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Intransitivity, Essential Comparativeness, and objective value

METAPHILOSOPHY 2020年第1期51卷 14-31页

作者： Goldman, Alan H. 108 Peyton Rd Williamsburg VA 23185 USA

Building on Goldman 2008 and 2009, which argue that objective values would be strange in coming in degrees but in no determinate number of degrees, this paper argues that related properties having to do with degrees of value make a further case against objective values. The properties of giving rise to intransitive orderings and being essentially comparative are explained by Larry Temkin in Rethinking the Good. He shows that "better than" is intransitively ordered. Many subjective states are too. But similar arguments for the intransitive orderings of intrinsic objective properties fail. Furthermore, subjective properties and states can change without these changes being explained by changes in their objects. This is similar to the essentially comparative nature of goodness. Given the analogies to subjective states and lack of analogies to objective properties that the present article points out, it argues that we should infer, as Temkin does not, that values are subjective.

关键词： intransitivity spectrum argument objective value essential comparativeness

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The Discarded Image and the Debunked Tao: objective value in CS Lewis' Medieval Model and His Critique of Modernity

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RELIGIONS 2019年第11期10卷

作者： Su, Yuxiao Xiamen Univ Coll Foreign Languages & Cultures English Dept Xiamen 361005 Fujian Peoples R China

This paper considers C.S. Lewis' "doctrine of objective value" in two of his major works, The Abolition of Man and The Discarded Image. Lewis uses the Chinese name Tao, albeit with an incomplete understanding of its origins, for the objective worldview. The paper argues that Tao, as an explicit theme of The Abolition of Man, is also a determining undercurrent in The Discarded Image. In the former work, Tao is what Lewis wants to defend and restore against twentieth-century secular ideologies, which Lewis condemns as infected with "the poison of subjectivism". In the latter work, where Lewis presents one of the best accounts of the European medieval model of the Universe, objective value (the Tao in Lewis' argument) underlies both how the model has been shaped, and how Lewis, as a medievalist, accounts for and draws upon it as an intellectual and spiritual resource. The purpose of this parallel study is to show that Lewis' explication of the Tao in The Abolition of Man, which is a "built-in", implicit belief in The Discarded Image, provides a critique of tendencies towards the subjectivism prevalent in Lewis' lifetime. These tendencies can be traced into the moral relativism, pluralism and reductionism of the twenty-first century, giving Lewis' work the status of twentieth-century prophecy.

关键词： C S Lewis objective value Tao Medieval Model subjectivism modernity critique

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The Case Against objective values

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ETHICAL THEORY AND MORAL PRACTICE 2008年第5期11卷 507-524页

作者： Goldman, Alan H. Coll William & Mary Dept Philosophy Williamsburg VA 23187 USA

While objective values need not be intrinsically motivating, need not actually motivate us, they would determine what we ought to pursue and protect. They would provide reasons for actions. objective values would come in degrees, and more objective value would provide stronger reasons. It follows that, if objective value exists, we ought to maximize it in the world. But virtually no one acts with that goal in mind. Furthermore, objective value would exist independently of our subjective valuings. But we have no way of measuring amounts of such values independently of the ways we value objects. While a subjectivist can account for mistaken values, a fully impersonal viewpoint, from which objective values would appear, seems instead to cause all values to disappear. Nor does the moral point of view, which requires more impartiality than agents usually exhibit, reveal fully objective values. The paper closes with an examination of the most widely endorsed candidates for states having positive and negative objective values: pleasures and pains. It concludes again that, once we adjust for worthiness of the object and desert of the subject for such states, there is no way to measure their supposed objective value.

关键词： objective value values Reasons

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Multi-objective approaches in a single-objective optimization environment

Multi-objective approaches in a single-objective optimizatio...

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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation

作者： Watanabe, S Sakakibara, K Ritsumeikan Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Shiga 5258577 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0780393635

This paper presents two new approaches for transforming a single-objective problem into a multi-objective problem. These approaches add new objectives to a problem to make it multi-objective and use a multi-objective optimization approach to solve the newly defined problem. The first approach is based on relaxation of the constraints of the problem and the other is based on the addition of noise to the objective value or decision variable. Intuitively, these approaches provide more freedom to explore and a reduced likelihood of becoming trapped in local optima. We investigated the characteristics and effectiveness of the proposed approaches by comparing the performance on single-objective problems and multi-objective versions of those same problems. Through numerical examples, we showed that the multi-objective versions produced by relaxing constraints can provide good results and that using the addition of noise can obtain better solutions when the function is multimodal and separable.

关键词： constraint theory functions optimisation decision variable local optima multimodal function multiobjective optimization objective value problem constraint relaxation separable function single-objective optimization Separable function Constraint theory local optimum

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Constrained radar waveform design algorithm for spectral coexistence

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2017年第8期53卷 558-560页

作者： Yu, Xianxiang Cui, Guolong Ge, Peng Kong, Lingjiang Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Chengdu Peoples R China

The design problem of radar waveform to enhance target delectability while ensuring spectral compatibility is considered. Precisely, an iterative sequential optimisation algorithm is developed to jointly optimise signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and stopband frequency energy. In each iteration of the proposed algorithm, the multidimensional optimisation problem is turned into multiple one-dimensional optimisation problems with closed-form solutions. Finally, the computational cost and objective value of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the existing method is assessed.

关键词： radar signal processing iterative methods quadratic programming constrained radar waveform design algorithm spectral coexistence target delectability enhancement spectral compatibility iterative sequential optimisation algorithm signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio optimisation stopband frequency energy multidimensional quadratic optimisation problem multiple one-dimensional optimisation problems closed-form solutions computational cost objective value

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Reasons of Love: Response to Wolf

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FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE 2016年第2期21卷 275-277页

作者： Calhoun, Cheshire Arizona State Univ SHPRS POB 874302 Tempe AZ 85287 USA

According to Wolf's fitting fulfillment view, meaningfulness depends on the person's subjective attraction to an activity being grounded in 'reasons of love' that concern the objective value of those activities. In this short comment, I argue that 'reasons of love'-and thus reasons for regarding as meaningful-are not limited to those having to do with the objective value of activities and relationships, but include also what I call 'reasons for the initiated' and 'reasons for me'.

关键词： Ends Fitting fulfillment objective value Reasons of love

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Meaning in Life: Meeting the Challenges

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FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE 2016年第2期21卷 279-282页

作者： Wolf, Susan Univ N Carolina Philosophy Caldwell HallCB 3125 Chapel Hill NC USA

Responding to comments by Cheshire Calhoun and Arnold Burms, this piece clarifies some of Wolf's ideas about the relation between meaningfulness in life, on the one hand, and reasons of love, fulfillment, and objective value, on the other. Meaning tends to come from activities whose reasons are grounded in love of a worthy (objectively valuable) object, and not necessarily from reasons having anything to do with an interest in meaningfulness itself. But what counts as a worthy object cannot be determined either from a totally neutral and impersonal point of view or from the points of view of specific other people who matter to the subject.

关键词： Fulfillment Impersonal point of view objective value Meaningfulness Reasons of love

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Caring animals and the ways we wrong them

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BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2023年第4期38卷 1-23页

作者： Benz-Schwarzburg, Judith Wrage, Birte Univ Vet Med Vienna Messerli Res Inst Vienna Austria

Many nonhuman animals have the emotional capacities to form caring relationships that matter to them, and for their immediate welfare. Drawing from care ethics, we argue that these relationships also matter as objectively valuable states of affairs. They are part of what is good in this world. However, the value of care is precarious in human-animal interactions. Be it in farming, research, wildlife 'management', zoos, or pet-keeping, the prevention, disruption, manipulation, and instrumentalization of care in animals by humans is ubiquitous. We criticize a narrow conception of welfare that, in practice, tends to overlook non-experiential forms of harm that occur when we interfere with caring animals. Additionally, we point out wrongs against caring animals that are not just unaccounted for but denied by even an expansive welfare perspective: The instrumentalization of care and caring animals in systems of use can occur as a harmless wrong that an approach purely focused on welfare may, in fact, condone. We should therefore adopt an ethical perspective that goes beyond welfare in our dealings with caring animals.

关键词： Animal care behavior Empathy Moral care Care ethics Animal welfare objective value

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Know, live and let live: Towards a redefinition of the knowledge-based economy - sustainable development nexus

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ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2010年第6期69卷 1193-1201页

作者： Sabau, Gabriela L. Mem Univ Sir Wilfred Grenfell Coll Corner Brook NF A2H 6P9 Canada

Most economic analyses of the Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE) and Sustainable Development (SD) use the analytical framework provided by neo-classical economics. Evolutionary and ecological approaches bring new insights and techniques borrowed mainly from evolutionary biology. This paper proposes a broader definition of both concepts and relates them by means of a wider pre-analytical vision. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Knowledge-based economy Sustainable development Non-empirical knowledge Rational awareness objective value Classical liberalism moral order

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A two phase MPC and its application to a grinding process

A two phase MPC and its application to a grinding process

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Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (SysTol)

作者： Zakharov, Alexey Boriouchkine, Alexandre Jamsa-Jounela, Sirkka-Liisa Aalto Univ POB 16100 Aalto 00076 Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781424481545

The growing complexity of the control systems and the increased use of nonlinear models cause a dramatic increase in the computational requirements of MPCs. Therefore, more computationally efficient MPC are needed. This paper presents a two-phase MPC approach for decreasing computational demand without sacrificing its efficiency. The first phase of the MPC treats the input variables as independent decision variables of the objective optimization, since the largest part of the objective value arises from a few earliest sampling intervals. In contrast, the second phase combines input variables, defining the rest of the MPC objective value, in an open-loop control which is specified by a few independent decision variables. The method is compared against the traditional Quadratic Programming implementation of an MPC for the Grinding Plant control problem. The two-phase MPC demonstrates a better performance compared with the traditional controller with the same control horizon.

关键词： MPC phase computational demand computational requirements control systems grinding grinding plant control problem grinding process application growing complexity independent decision variables nonlinear control systems nonlinear models objective optimization objective value open loop control open loop systems quadratic programming quadratic programming implementation sampling intervals

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