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MICROPROCESSING AND MICROPROGRAMMING 1993年第1-5期37卷 111-114页

作者： RIZMAN, K ROZMAN, I UNIV MARIBOR FAC TECH SCI62000 MARIBORSLOVENIA

This paper describes an event-driven object-oriented development which enhances reusability and object composition. Simple composition of objects by means of one class named object environment is suggested. object openness and reusability is increased with designing objects that instead of invoking the behaviour of other objects with sending messages to them inform the object environment about interesting changes of values of its state variables.

关键词： object-oriented development object COMPOSITION object REUSABILITY

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Managing change in an information systems development organization: understanding developer transitions from a structured to an object-oriented development environment

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2008年第3期18卷 275-297页

作者： Shaft, Teresa M. Albert, Leslie Jordan Jasperson, Jon Sean Univ Oklahoma Price Coll Business Div Management Informat Syst Norman OK 73019 USA San Jose State Univ Dept Management Informat Syst Coll Business San Jose CA 95192 USA Texas A&M Univ Dept Informat & Operat Management Mays Business Sch College Stn TX 77843 USA

object-oriented systems development has attracted great interest in the information systems (IS) field because of a belief that using object-oriented development (OD) makes it easier to develop and maintain software plus achieve software reuse. However, the transition from structured to OD may be especially challenging for IS developers. In fact, some argue that structured development (SD) knowledge may interfere with the ability to learn OD approaches because of a form of proactive interference. To understand how knowledge of SD concepts influences the ability to gain OD knowledge, we assessed a team of IS developers' understanding of structured and object-oriented concepts at the beginning of their first OD project and repeated our assessment 1 year later. Developers increased their understanding of some object-oriented concepts, but these changes were associated with increases in understanding of one of the SD concepts. Further, at the beginning and end of the project, developers' mental models were highly consistent with one another and that of an OD expert with regard to most OD concepts. It appears that the formal training that developers received allowed them to attain a good understanding of most object-oriented concepts. These findings challenge the idea that structured developers must 'unlearn' SD to adopt OD approaches. Future research may wish to examine the different types of software development knowledge to ascertain which are amenable to positive transfer and which are more likely to suffer from proactive interference.

关键词： object-oriented development structured development shared mental models longitudinal study

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A KNOWLEDGE-BASED FRAMEWORK OF object-oriented SOFTWARE-development ENVIRONMENTS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 1994年第4期4卷 451-479页

作者： SOURROUILLE, JL INSA LISPIF-69621 VILLEURBANNEFRANCE

Software development can be seen as a formalization process which, from informal data (problem), leads to a fully formal representation (solution) by successive enrichments and transformations. This paper presents a representation formalism (KLSDE: Knowledge-based representation Language for Software development Environments) which supports the iterative and evolutionary features of this process. From syntactic and semantic rules described in the domain model and the software process model, the representation is gradually bound by stronger and stronger constraints, according to the degree of formalization. Based on object concepts, KLSDE offers both expressive power as well as simplicity and readability. The power, which stems from knowledge representation techniques, is necessary to build various models such as the software process development, the domain or the solution. Readability and simplicity are required so that the language addresses communication needs. For readability, the language is constructed on current metaphors and concepts. It includes a graphic representation and many structuring mechanisms. Finally, KLSDE is at the center of a development environment. It is parameterized by the user methodology and fulfills the needs for the whole life-cycle.

关键词： KNOWLEDGE-BASED REPRESENTATION LANGUAGE FRAMEWORK OF CASE ENVIRONMENT SOFTWARE development ENVIRONMENT object-oriented development

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A new approach to estimate effort to update object-oriented programs in incremental development

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2002年第1期E85D卷 233-242页

作者： Uehara, S Mizuno, O Kikuno, T Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp Data Corp Tokyo 1356033 Japan Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Sci Toyonaka Osaka 5608531 Japan

In this paper we discuss the estimation of effort needed to update program codes according to given design specification changes. In the object-oriented incremental development (OOID), the requirement changes occur frequently and regularly. When a requirement change occurs, a design specification is changed accordingly, Then a program code is updated for given design specification change. In order to construct the development plan dynamically, a simple and fast estimation method of efforts for code updating is strongly required by both developers and managers. However, existing estimation methods cannot be applied to the OOID. We therefore try to propose a straightforward approach to estimate effort for code updating, which reflects the specific properties of the OOID. We list up following factors of the effort estimation for OOID: (1) updating activities consist of creation, deletion, and modification, (2) the target to be updated has four kinds of types (void type, basic type, library type, and custom type.), (3) the degree of information hiding is classified into private, protected and public, and (4) the degree of inheritance affects updating efforts. We then propose a new formula E(P, sigma) to calculate the efforts needed to update. a program P according to a set of design specification changes sigma. The formula E(P, sigma) includes weighting parameters: W-upd, W-type, Winf-h and W-inht according to the characteristics (1), (2), (3) and (4), respectively. Finally, we conduct experimental evaluations by applying the formula E(P, sigma) to actual project data in a certain company. The evaluation results statistically showed the validity of the proposed approach to some extent.

关键词： object-oriented development incremental development process code updating effort estimation

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Empirical evaluation of reuse sensitiveness of complexity metrics

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 1999年第5期41卷 297-305页

作者： Kamiya, T Kusumoto, S Inoue, K Mohri, Y Osaka Univ Grad Sch Engn Sci Toyonaka Osaka Japan Nihon Unisys Corp Yokohama Kanagawa Japan

Measuring software products and processes is essential for improving software productivity and quality. In order to evaluate the complexity of object-oriented software, several complexity metrics have been proposed. Among them, Chidamber and Kemerer's metrics are the most well-known for object-oriented software. Their metrics evaluate the complexity of the classes in terms of internal, inheritance, and coupling complexity. Though the reused classes of the class library usually have better quality than the newly-developed ones, their metrics deal with inheritance and coupling complexity in the same way. This article first proposes a revision of the Chidamber and Kemerer's metrics which can be applied to software which had been constructed by reusing software components. Then, we give an analysis of data collected from the development of an object-oriented software using a GUI framework. We compare the original metrics with the revised ones by evaluating the accuracy of estimating the effort to fix faults and show the validity and usefulness of the revised metrics. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： complexity metrics object-oriented development reuse framework

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PROGRAMMING ABSTRACT-DATA-TYPES, ITERATORS AND GENERIC MODULES IN C

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 1990年第3期20卷 243-260页

作者： IANNELLO, G Istituto di Fisica Matematica e Informatica Facoltà di Ingegneria Università di Salerno 84100 Salerno Italy

A programming discipline to write abstract data types, iterators and generic modules using the C language is proposed. Program examples are presented making use of features of the ANSI standard for C. The discipline supports object-oriented development by allowing the programmer to implement abstractions through modules with well-defined interfaces. To use the abstractions, the programmer is not required to be aware of how they are implemented.

关键词： Programming disciplines Abstract data types Iterators Generic modules object-oriented development Reusability

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MODEL OF SOFTWARE EFFORT AND PRODUCTIVITY

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 1991年第3期33卷 224-231页

作者： PFLEEGER, SL Contel Technology Center 1 5000 Conference Center Drive PO Box 10814 Chantilly VA 22021 USA

A new model of software effort and productivity is described, wherein the estimated productivity of an organization is equal to the average productivity modified by a function of the cost factors. Techniques for generating the cost multiplier associated with each cost factor are shown, and equations are derived for calculating the effect of combinations of cost factors. A key characteristic of the model is its ability to amortize the cost of a factor over the projects that may be affected by the factor;thus the model allows assessment of the cost of reuse. The quality of the model is evaluated by examining its predictive accuracy. It is shown that on a test set of object-oriented projects where size is measured by number of objects and methods, the new model shows greater promise than COCOMO and Ada-COCOMO.

关键词： SOFTWARE ECONOMICS PRODUCTIVITY EFFORT COST ESTIMATION METRICS COST FACTORS COST MODELS object-oriented development REUSE

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MOOV++: modular object-oriented VDM

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2000年第4期42卷 275-280页

作者： Charatan, Q Univ E London E London Business Sch Dagenham RM8 2AS Essex England

This paper describes MOOV+ +, a methodology for formal object-oriented development. MOOV + + takes as its starting point an object-oriented specification, which is subsequently developed by means of an existing and well-established formal method, the Vienna development Method (VDM). MOOV+ + utilises the VDM module notation to represent a class;the paper demonstrates how all the important concepts, which together define object-Orientation can be captured formally-in VDM. It also provides a proof obligation by which the behaviour of an inherited class can be proved to be consistent with its base class. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented development formal methods Vienna development Method

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An empirical study of certain object-oriented software metrics

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2001年第1期59卷 57-63页

作者： Subramanian, G Corbin, W Penn State Harrisburg Sch Business Informat Syst Middletown PA 17057 USA

This research focuses on analyzing certain software metrics in an object-oriented (00) environment. The metrics collected and analyzed includes size, number of message (NOM) sends, reuse, inherited methods, and hierarchical nesting level. The site used is the factory systems department of a large manufacturing company. This department uses SmallTalk as the 00 programming language to implement the 00 design paradigm. Using automated tools developed in SmallTalk. these metrics were collected from three domain applications comprising 600 classes. Four propositions are empirically tested and the results provided in this study. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented development software metrics software reuse software size inheritance

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A case study on the adaptive maintenance of an Internet application

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2003年第4期15卷 245-264页

作者： Bergin, S Keating, J Natl Univ Ireland Dept Comp Sci Maynooth Kildare Ireland

We describe an Internet application for providing mobile phone tariff information for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Using this application it is possible to accurately and easily determine and compare mobile phone packages offered by different service providers. One of the important features of such an Internet application is the potential for high maintenance associated with the data in the system and more importantly the structure of the system given the inevitable changes in the corresponding mobile phone market. We have identified the maintenance tasks associated with our system to reflect changes in the mobile phone market and outline an evaluation technique for describing the system's ability to cope with change. In particular, we evaluate the actual change required to our software system to implement various maintenance tasks. We have found that there is an upper bound (similar to5%) on the maintenance effort associated with the system which is both acceptable and manageable for maintenance purposes. We show that at most the changes required to our system are no greater than 3.07%, when a complete new service provider is added or removed. We conclude that the development of a maintenance model in conjunction with system design is essential for estimating the maintenance effort associated with similar Internet applications. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： maintenance evaluation model Web-based technologies object-oriented development Java the UML

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