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On object-oriented frameworks and coordinate free formulations of PDEs

ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS 2002年第4期18卷 286-294页

作者： Åhlander, K Haveraaen, M Munthe-Kaas, H Uppsala Univ Dept Informat Technol SE-75105 Uppsala Sweden Univ Bergen Inst Informat Bergen Norway

An object-oriented (OO) framework for Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) provides software abstractions for numerical simulation of PDEs. The design of such frameworks is not trivial, and the outcome of the design is highly dependent on which mathematical abstractions one chooses to support. In this paper, coordinate free abstractions for PDEs are advocated. The coordinate free formulation of a PDE hides the underlying coordinate system. Therefore, software based on these concepts has the prospect of being more modular, since the PDE formulation is separated from the representation of the coordinates. Use of coordinate free methods in two independent OO frameworks are presented, in order to exemplify the viability of the concepts. The described applications simulate seismic waves for various classes of rock models and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on curvi-linear grids, respectively. In both cases, the possibility to express the equations in a domain independent fashion is crucial. Similarities and differences between the two coordinate free frameworks are discussed. A number of places where such frameworks should be designed for modification is identified. This identification is of interest both for framework developers and for tentative framework users.

关键词： computations on manifolds coordinate free numerics object-oriented frameworks partial differential equations

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Automating the construction of domain-specific modeling languages for object-oriented frameworks

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2010年第7期83卷 1078-1093页

作者： Santos, Andre L. Koskimies, Kai Lopes, Antonia Univ Lisbon Fac Sci Dept Informat P-1749016 Lisbon Portugal Tampere Univ Technol Dept Software Syst FIN-33101 Tampere Finland

The extension of frameworks with domain-specific modeling languages (DSML) has proved to be an effective way of improving the productivity in software product-line engineering. However, developing and evolving a DSML is typically a difficult and time-consuming task because it requires to develop and maintain a code generator, which transforms application models into framework-based code. In this paper, we propose a new approach for extending object-oriented frameworks that aims to alleviate this problem. The approach is based on developing an additional aspect-oriented layer that encodes a DSML for building framework-based applications, eliminating the need of implementing a code generator. We further show how a language workbench is capable of automating the construction of DSMLs using the proposed layer. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Domain-specific modeling object-oriented frameworks Software product-lines Aspect-oriented programming

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Design patterns in object-oriented frameworks

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COMPUTER 1999年第2期32卷 24-+页

作者： Srinivasan, S IBM Corp Almaden Res Ctr Visual Media Grp San Jose CA 95114 USA

Developing interactive software systems with complex user interfaces has become increasingly common. Given this trend, it is important that new technology be based on flexible architectures that do not require developers to understand all the complexities inherent in a system. object-oriented frameworks provide an important enabling technology for reusing both the architecture and the functionality of software components. But frameworks typically have a steep learning curve since the user must understand the abstract design of the underlying framework as well as the object collaboration rules or contracts-which are often not apparent in the framework interface-prior to using the framework. In this article, the author describes her experience with developing an object-oriented framework for speech recognition applications that use IBM's ViaVoice speech recognition technology. Design patterns help to effectively communicate the internal framework design and reduce dependence on the documentation.

关键词： IBM ViaVoice abstract design complex user interfaces design patterns documentation interactive software object-oriented frameworks object-oriented programming software architecture software architecture software components software reusability software reuse speech recognition speech recognition speech-based user interfaces

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Using viewpoints to derive object-oriented frameworks: a case study in the web-based education domain

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 2000年第3期54卷 239-257页

作者： Fontoura, M Crespo, S Lucena, CJ Alencar, PSC Cowan, DD Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro Dept Comp Sci BR-22453900 Rio De Janeiro Brazil Univ Waterloo Comp Syst Grp Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

This paper is an experience report that illustrates the applicability of a viewpoint-based design method for the Web-based education (WBE) domain. The method is a new approach for domain analysis that generates an object-oriented framework from a set of concrete applications. These applications are defined as viewpoints, since they provide different perspectives of the framework domain. Various existent WEE environments have been used as viewpoints in our case study. The design method has been successfully applied for these viewpoints generating the ALADIN framework. The analysed WEE environments are presented through object-oriented diagrams. The implementation and use of ALADIN is discussed to validate the results of the case study. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： viewpoints domain analysis object-oriented frameworks web-based education framework usability domain-specific language

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Developers' perceptions of object-oriented frameworks - An investigation into the impact of technological and individual characteristics

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COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2011年第2期27卷 730-740页

作者： Polancic, Gregor Hericko, Marjan Pavlic, Luka Univ Maribor Fac Elect Engn & Comp Sci Maribor Slovenia

Framework-based development is currently regarded as one of the most promising software development approaches, boasting increases in lead time, productivity and quality. However, many frameworks and framework-related projects still fail, which indicates that frameworks still have unsolved problems. In this article, we will identify and investigate the major framework characteristics and individual differences that impact the most important users' perceptions about frameworks. To test the causal relationships between these factors, we performed an online survey and analyzed the results using structural equation modeling. The results support the technology acceptance model (TAM), which was used as an underlying theory. In addition, we found that framework characteristics and individual differences have a significant impact on users' perceptions, especially in the case of voluntary framework use. Beside TAM constructs, the results also suggest an additional determinant for the acceptance of frameworks: "confidence". Despite the limits of our research, we foresee future research activities as well as theoretical and practical implications. Our results might be used to develop acceptable frameworks and for the evaluation of existing frameworks, their constituent parts and framework-related guidelines. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented frameworks System characteristics Individual differences Empirical research Developer's perceptions Technology acceptance model

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Towards specifying constraints for object-oriented frameworks

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS FRONTIERS 2002年第4期4卷 393-407页

作者： Hou, DQ Hoover, HJ Univ Alberta Dept Comp Sci Software Engn Res Lab Edmonton AB T6G 2E8 Canada

object-oriented frameworks are often hard to learn and use (J. Bosch et al., In: ACM Computing Survey's Symposia on object oriented Application frameworks, 1998;M. Fayad and D. C. Schmidt, Communication of the ACM, Special Issue on object-oriented Application frameworks 1997;40( 10)). As a result, software cost rises and quality suffers. Thus the capability to automatically detect errors occurring at the boundary between frameworks and applications is considered crucial to mitigate the problem. This paper introduces the notion of framework constraints and a specification language, FCL (Framework Constraints Language), to formally specify them. Framework constraints are rules that frameworks impose on the code of framework-based applications. The semantics of FCL is primarily based on first order predicate logic and set theory though the evolving syntax is designed to resemble that of programming languages as much as possible. We take examples from the MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) framework (G. Shepherd and S. Wingo, MFC Internals: Inside the Microsoft Foundation Classes Architecture. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1996) demonstrating both the nature of framework constraints and the semantics of FCL. Essentially, framework constraints can be regarded as framework-specific typing rules conveyed by the specification language FCL, and thus can be enforced by techniques analogous to those of conventional type checking.

关键词： object-oriented frameworks framework constraints FCL FCL checker

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Metrics to Evaluate the Use of object oriented frameworks

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COMPUTER JOURNAL 2009年第3期52卷 288-304页

作者： Pereira e Silva, Ricardo Freiberger, Evandro Cesar Univ Fed Santa Catarina Dept Comp Sci INE BR-88037000 Florianopolis SC Brazil Fed Ctr Technol Educ Mato Grosso CEFET BR-78106000 Cuiaba MT Brazil

The adoption of object-oriented (OO) framework approach can increase the reuse in software development. To reach this goal, however, a high quality OO framework design is needed. Moreover, an OO framework must be used in a proper way. General principles are proposed for OO framework design and use, but it is difficult to evaluate OO framework design and OO framework use in an objective way. This work proposes metrics for quantifying features of OO frameworks and software developed using them. They are useful for evaluating OO framework use and learning how to use it, using statistical comparison with present software based on specific OO frameworks. Additionally, the metrics produce a feedback for OO framework developers. A set of tools developed for automatic gathering and for browsing this kind of information is presented, as well as experimental results.

关键词： object-oriented frameworks framework use learning framework use evaluation framework evaluation analysis tools automated analysis

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Developing object-oriented enterprise quality frameworks using proto-frameworks

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2002年第8期32卷 837-843页

作者： Campo, M Pace, AD Zito, M UNICEN Univ ISISTAN Res Inst Tandil Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn RA-1033 Buenos Aires DF Argentina ANALYTE Lab Technol Solut Buenos Aires DF Argentina

In this article, we present an approach to architecture-driven design of object-oriented frameworks based on the notion of object-oriented materialization of architectural styles. This approach leads us to the development of the proto-framework concept, which is a new denomination for an object-oriented framework that provides the essential basis to build other frameworks that adopt an underlying architectural design derived from non-object-oriented styles. In this context, we describe the approach to framework design, the design of a particular proto-framework called Bubble, and a real example of its application to the design of an enterprise framework. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： architecture-driven design architectural styles object-oriented frameworks framework development adaptability

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Experiences modelling and using formal object-oriented telecommunication service frameworks

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COMPUTER NETWORKS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKING 1999年第23-24期31卷 2577-2592页

作者： Kolberg, M Sinnott, RO Magill, EH Univ Strathclyde Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow G1 1XW Lanark Scotland GMD Fokus Berlin Germany

This paper describes experiences in using SDL and its associated tools to create telecommunication services by producing and specialising object-oriented frameworks. The chosen approach recognises the need for the rapid creation of validated telecommunication services. It introduces two stages to service creation. Firstly a software expert produces a service framework, and secondly a telecommunications ''business consultant' specialises the framework by means of graphical tools to rapidly produce services. Here the focus is given to the underlying technology required. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of SDL and tools for this purpose are highlighted. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： object-oriented frameworks service creation SDL TINA TTCN

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Comparison of different documentation styles for frameworks of object-oriented code

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BEHAVIOUR & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2009年第3期28卷 201-210页

作者： Ho, S. B. Chai, I. Tan, C. H. Multimedia Univ Fac Informat Technol Cyberjaya Malaysia Multimedia Univ Fac Engn Cyberjaya Malaysia

frameworks are increasingly employed as a useful way to enable object-oriented reuse. However, understanding frameworks is not easy due to their size and complexity. Previous work concentrated on different ways to document frameworks, but it was unclear which ones were actually better. This paper presents a novel way of investigating the different philosophies for framework documentation. The philosophies include minimalist, patterns-style and extended javadoc (Jdoc) documentation. Using a survey of 140 novices engaged in Swing intensive coding work, this empirical study discovered some guidelines for effective framework documentation for the Swing framework. The results suggest that different documentation is better for different goals.

关键词： documentation empirical minimalist object-oriented frameworks patterns

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