong Chung Ang Univ Da Vinci Coll Gen Educ Seoul 06974 South Korea

This study reduces the difficulties experienced by novice computer programmers when establishing a procedure for problem-solving in a computing environment. It also provides guidelines to detail the work process. For this purpose, we developed an "unfolding model of procedures" consisting of the recognition of input and output, decomposition of operation, and expansion of branching based on its condition in work. To identify the effect of applying the unfolding model of procedures on the programming learning curve, we conducted an experiment with 110 college freshers randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The unfolding model was applied to the experimental group;however, both groups received introductory programming classes for 5 weeks. The experimental group showed a trend of significant improvement in deriving the input and output processes and expanded their judgment on conditions. The evaluation of flowcharts for the same task conveyed that the experimental group was more competent than the control group, and further analysis by sex revealed no difference between the sexes in the achievement of learning within either group. The experimental group showed an advantage over the control group irrespective of sex. In conclusion, we expect that the unfolding model of procedures developed in this study could be used as a tool for novice programmers to derive work procedures completely and systematically when interpreting human work in a computing environment at the early stages of learning to program.

关键词： computer programming education novice programmer programming beginner programming learning unfolding model of procedures

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NewBee: Context-Free Grammar (CFG) of a New Programming Language for novice programmers

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第7期37卷 439-453页

作者： Muhammad Aasim Qureshi Muhammad Asif Saira Anwar Department of Computer Science Bahria University Lahore54000Pakistan Department of Law Science and TechnologyUniversity of Bologna40126Italy Department of Multidisciplinary Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station77843USA

Learning programming and using programming languages are the essential aspects of computer science *** use programming languages to write their *** computer programs(students or practitioners written)make computers artificially intelligent and perform the tasks needed by the *** these programs,the computer may be visioned as a pointless *** the premise of writing programs is situated with specific programming languages,enormous efforts have been made to develop and create programming ***,each program-ming language is domain-specific and has its nuances,syntax and seman-tics,with specific pros and *** language-specific details,including syntax and semantics,are significant hurdles for novice ***,the instructors of introductory programming courses find these language specificities as the biggest hurdle in students learning,where more focus is on syntax than logic development and actual implementation of the *** the conceptual difficulty of programming languages and novice students’struggles with the language syntax,this paper describes the design and development of a Context-Free Grammar(CFG)of a programming language for the novice,newcomers and students who do not have computer science as their *** to its syntax proximity to daily conversations,this paper hypothesizes that this language will be easy to use and understand by novice *** paper systematically designed the language by identifying themes from various existing programming languages(e.g.,C,Python).Additionally,this paper surveyed computer science experts from industry and academia,where experts self-reported their satisfaction with the newly designed *** results indicate that 93%of the experts reported satisfaction with the NewBee for novice,newcomer and non-Computer Sci-ence(CS)major students.

关键词： Programming language formal language computer language language grammar simple syntax programming language novice programmer

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Automated Detection and Analysis of Gaming the System in novice programmers 25th

Automated Detection and Analysis of Gaming the System in Nov...

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25th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED)

作者： Barbosa Rocha, Hemilis Joyse Costa, Evandro de Barros de Azevedo Restelli Tedesco, Patricia Cabral Fed Inst Alagoas Vicosa MG Brazil Univ Fed Pernambuco Comp Ctr Cin Recife PE Brazil Univ Fed Alagoas Inst Comp IC Maceio Alagoas Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783031643149;9783031643156

There is growing interest in "gaming the system" behavior, where students in online learning environments seek to progress without engaging in authentic learning processes. This study addresses this issue, aiming to automatically recognize this behavior in beginning programmers from a public and rural school in Northeast Brazil, as well as analyzing the demographic context of these students identified with this behavior. With the participation of 67 students, we collected data through student interactions with a programming learning environment, developing an automatic detection model. As a result, our detector based on the decision tree algorithm provided the best performance. Our findings highlight a significant difference between the group of students who exhibit "gaming the system" behavior and those who do not. Furthermore, younger students are more likely to exhibit such behavior.

关键词： gaming the system novice programmer context

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C-Helper: C Latent-error Static/Heuristic Checker for novice programmers 8

C-Helper: C Latent-error Static/Heuristic Checker for Novice...

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8th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU)

作者： Uchida, Kota Gondow, Katsuhiko Cyboze Inc Tokyo Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9789897581793

For better programming language education, it is crucial to make compiler warning messages more understandable for novice programmers. Unfortunately, however, Kojima's research showed warning messages in commercial-level compilers like GCC are still difficult to understand, and the commercial-level compilers tend not to emit how to modify programs to correct the problems. Furthermore, we found that they also tend not to handle latent errors. To solve this problem, by using a heuristic approach, we propose a novel C static checker called C-Helper, that aims to emit more direct error messages understandable for novices to correct wrong programs, and also aims to handle latent errors. Our preliminary evaluation shows that C-Helper was positively evaluated, although our heuristic approach increased false-positives.

关键词： Programming Education C Static Checker Compiler Warning Messages Latent Errors Heuristics novice programmer

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