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Fuzzy logic-based object-oriented methods to reduce quantization error and contextual bias problems in software development

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FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS 2004年第1期145卷 57-80页

作者： Marcelloni, F Aksit, M Univ Pisa Dipartimento Ingn Informaz I-56122 Pisa Italy Univ Twente Dept Comp Sci NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

During the last several years, a considerable number of software development methods have been introduced to produce robust, reusable and adaptable software systems. methods create software artifacts through the application of a large number of heuristic rules. These rules are generally expressed in two-valued logic. In object-oriented methods, for instance, candidate classes are identified by applying the following intuitive rule: "If an entity in a requirement specification is relevant and can exist autonomously in the application domain, then select it as a class". In this paper, we identify and define two major problems regarding how rules are defined and applied in current methods. First, two-valued logic cannot effectively express the approximate and inexact nature of a typical software development process. Although software engineers can perceive partial relevance of an entity and possibly select the entity as a partial candidate class, they are constrained by two-valued logic to quantize relevance into relevant and irrelevant. Second, the influence of contextual factors on rules is generally not modelled explicitly. We term these problems as quantization error and contextual bias problems, respectively. To reduce these problems, we propose to express heuristic rules using fuzzy logic. We illustrate formally how fuzzy logic-based methodological rules can help in lowering the effects of quantization error and contextual bias problems. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： approximate reasoning fuzzy inference systems object-oriented methods quantization error adaptable design models

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Local refinement of 3-D triangulations using object-oriented methods

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ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE 2004年第10-11期35卷 693-702页

作者： González-Yuste, JM Montenegro, R Escobar, JM Montero, G Rodríguez, E Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria Inst Intelligent Syst & Numer Appl Engn Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017 Spain

The data structures used to model meshes for solving problems by finite element methods is based on different arrays. In these arrays information is stored related to, among other components, nodes, edges, faces, tetrahedra and connectivities. These structures provide optimum results but, in many cases, they need additional programming to be maintained. In adaptive simulation, the meshes undergo refinement/derefinement processes to improve the numerical solution at each step. These processes produce new elements and eliminate others, so the arrays should reflect the state of the mesh in each of these steps. Using traditional language, memory should be pre-assigned at the outset of the program, so it is only required to estimate the changes taking place in the mesh. In the same respect, it was necessary to compact the arrays to recover space from erased elements. With the advent of languages such as C, memory can be assigned dynamically, resolving most of the problem. However, arrays are costly to maintain, as they require adapting the mesh treatment to the data model, and not inversely. The object-oriented programming suggests a new focus in implementing data structures to work with meshes. The classes create data types that may be adjusted to the needs of each case, allowing each element to be modelled independently. Inheritance and encapsulation enable us to simplify the programming tasks and increase code reuse. We propose a data structure based on meshes-treating objects. Finally, we present an implementation of a local refinement algorithm based on 8-subtetrahedron subdivision and some experiments. (C) 2004 Civil-Comp Ltd and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 3-D triangulations unstructured grids nested meshes adaptive refinement object-oriented methods data structures finite element method

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OPEN ENVIRONMENTS AND object-oriented methods FOR COMPUTER-AIDED CONTROL-SYSTEM DESIGN

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CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 1995年第3期3卷 347-356页

作者： BARKER, HA Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Wales Swansea Swansea UK

Two current trends in the computer industry are towards open systems and object-oriented methods. Both are important for computer-aided control system design. The success of computer-aided software engineering is attributed to its open environment, based on a reference model that involves a service-oriented framework serving a set of tools. An adaptation of this reference model is proposed for computer-aided engineering in general and computer-aided control engineering in particular. object-oriented methods are described, and their roles in the framework services are considered. Their particular importance for the modelling services of a computer-aided control engineering environment is established. It is concluded that a combination of open environments and object-oriented methods provides a unique opportunity for progress in computer-aided control system design that needs to be grasped if the world-wide control community is to benefit.

关键词： SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS OPEN SYSTEMS REFERENCE MODELS object-oriented methods object MODELING DATA TYPES

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Deferring elimination of design alternatives in object-oriented methods

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2001年第14期13卷 1247-1279页

作者： Aksit, M Marcelloni, F Univ Pisa Dipartimento Ingn Informaz I-56126 Pisa Italy Univ Twente Dept Comp Sci TRESE Project NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

While developing systems, software engineers generally have to deal with a large number of design alternatives. Current object-oriented methods aim to eliminate design alternatives whenever they are generated. Alternatives, however, should be eliminated only when sufficient information to take such a decision is available. Otherwise, alternatives have to be preserved to allow further refinements along the development process. Too early elimination of alternatives results in loss of information and excessive restriction of the design space. This paper aims to enhance the current object-oriented methods by modeling and controlling the design alternatives through the application of fuzzy-logic-based techniques. By using an example method, it is shown that the proposed approach increases the adaptability and reusability of design models. The method has been implemented and tested in our experimental CASE environment. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

关键词： design alternatives object-oriented methods fuzzy logic adaptable design models CASE environments software artifacts

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An examination of procedural and object-oriented systems analysis methods: Does prior experience help or hinder performance?

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DECISION SCIENCES 1999年第1期30卷 107-136页

作者： Morris, MG Speier, C Hoffer, JA USAF Inst Technol Dept Grad Acquisit Management Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA Michigan State Univ Eli Broad Sch Business E Lansing MI 48824 USA Univ Dayton Dept MIS & Decis Sci Dayton OH 45469 USA

Interest in object-oriented analysis (OOA) and object-oriented design (OOD) has expanded rapidly over the last several years. Proponents of OOA and OOD have called the shift to these methods "revolutionary" and have cited a number of impressive claims with respect to their use. However, empirical research investigating these claims remains in its infancy. Moreover, an examination of the literature reveals inconclusive and often conflicting results for OOA and OOD methods relative to traditional data and/or procedural techniques. This paper presents the results of an empirical study that examined both experienced and novice systems analysts using both procedural and object-oriented techniques. This research examined whether experience in using procedural methods helped or hindered performance using OOA and compared procedural and OOA methods on the subjective mental workload induced. A human problem-solving model adopted from Newell and Simon (1972) provided the theoretical framework for this study. Dependent variables include subjective mental workload, solution quality, time to perform task, and attitudinal measures. Although some of these dependent variables have been used in past research, we believe this is the first time that subjective mental workload (SMW) has been examined in an IS context. Our results indicate that both novice and experienced subjects demonstrate higher SMW when using OOA. Tn addition, as a group, novices prefer object-oriented techniques and find these techniques easier as compared to experienced subjects.

关键词： and systems Development Methodologies. Experimental Design object-oriented methods

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Computational approaches to studying non-linear dynamics of the crust and mantle

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PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS 2007年第1-4期163卷 69-82页

作者： Moresi, L. Quenette, S. Lemiale, V. Meriaux, C. Appelbe, B. Muehlhaus, H.-B. Monash Univ Sch Math Sci Melbourne Vic 3800 Australia Univ Melbourne VPAC Melbourne Vic 3053 Australia Univ Queensland Earth Syst Sci Computat Ctr Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia

We outline a mathematical formulation for mantle convection which can deal with the viscoelastic-plastic rheology of the cool parts of the lithosphere. This formulation is then analyzed to expose the numerical challenges inherent in the equations and a suitable solution strategy is outlined. With this strategy in place, we discuss a parallel implementation, explaining how we maintain computational efficiency, in a tiered and modular software environment. We show two examples from geodynamics which demonstrate the capability of the numerical method and its implementation. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： mantle convection viscoelasticity plasticity finite element multigrid particle-in-cell parallel computing object-oriented methods

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MDA: Revenge of the modelers or UML utopia?

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2004年第3期21卷 15-17页

作者： Thomas, D Carleton Univ Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada Univ Queensland St Lucia Qld 4067 Australia

The OMG's Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is an ambitious effort to build programs from models using model transformations. The author believes that model-driven agile development is an effective software development practice, but he has concerns about the proposed MDA. Modeling is at the core of many disciplines, but it is especially important in engineering because it facilitates communication and constructs complex things from smaller object-oriented languages. Many have viewed software development as the development and refinement of models. Models facilitate the understanding, simulation, and emulation of the artifacts under development. Depending an model paradigms and cognitive styles, engineers express models using diagrams, structured text, and storyboards of one form or another. Software modelers depend on and use engineering analogies but often fail to understand them. Software engineering welcomed the OMG's intervention, just as other, more mature disciplines have welcomed similar interventions. The good in UML is that it provides a common and useful visual notation for describing many of the software artifacts used in modern object-oriented analysis, design, and development. INSET: Related Work..

关键词： object-oriented methods object-oriented programming program compilers software architecture specification languages MDA tool Model Driven Architecture UML domain specific language domain-oriented programming model engineering model-driven development pla object oriented programming programmable logic arrays Utopias SMDA Retaliation Model-driven development object orientation Software architecture UML compilers specification description language MDA(computers)

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Classifying design-level requirements using machine learning for a recommender of interaction design patterns

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IET SOFTWARE 2020年第5期14卷 544-552页

作者： Silva-Rodriguez, Viridiana Edith Nava-Munoz, Sandra Castro, Luis A. Martinez-Perez, Francisco E. Perez-Gonzalez, Hector G. Torres-Reyes, Francisco Univ Autonoma San Luis Potosi Fac Ingn Dr Manuel Nava 8 San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi Mexico Inst Tecnol Sonora Dept Computac & Diseno Obregon Mexico

Software Engineering is a discipline that encompasses processes associated with the development of interactive systems. The perceived quality of an interactive system is heavily influenced by the user interface design, which may result in many challenges. One such challenge is design-level requirements analysis. The success of the software system is mostly dependent on how well users' requirements have been understood and translated into appropriate functionalities. During the interactive system design process, it is common to find recurring problems in human-computer interactions, for which reusing solutions is highly feasible. Interaction design patterns seek to support designers in decision making during the design of interactive systems. Due to the design task tends to be subjective and prone to errors. This work aims at presenting and evaluating an interaction design patterns recommendation model based on design-level requirements classification, through the application of supervised machine learning algorithms. To compare the performance of four classification algorithms, a study was carried out, in which the linear support vector machine was the most suitable to this problem. The results of this work can be used for implementing frameworks that can better support designers' decision making when designing user interfaces.

关键词： learning (artificial intelligence) user interfaces human computer interaction pattern classification object-oriented methods interactive systems decision making software quality user interface design design-level requirements analysis software system interactive system design process human-computer interactions design task interaction design patterns recommendation model design-level requirements classification supervised machine learning algorithms

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Revani: Revising and Verifying Normative Specifications for Privacy

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IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2016年第5期31卷 8-15页

作者： Kafali, Ozgur Ajmeri, Nirav Singh, Munindar P. North Carolina State Univ Comp Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA North Carolina State Univ Sci Secur Lablet Raleigh NC USA

Privacy remains a major challenge today, partly because it brings together social and technical considerations. Yet, current software engineering focuses only on the technical aspects. In contrast, the authors" approach, Revani, understands privacy from the standpoint of sociotechnical systems (STSs), with particular attention on the social elements of STSs. They specify STSs via a combination of technical mechanisms and social norms founded on accountability. Revani provides a way to formally represent mechanisms and norms and applies model checking to verify whether specified mechanisms and norms would satisfy stakeholder requirements. Additionally, Revani provides a set of design patterns and a revision tool to update an STS specification as necessary. The authors demonstrate the work of Revani on a healthcare emergency use case pertaining to patient privacy during disasters.

关键词： Privacy Intelligent agents Emergency services Medical services Access control Computational modeling Patient monitoring Multi-agent systems Social factors Sociotechnical systems INSPEC: Controlled Indexing software tools data privacy formal specification health care object-oriented methods object-oriented programming INSPEC: Non-Controlled Indexing Revani patient privacy health care emergency revision tool design pattern stakeholder requirement formal representation STS sociotechnical system software engineering normative specification verification normative specification revision Author Keywords intelligent systems privacy multiagent systems sociotechnical systems social norms requirements engineering model checking design patterns

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Multi-view city-based approach for code-smell evolution visualisation

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IET SOFTWARE 2020年第5期14卷 506-516页

作者： Katbi, Abdulkarim Hammad, Mustafa Elmedany, Wael Univ Bahrain Dept Comp Sci Zallaq Bahrain Mutah Univ Dept Comp Sci Mutah Jordan Univ Bahrain Dept Comp Engn Zallaq Bahrain

Code smells are indicators of inappropriate and possibly harmful design decisions that could lead to issues in the comprehensibility and maintainability of software systems. To avoid such quality complications, understanding the presence and prioritising the removal of code smells are required. This study presents a visualisation approach to help better understanding the evolutional characteristics of code smells presented in the different versions of the software system. The core of the visualisation approach is the metaphor of buildings and building blocks. An overall framework for detecting, categorising and visualising code smells is proposed. Three types of code smells were considered in this study. The considered code smells are God Class, Long Method and Type Checking. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated by evaluating several versions of an open-source java software and visualising the detected code smells. Additionally, a pilot experimental study is conducted to empirically assure the usefulness of the proposed visualisations.

关键词： software quality public domain software Java data visualisation object-oriented methods software maintenance software metrics city-based approach code-smell evolution visualisation inappropriate design decisions software system visualisation approach building blocks considered code smells detected code visualisations visualising code harmful design decisions god class long method type checking

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