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Comparison of C++ and Fortran 90 for object-oriented scientific programming

COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 1997年第1期105卷 20-36页

作者： Cary, JR Shasharina, SG Cummings, JC Reynders, JVW Hinker, PJ UNIV COLORADO DEPT PHYSBOULDERCO 80309 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB ADV COMP LABLOS ALAMOSNM 87545 DAKOTA SCI SOFTWARE INC RAPID CITYSD 57701

C++ and Fortran 90 are compared as object-oriented languages for use in scientific computing, C++ is a full-featured, object-oriented language that provides support for inheritance and polymorphism. Fortran 90 can mimic some object-oriented features through combinations of its TYPE and MODULE syntax elements, but it lacks inheritance and thus does not permit code reuse to the same extent as C++. Each language has other useful features unrelated to object-oriented programming, but the additional features of Fortran 90 can be included in C++ through the development of class libraries. in contrast, including the additional features of C++ in Fortran 90 would require further development of the Fortran 90 syntax. A critical feature missing in Fortran 90 is the template, which allows C++ programmers to build portable, reusable code and to dramatically improve the efficiency of the evaluation of complex expressions involving user-defined data types. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

关键词： C++ Fortran 90 object-oriented programming scientific computing

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Virginity: A contribution to the specification of object-oriented software

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INFORMATION PROCESSING LETTERS 1999年第2期70卷 99-105页

作者： Leino, KRM Stata, R Compaq Syst Res Ctr Palo Alto CA 94301 USA

In object-oriented programs built in layers, an object at a higher level of abstraction is implemented by objects at lower levels of abstraction. It is usually crucial to correctness that a lower-level object not be shared among several higher-level objects. This paper unveils some difficulties in writing procedure specifications strong enough to guarantee that a lower-level object can be used in the implementation of another object at a higher level of abstraction. To overcome these difficulties, the paper presents virginity, a convenient way of specifying that an object is not globally reachable and thus can safely be used in the implementation of a higher-level abstraction. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： program specification object-oriented programming program verification specification languages formal semantics static program checking

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Selective checkpointing and rollbacks in multi-threaded object-oriented environment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 1999年第4期48卷 325-337页

作者： Kasbekar, M Narayanan, C Das, CR Penn State Univ Pond Lab 220 University Pk PA 16801 USA Torry Harris Business Solut Edison NJ 08873 USA Penn State Univ Pond Lab 232 University Pk PA 16801 USA

This paper presents selective checkpointing and rollback schemes for MT-GO (multithreaded, object-oriented) programs. There is a need for checkpointing mechanisms that are more sophisticated than the traditional process-level checkpointing. The program model, theoretical foundations, and an implementation of the selective checkpointing & rollback schemes are described. The usefulness of the schemes is demonstrated by implementing a higher level fault-tolerance scheme of conversations using them. The performance implications are studied on a prototype internet e-commerce server. The use of the selective schemes in the prototype server showed an appreciable reduction in the loss of work in the presence of faults. Benefits are more pronounced for a larger level of concurrency in the server. The selective scheme usually outperforms the hypothetical zero-cost global scheme in the presence of faults, vis-a-vis completion times. The experiments also show the vast difference between the sizes of selective checkpoints and global checkpoints. The concurrent sessions scheme (based on the concept of relaxed conversations) required 160 checkpoints in less than an hour. Traditionally, such a scheme would be considered outrageous, but the selective schemes still improve performance in the presence of faults. The main contribution of this paper is that it brings forward an OO (object-oriented) approach to checkpointing. Not only does the program model separate program state from process state, but it allows one to identify the state associated with each individual thread of the MT program. The prototype showed that this abstract knowledge about the program state can be made available at runtime in the form of suitable data structures. The availability of this information at runtime fuels the design of selective schemes.

关键词： compile-time reflection multi-threading object-oriented programming selective checkpointing selective recovery

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Node-based dynamic adaptive grid with quadrilateral and hexahedral elements

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ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE 1999年第1期30卷 31-41页

作者： Wang, GH Tyler, JM Weltman, JS Callahan, JD Geoquest Unit Schlumberger Houston TX 77056 USA Louisiana State Univ Dept Comp Sci Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA Innovat Emergency Management Baton Rouge LA 70809 USA InControl Technol Houston TX 77068 USA

A node-based data structure is developed for use in either two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) finite element method (FEM) problems. This grid uses quadrilateral (2-D) or hexahedral (3-D) elements and is dynamically adaptive according to the 1-irregular requirement for refinement-derefinement. Implemented in C + +,the grid consists of node objects linked with pointers to neighboring node objects. The algorithm used to traverse the grid starts at the first node of the grid and constructs each FEM element by following the links of the nodes. This algorithm uses a stack to maintain the correct order of elements during the grid traversals. Because the elements and their connectivity are not permanently stored, the computer storage requirements for the grid are reduced significantly in 3-D compared with an element-based approach. Although the node-based approach may increase the CPU-time and complexity to access an element, it reduces the complexity and time required to refine and derefine an element. This implementation is applicable to many FEM domains. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： dynamic adaptive mesh adaptive finite elements nodal-based data structures object-oriented programming C++ FORTRAN

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An object-oriented constraints-based system for concurrent product development

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ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 1999年第2期15卷 133-144页

作者： Gayretli, A Abdalla, HS De Montfort Univ Fac Comp Sci & Engn Dept Mech & Mfg Engn Leicester LE1 9BH Leics England

This research work aims to develop an intelligent constraint-based system that enables designers to consider at the early stages of the design process all activities associated with product's life cycle. One of the most important aspects of these activities is the evaluation and optimisation of manufacturing processes that require various type of information from the different aspects of product's life cycle. This research article discusses the development of a prototype system for manufacturing process optimisation using a combination of both mathematical methods and constraint-programming techniques. This approach enables designers to evaluate and optimise feasible manufacturing professes in a consistent manner as early as possible during the design process. This helps in avoiding unexpected design iterations that wastage a great amount of time and effort, leading to longer lead-time. The development process has passed through the five major stages: Firstly, an intelligent constraint-based design system for concurrent product and process design has been developed. Secondly, a manufacturing process optimisation module has been constructed. Thirdly, the product features, processes, cost, time and constraints to be used for carrying out various design tasks has been represented in the format of constraints, frames, objects, and rules. Fourthly, the process optimisation and evaluation rules for the selection of feasible processes for complex features, and finally, the information management system that ensures consistency in information exchange and decision making activities have been developed. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： feature-based design object-oriented programming concurrent engineering process optimisation cost estimation constraints knowledge-based systems

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Minimum cost wavelength-path routing and wavelength allocation using a genetic-algorithm heuristic hybrid approach

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IEE PROCEEDINGS-COMMUNICATIONS 1999年第1期146卷 1-7页

作者： Sinclair, MC Univ Essex Dept Elect Syst Engn Colchester CO4 3SQ Essex England

Minimum cost wavelength-path routing and wavelength allocation of multiwavelength alloptical transport networks using a genetic-algorithm (GA)/heuristic hybrid approach is described. A cost model is adopted which incorporates a dependency on link wavelength requirements. The hybrid algorithm developed uses an object-oriented representation of networks, and incorporates four operators: path mutation, single-point crossover, reroute and shift-out. In addition, an operator-probability adaptation mechanism is employed to improve operator productivity. Experimental results from seven fifteen-node test networks, obtained using a tool for optical network optimisation, modelling and design (NOMaD), suggest the GA/heuristic hybrid approach provides superior results compared to three recent wavelength-allocation heuristics, except when the network cost depends most heavily on wavelength requirement.

关键词： Optimisation techniques GA/heuristic hybrid approach genetic-algorithm/heuristic hybrid approach genetic algorithms multiwavelength all-optical transport networks fifteen-node test networks cost model link wavelength requirements network cost object-oriented methods optical network optimisation modelling and design single-point crossover object-oriented representation wavelength allocation NOMaD Communication network design, planning and routing Optical fibre networks operator productivity frequency allocation object-oriented programming telecommunication network routing operator-probability adaptation mechanism minimum cost wavelength-path routing optical fibre networks shift-out path mutation reroute

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A fault-tolerant object service on CORBA

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE 1999年第3期48卷 197-211页

作者： Liang, D Fang, CL Yuan, SM Chen, C Jan, GE Acad Sinica Inst Informat Sci Taipei 11529 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Technol Taipei Taiwan Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Comp & Informat Sci Hsinchu 31151 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Ocean Univ Dept Comp Sci Keelung Taiwan

The Common object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), is a major industrial standard for distributed object-based applications. Today's large-scale CORBA applications have to deal with object crashes, node failures, networks partitioning and unpredictable communication delays. Existing efforts to enhance the CORBA reliability can be roughly categorized into three approaches: integration approach, interception approach and service approach. Each approach has its own merits and prices. In this paper, we propose a service approach solution called object Fault-tolerance Service (OFS). Solutions that adopt the service approach usually specify their service in terms of CORBA IDL interfaces. The implementations of such solutions in general do not modify the ORE infrastructure or IDL language mappings, and thus applications developed with those systems appear to be more portable. OFS differs from other service approach solutions in that OFS does not assume underlying support of reliable group communication. Applications with advance registration can rely on OFS for detection of object and node crashes, and for customized recovery. In this paper, we first present the service specification of OFS. We then give the system architecture of an OFS implementation. This OFS implementation is developed on the Solaris 2.5 platform and with IONA's Orbix 2.0. The performance evaluation of the OFS implementation is also presented. The preliminary experiments indicate that OFS overhead is minimal and client objects experience little response delay when a service object is under OFS surveillance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： CORBA distributed computing environment distributed object services fault-tolerance object-oriented programming OMA

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object-oriented approach to hyperelasticity

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ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS 1999年第1期15卷 2-11页

作者： Jeremic, B Runesson, K Sture, S Clarkson Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn Potsdam NY 13699 USA Chalmers Univ Technol Div Solid Mech S-41296 Gothenburg Sweden Univ Colorado Dept Civil Environm & Architectural Engn Boulder CO 80309 USA

This paper describes the application of an object-oriented Paradigm (OOP) to the implementation of a hyperelastic constitutive e driver. The C++ programming language used in our implementation lends to an efficient and readable program. It will be shown that object-oriented implementation naturally follows from analytical development in isotropic hyperelasticity. Examples of classes developed and results from a number of large deformation hyperelastic numerical test are presented.

关键词： constitutive driver finite element programming hyperelasticity object-oriented programming tensor analysis

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An architectural application framework for evolving distributed systems

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 1999年第15期45卷 1375-1384页

作者： Ribeiro-Justo, GR Cunha, PRF Univ Westminster Cavendish Sch Comp Sci & Informat Syst Engn Ctr Parallel Comp London W1M 8JS England Univ Fed Pernambuco Dept Informat Recife PE Brazil

In this paper, we present an object-oriented application framework to support the development of evolving distributed systems. The framework combines concepts of the object-oriented paradigm with those of architectural design. The result is a framework which supports extensible and reusable configurations of distributed components. The framework addresses the problem of evolution by allowing the addition, replacement and extension of components of a configuration, Evolution is also possible at run time, where a configuration can change dynamically depending on a particular event. The paper outlines the fundamental aspects of our framework and presents a case study, which illustrates its application. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： software architecture reconfigurable systems architecture description language object-oriented programming application frameworks

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An object-oriented Monte Carlo simulator for 3D cylindrical positron tomographs

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COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 1999年第2期58卷 133-145页

作者： Zaidi, H Scheurer, AH Morel, C Univ Hosp Geneva Div Nucl Med CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Univ Lausanne Inst Nucl Phys CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Monte Carlo simulation is a very powerful tool in understanding performances of positron tomographs as well as in assessing image reconstruction algorithms and their implementations. We present an object-oriented Monte Carlo simulator developed for 3D positron tomography. Results from phantom simulation studies including absorption and scattering of the photons in the field-of-view are presented. Scatter fractions determined from these studies are in good agreement with measured scatter fractions published in the literature. Limitations and future prospects are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Monte Carlo PET scatter simulation image reconstruction object-oriented programming

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