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The design-methods comparison project

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART C-APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS 1998年第1期28卷 80-103页

作者： Bahill, AT Alford, M Bharathan, K Clymer, JR Dean, DL Duke, J Hill, G LaBudde, EV Taipale, EJ Wymore, AW Univ Arizona Dept Surg Tucson AZ 85721 USA Calif State Univ Fullerton Placentia CA 92670 USA Univ Arizona Ctr Management Informat Tucson AZ 85721 USA Intel Corp Chandler AZ 85226 USA IBM Corp Tucson AZ 85744 USA LaBudde Syst Inc Westlake Village CA 91362 USA Lockheed Martin Tact Def Syst Eagan MN 55121 USA SANDS Tucson AZ 85718 USA

Early in the system design process, a design method must be chosen, This choice is usually dictated by what methods the designer has previously used, not by an open selection process. In this paper, we provide descriptions of some available design methods and examples of their use. In this project, we will develop benchmark problems that will be solved by a variety of design methods and will identify characteristics of problems that might make one system design method more or less appropriate. The top-level question we wish to answer is "for which type of problem is each method best?" If a system is to be built, then the system must ultimately be described as a collection of state machines. However, these state machines are often not created by the systems engineers. The systems engineers use some method to create a high-level abstraction of the desired system. Then they turn this abstraction over to the specialty engineers who actually reduce it to a collection of state machines. In this paper, we present solutions for a simple design problem by using the following 11 high-level system design methods: state transition diagrams, algorithmic state machine (ASM) notation, model-based system engineering, Graphical Description Language, RDD-100, structured analysis (using entity relationship diagrams, data-flow diagrams, and state transition diagrams with Ward-Mellor notation), functional decomposition, object-oriented analysis (OOA) with Shlaer-Mellor notation, OOA and object-oriented design (OOD) with Booch notation, an operational evaluation modeling-(OpEM)-directed graph, and IDEFO. Each method was used by an expert user of that method. The solutions presented make it obvious that the choice of a design method greatly effects the resulting system design.

关键词： architecture design methodology logic design object-oriented methods

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A coupled model of water, heat and mass transfer using object orientation to improve flexibility and functionality

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ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE 2001年第1期16卷 37-46页

作者： Jansson, PE Moon, DS Royal Inst Technol Div Land & Water Resources Dept Civil & Environm Engn S-10044 Stockholm Sweden IESE Fraunhofer Inst Expt Software Engn D-67661 Kaiserslautern Germany

The challenge of our software development is to introduce user-friendly document-orientation and graphical features that are typical in Windows software and to retain the possibility of easily extending existing legacy Fortran code. Keys to this development were the use of five development tools and our special management of shared memory. Numerical development of the code was thus continued in Fortran while the newly introduced multiple-document interface allows the new graphical features that are considered more user friendly (e.g. tool bar, status bar, animation, etc.) can be further refined and adjusted using Visual C++6.0 and the MS Visual Studio. object orientation makes it possible to include modules with different type of dependencies that restrict the user interface to the specific use of the model. A large number of sub-models are combined and all input/output data have been adapted to an object-oriented standard. Multiple-run features and built-in links to a common database are new important features. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： software conversion object-oriented methods soil water modelling mixed-language programming Visual C plus Fortran 95 shared memory

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Mapping and Classification of the Liaohe Estuary Wetland Based on the Combination of object-oriented and Temporal Features

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 60496-60512页

作者： Guo, Sien Feng, Ziyi Wang, Peng Chang, Jie Han, Hao Li, Haifu Chen, Chunling Du, Wen Shenyang Agr Univ Coll Informat & Elect Engn Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China Liaoning Res & Applicat Ctr Remote Sensing Forest Coll Informat & Elect Engn Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China China Natl Digital Agr Reg Innovat Ctr Northeast Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China Key Lab Smart Agr Technol Liaoning Prov Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosyst Natl Observat & Re Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China Shenyang Agr Univ Coll Water Conservancy Shenyang 110866 Peoples R China

For the protection, restoration, and sustainable management of wetland ecosystems, precision in extracting high-quality wetland land cover information is crucial. This study focused on the National Nature Reserve of Liaohe Estuary in Panjin City, Liaoning Province, China. To enhance the classification accuracy of wetland land covers exhibiting similar spectral characteristics and alleviate the occurrence of the 'salt-and-pepper' effect, where certain land parcels are erroneously classified into multiple categories by pixel-based methods, an approach integrating object-oriented techniques and temporal features was employed for precise wetland land cover classification. The analysis utilized multi-temporal Sentinel-2 multispectral images. Initially, the images underwent segmentation using the SNIC method to generate uniform polygons, effectively mitigating misclassification issues. Subsequently, texture, geometry, band reflectance, and spectral deviation features were extracted for each segmented object. A total of 57 features, including vegetation and moisture components, were integrated to construct temporal characteristics. By applying the Random Forest (RF) algorithm in combination with Extreme Randomized Trees (ERT), 18 significant features influencing wetland extraction were identified. These selected features were then utilized to train a Random Forest (RF) model for classifying wetland land cover in the study area. The findings revealed that the integrated object-oriented and temporal feature classification approach achieved an impressive overall accuracy of 95.52% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.95 for the Liaohe Estuary wetland region. The accuracy for various land cover types reached 0.87 for both user and producer accuracy. Compared to alternative machine learning algorithms such as SegUnet++, SVM, and RF, the proposed method demonstrated a performance increase of 16.35%, 14.06%, and 6.14%, respectively. The incorporation of temporal features notably reduced

关键词： Image classification object oriented methods object-oriented methods time series tasseled cap transformation random forest

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Approaches to component technologies for software reuse of legacy systems

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COMPUTING & CONTROL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2001年第6期12卷 281-287页

作者： Hull, MEC Nicholl, PN Bi, Y Univ Ulster Fac Informat Sch Comp & Math Sci Newtownabbey BT37 0QB Antrim North Ireland

An investigation of component-based approaches for software reuse is described. In the days when computer architecture was simpler and systems were developed by procedural languages or other paradigms, it was common that the functionality available within one system was also present in another system. However, these paradigms are not appropriate for surfacing components for developing distributed applications as defined by today's business requirements, and do not facilitate software reuse. It is envisaged that software reuse can be achieved through component-based development. This article discusses the characteristics of components and provides a brief study of the component systems of COM/DCOM, CORBA and Java RMI. An example is presented using Java RMI and develops keyboard functionality for the Web-aware version that matches the original 'green screen' application.

关键词： Java RMI software reusability Java software reuse keyboard functionality CORBA Software engineering techniques object-oriented programming object-oriented methods legacy systems distributed object management distributed applications COM/DCOM Distributed systems software component technologies business requirements remote procedure calls

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VIEWPOINTS FOR REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 1992年第6期7卷 375-387页

作者： KOTONYA, G SOMMERVILLE, I UNIV LANCASTER DEPT COMPLANCASTER LA1 4YRENGLAND

This paper is a survey of the current viewpoint-oriented requirements approaches and a description of an alternative object-oriented viewpoint-based approach. The paper sets out a case for a multiple viewpoint-oriented approach in requirements definition and, using a simple case study, examines the viewpoint approach adopted by three requirements methodologies. The paper concludes by proposing an alternative object-oriented viewpoint-based approach.

关键词： software engineering formal specification requirements methodologies multiple viewpoint-oriented approach Software engineering techniques object-oriented programming object-oriented methods requirements definition object-oriented programming object-oriented viewpoint-based approach

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Evaluation of a UML-Based Versus an IEC 61131-3-Based Software Engineering Approach for Teaching PLC Programming

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION 2013年第3期56卷 329-335页

作者： Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Obermeier, Martin Braun, Steven Sommer, Kerstin Jobst, Fabian Schweizer, Karin Tech Univ Munich Inst Automat & Informat Syst D-85748 Garching Germany Univ Educ Weingarten D-88250 Weingarten Germany

A field experiment investigated the evaluation, teaching, and application of two different approaches to automatic control in programmable logic controllers, in particular comparing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to the classic procedural paradigm (IEC 61131-3). A total of 85 apprentices from a vocational school for production engineering with a specialization in mechatronics took part in the training and the experiment. This paper details the results of the training using both approaches, and the correlations found between the modeling and/or programming performance and cognitive abilities, interest, workload, expertise, and school grades. In general, the results show that students can be trained to carry out authentic programming tasks within one and a half days, even for beginners in programming. The data distinguish the two approaches. Function Block Diagram programming (IEC 61131-3) can be best predicted by the grade in mathematics, programming experience, and cognitive demand. For performance in UML class diagram and state chart (UML/CD + SC) modeling, the grade in mathematics plays an even more prominent role;this explains the greater variance in modeling performance in the UML group than in the 61131/Function Block Diagram group. With respect to other findings, the paper concludes that special problem-solving skills and skills for abstract thinking should be taught when teaching UML-based modeling approaches.

关键词： Automation cognitive science engineering education modeling object-oriented methods programmable logic devices

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Empirical study of fault prediction for open-source systems using the Chidamber and Kemerer metrics

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IET SOFTWARE 2014年第3期8卷 113-119页

作者： Shatnawi, Raed Jordan Univ Sci & Technol Software Engn Dept Irbid 22110 Jordan

Software testers are usually provoked with projects that have faults. Predicting a class's fault-proneness is vital for minimising cost and improving the effectiveness of the software testing. Previous research on software metrics has shown strong relationships between software metrics and faults in object-oriented systems using a binary variable. However, these models do not consider the history of faults in classes. In this work, a dependent variable is proposed that uses fault history to rate classes into four categories (none, low risk, medium risk and high risk) and to improve the predictive capability of fault models. The study is conducted on many releases of four open-source systems. The study tests the statistical differences in seven machine learning algorithms to find whether the proposed variable can be used to build better prediction models. The performance of the classifiers using the four categories is significantly better than the binary variable. In addition, the results show improvements on the reliability of the prediction models as the software matures. Therefore the fault history improves the prediction of fault-proneness of classes in open-source systems.

关键词： learning (artificial intelligence) object-oriented methods program testing public domain software software metrics fault prediction open-source systems Kemerer metrics Chidamber metrics software testers software testing software metrics object-oriented systems binary variable statistical differences machine learning algorithms

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THE ALLOC STREAM FACILITY - A REDESIGN OF APPLICATION-LEVEL STREAM I/O

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COMPUTER 1994年第3期27卷 75-82页

作者： KRIEGER, O STUMM, M UNRAU, R IBM CORP SOFTWARE SOLUT LABTORONTOONCANADA

Although the Unix I/O facility is simple and versatile, application programs running under Unix typically do not use its I/O system calls directly. Instead, they use higher level facilities implemented by the programming language or its application-level libraries. Using application-level I/O facilities improves functionality and portability and can also significantly improve application performance. This articles introduces a new application-level I/O facility called the Alloc Stream Facility. ASF addresses recent computing substrate changes to improve performance, allowing applications to benefit from specific features such as mapped files. It's also designed for parallel systems, maximizing concurrency and reporting errors properly. Because it's modular and object oriented, it supports a variety of popular existing I/O interfaces and can be tuned to a system's behavior, exploiting its strengths while avoiding its weaknesses. The authors' experiments demonstrate that on a number of standard Unix systems, I/O-intensive applications perform substantially better when linked to ASF instead of the facilities provided - in the best case, up to twice as well. Modifying the applications to use a new interface provided with ASF can improve performance even more.

关键词： ASF Alloc Stream Facility C++ stream I/O I/O-intensive applications Unix application-level I/O facility application-level stream I/O concurrency input-output programs mapped files multithreaded applications object-oriented methods object-oriented structure parallel applications parallel programming parallel systems performance improvements popular I/O interfaces standard Unix systems stdio system behavior

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object-oriented TECHNIQUES IN HARDWARE DESIGN

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COMPUTER 1994年第6期27卷 64-70页

作者： KUMAR, S AYLOR, JH JOHNSON, BW WULF, WA UNIV VIRGINIA DEPT ELECT ENGNTHORNTON HALLCHARLOTTESVILLEVA 22903

We focus on using object-oriented techniques to improve the hardware design process. The advantages of these techniques for hardware design include: improved modifiability and maintainability of models; easy component instantiation with different parameters; quick composition of new components; the ability to identify and reuse common components; the ability to tailor general-purpose components to more specialized components; support of dynamic object creation and destruction; and the possibility of employing existing software synthesis and verification techniques. We illustrate the application of object-oriented techniques using a load-store, reduced instruction-set processor that contains a local memory. The instruction set consists of 22 instructions, which require one or two 16-bit words. Arithmetic is performed in two's complement. We use C++ to demonstrate the usefulness of object-oriented techniques, not to provide arguments for or against its use in hardware modeling and design

关键词： C++ common components component instantiation dynamic object creation general-purpose components hardware design hardware modeling instruction sets load-store local memory maintainability modifiability new components object-oriented languages object-oriented methods object-oriented programming object-oriented techniques reduced instruction set computing reduced instruction-set processor software synthesis twos complement verification techniques

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Unifying clones with a generative programming technique: a case study

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND EVOLUTION-RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2006年第4期18卷 267-292页

作者： Jarzabek, Stan Li, Shubiao Natl Univ Singapore Sch Comp Dept Comp Sci Singapore 117543 Singapore Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Econ & Finance Dept Banking Informat Engn Xian 710061 Peoples R China

Software clones-similar program structures repeated in variant forms-increase the risk of update anomalies, blow up the program size and complexity, possibly contributing to high maintenance costs. Yet, programs are often polluted by clones. In this paper, we present a case study of cloning in the Java Buffer library, JDK 1.5. We found that at least 68% of the code in the Buffer library was contained in cloned classes or class methods. Close analysis of program situations that led to cloning revealed difficulties in eliminating clones with conventional program design techniques. As a possible solution, we applied a generative technique of XVCL (XML-based Variant Configuration Language) to represent similar classes and methods in generic, adaptable form. Concrete buffer classes could be automatically produced from the generic structures. We argue, on analytical and empirical grounds, that unifying clones reduced conceptual complexity and enhanced the changeability of the Buffer library at rates proportional to code size reduction (68%). We evaluated our solution in qualitative and quantitative ways, and conducted a controlled experiment to support this claim. The approach presented in the paper can be used to enhance genericity and changeability of any program, independently of an application domain or programming language. As the solution is not without pitfalls, we discuss trade-offs involved in its project application. (c) Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： class libraries object-oriented methods maintainability reusability generative programming

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