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5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing

作者： Gupta, Nirmal Kumar Rohil, Mukesh Kumar Birla Inst Technol & Sci Pilani Rajasthan India

ISBN: (纸本)9783642321283

Maintenance of deployed software is an important phase of software lifecycle. Estimation of maintenance effort in object oriented software engineering is one of the major challenges. In object oriented software the maintenance effort is highly correlated with coupling among classes. It is widely accepted that there is strong relationship between high coupling and poor maintainability. The existing metrics sometimes do not depict the effect of the key factors which contribute significantly towards maintenance effort. Indirect coupling which manifests between two seemingly unrelated classes through hidden connections plays a major role in determining maintenance effort. This research proposes metrics which estimates the maintenance effort for software having indirect coupling between classes.

关键词： software Quality object oriented software Maintenance Effort Indirect Coupling

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A dynamic size measure for object oriented software

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2017年第2期8卷 1209-1221页

作者： Gosain, Anjana Sharma, Ganga GGSIP Univ USICT Sec C16 New Delhi 110078 India

Many static metrics exist in literature for object oriented (OO) software quantifying various static aspects of complexity of its design or source code. However, there is a growing need to employ dynamic measures as they are obtained during the execution of code and thus can reflect actual run-time situations. This has led to various dynamic measures being defined in the past few years focussing on dimensions like coupling, cohesion etc. However, dynamic measures on size have been rarely addressed. In this paper, we propose a dynamic measure for size of OO software at system level which takes into account the number of objects created during the execution. The proposed measure is then theoretically validated using two popular theoretical frameworks. A dynamic analyzer code is developed using AspectJ, an aspect oriented programming extension for Java, which facilitates the collection of metric data. An empirical study consisting of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis is carried out on ten sample Java programs to compare the proposed measure with several existing static measures. The study indicates that the proposed measure can serve as a useful alternative to measure size of OO software. Further, the proposed measure is correlated with maintainability of OO software as an external quality attribute. The results indicate that the proposed measure has significant positive relationship with maintainability.

关键词： object oriented software Static metrics Dynamic metrics Theoretical validation Empirical validation AOP

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Dynamic software Metrics for object oriented software: A Review 2

Dynamic Software Metrics for Object Oriented Software: A Rev...

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2nd International Conference on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (INDIA)

作者： Gosain, Anjana Sharma, Ganga GGSIP Univ USICT New Delhi 110078 India

ISBN: (纸本)9788132222477;9788132222460

Dynamic metrics are the class of software metrics that capture the dynamic behavior of a software system. This paper gives a brief overview of various dynamic metrics proposed till date for object oriented software. Further, it provides review results based on four aspects viz. metric types, metric validation, metric data collection approach, and software quality attributes addressed by the existing dynamic metrics.

关键词： software metrics Dynamic metrics object oriented software

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A cost-effective adaptive random testing algorithm for object-oriented software testing

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JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2021年第3期41卷 4415-4423页

作者： Zhou, Yue Wang, Xiujun Guo, Shu Wen, Yi He, Jingsha Zhongguancun Software Pk Natl Applicat Software Testing Labs Beijing Peoples R China Zhongguancun Software Pk Beijing Software Testing & Qa Ctr Beijing Peoples R China Zhongguancun Software Pk Beijing Key Lab Software Testing Technol Beijing Peoples R China Beijing Univ Technol Fac Informat Technol Beijing Peoples R China

The rapid development of object oriented programming (OOP) technology has made it one of the mainstream programming technologies that has been widely used in the design and development of object oriented software (OOS). The inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism properties of object-oriented language can improve the reusability, scalability and interoperability of software while increasing the difficulty of testing OOS. Researchers have proposed a variety of testing methods to test OOS among which random testing (RT) has been widely used due to its simplicity and ease of use. An OMISS-ARTsum algorithm is proposed in this paper that uses improved OMISS random test FSCS-ART with max-sum standard, which is an implementation version of fixed-sized-candidate-set ART. The OMISS-ARTsum algorithm calculates the total distance between a candidate test case and the executed test case set before the next test case is selected from the set of candidate test cases. Unlike the traditional max-sum based FSCS-ART algorithm, OMIS S-ARTsum does not calculate the distance between each executed test case and the candidate case and then sum up the total distance, but uses the method of summing up all the executed test cases and the candidate cases. The information of executing test cases is saved as a whole and the distance between the executed test case set and candidate cases is calculated at the same time. Experiment shows that compared to the OMISS-ART algorithm, the proposed OMISS-ARTsum algorithm can reduce the time overhead.

关键词： object oriented software adaptive random testing test input time cost

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object-oriented software system for AUV control

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Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 1991年第4期4卷 269-277页

作者： Rødseth, Ø.J. SINTEF Automatic Control Trondheim Norway

SINTEF has developed an object-oriented software architecture for advanced control systems called ASACS. We have also developed a corresponding operating system which makes it relatively simple to implement a control system in the ASACS architecture. The main objects in ASACS are "state variables". Each state variable is a data container that represent one of the axes in the system's state space. The state variables contain information. Knowledge, in the form of functions and procedures, is hidden behind the state variables. The focus on information instead of function has benefits with respect to easy reconfiguration, reuse, and reliability. ASACS is not intended for systems with a high degree of "intelligence". We aim at developing real-time control systems which have limited flexibility, but a high degree of determinism and reliability. ASACS has been tested on a small control system. The test showed that the architecture and the administrative programs worked as expected. The application system was easy to write and simple to expand. © 1991.

关键词： advanced systems architecture Autonomous vehicles C++ implementation controller architectures intelligent control object oriented software object-oriented control operating systems

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Programming by contract

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COMPUTER 1996年第3期29卷 109-111页

作者： McKim, JC Dept. of Comput. & Inf. Sci. Hartford Graduate Center CT USA

Why can't software be more like hardware? has been the software engineer'slament for nearly as long as there have been large software systems. In particular, why isn't therea software components industry to rival the existing hardware components industry? Hardwarecomponents come with the following attributes: an interface that hides detail that would onlyconfuse or at least distract me; an unambiguous interface specification written in a language I canunderstand (in the case of the integrated circuit, this may be a fairly complex language, but it'sone I expect to learn if I'm going to work with that hardware); a guarantee-the component has beentested and/or validated against its specification. All three items-especially the last one-arenotably lacking for software components. Indeed, software tends to come with an antiguarantee,otherwise known as a disclaimer. All of the above points rely on a rigorous specification of thehardware component's interface. In a nutshell, programming by contract is about providing just suchspecifications for software components (that is, classes), and it provides the best hope of a basisfor a true software component industry. The discussion focuses on object oriented software.

关键词： Economics object oriented Programming Contracts Formal Specification User Interfaces DP Industry object oriented software Programming By Contract Large software Systems software Components Industry Hardware Components Industry Interface Unambiguous Interface Specification Guarantee software Components Disclaimer Rigorous Specification Classes Contracts Computer Industry Application software

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How effective are maintainability metrics in estimating maintenance efforts? An empirical study

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2019年第5期10卷 984-1001页

作者： Reddy, B. Ramachandra Ojha, Aparajita Madanapalle Inst Technol & Sci Madanapalle 517325 India PDPM IIITDM Jabalpur Khamaria PODumna Airport Rd Jabalpur 482005 Madhya Pradesh India

software maintainability is often estimated by software developers and experts at the design phase to reduce maintenance efforts of software products. It is believed that the maintainability metrics help in throwing some light on the maintenance efforts of a software system. This paper studies the effectiveness of metrics of two maintainability components, namely modifiability and understandability in assessing maintenance efforts at the early design phase. To perform the empirical study, first of all, modifiability and understandability are estimated using certain design level metrics. A dataset of 776 class hierarchies from 20 different Java open source projects is considered with 12 different design level metrics as the independent variables and modifiability and understandability metrics as the dependent variables. Homogeneous as well as heterogeneous ensembles of MLR, MLP, ANN, and M5P methods are employed to predict maintainability of class hierarchies using design level metric dataset and the metric dataset of the two maintainability metrics. The concept of ROC curve for regression, ROC space and AOC introduced recently by Hernandez-Orallo (Pattern Recogn 46:3395-3411, 2013) is used to determine the under/overestimation of individual models and their ensembles. It is concluded that most of the methods underestimate software maintainability that may lead to higher maintenance cost at a later stage and may also adversely affect the reputation of software companies. While modifiability is mostly underestimated, nothing could be concluded for understandability. The study is validated with the help of two available real datasets QUES and UIMS containing records of actual maintenance efforts and design level metrics dataset. These studies suggest that the definition of software modifiability metric needs a review.

关键词： object oriented software Design level metrics Maintainability Understandability Modifiability Ensemble methods

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Performance of Maintainability Index prediction models: a feature selection based study

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EVOLVING SYSTEMS 2019年第2期10卷 179-204页

作者： Reddy, B. Ramachandra Ojha, Aparajita PDPM IIITDMJ Dumna Airport Rd Jabalpur India

Numerous design metrics have been studied in the literature to assess software performance and future maintainability issues. Maintainability Index (MI) is an indicator of software maintenance efforts, but that can be computed only after the complete code is developed. MI is complex to calculate and hence has been estimated by several researchers using design metrics. Various prediction models are built using different sets of design metrics as independent variables. Further, researchers have used different prediction models for predicting software maintainability. To identify most prominent design metrics and the prediction models that show consistent performance irrespective of the choice of design metrics, the present empirical study is performed on datasets of 26 open source Java projects with more than one thousand and six hundred class hierarchies. Seven feature selection methods are applied to find out the most prominent metrics that are selected by majority of methods. Then four most frequently used prediction models namely, multi linear regression, multilayer perceptron, support vector regression and M5P regression tree are analyzed for their performance with respect to initial selection of design metrics. The study concludes that MIF, MaxDIT, LCC, TCC are the most significant predictors for Maintainability Index of class hierarchies. Among the all the prediction models, support vector regression model exhibits the best performance both with respect to the choice of metrics and irrespective of initial metric selection.

关键词： object oriented software Design metrics Maintainability Index Feature selection Regression models

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An investigation of merging and collapsing of software networks

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ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS 2007年第3期10卷 379-393页

作者： Jenkins, S. Kirk, S. R. Univ W Dept Technol Math & Com Sci SE-46129 Trollhattan Sweden

We explore the use of complex networks for understanding of the interaction of computer software applications written in the Java object-oriented language with the "library classes" that they use (those provided by the Java Runtime Environment) as, essentially, a merged network of classes. The dependence of the software on the library is quantified using a recently introduced model that identifies phases close to a second-order phase transition existing in scale-free networks. An example is given of a piece of software whose class network collapses without the presence of the library classes, providing validation of a novel structural coupling measure;R(coupling). The structural properties of the merged software-Java class networks were found to correlate with the proportion of Java classes contained within the subset delimited by R(coupling). A mechanism for the preservation of the software class network is also provided for the cases studied where the removal of the library classes does not cause collapse.

关键词： scale-free network object oriented software

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object oriented Analysis learning tool using Collaborative Learning

Object Oriented Analysis learning tool using Collaborative L...

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7th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training

作者： Balasundaram, S. R. Ramadoss, B. Natl Inst Technol Dept Comp Applicat Tiruchirappalli 620015 Tamil Nadu India

ISBN: (纸本)9781424404056

Collaborative Learning is a kind of pedagogical model where students learn any concept or topic through interactions and discussions. Many institutes offering Computer Science specialization include a course on object oriented Analysis and Design. This paper focuses on the use of Collaborative Learning for one of the important phases of object oriented software Development i.e. on object oriented Analysis (OOA) which is an essential part of software development. The students are given problem statements where they have to identify the classes, types of classes, their relationships with other classes etc. Though, tools exist for doing these activities, a practice done by students will help them to become effective software professionals. In this paper, we discuss the features of a tool used for learning OOA. The learning process is supported by a collaborative approach with the help of Java, XML and related technologies in an eLearning environment.

关键词： e-learning object oriented software development object oriented analysis collaborative learning assessment

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