The conventional first zone characteristic of distance protection is constructed mainly based on engineering experience, which limits its coverage of internal faults. The zone coverage is also adversely affected by th...
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The conventional first zone characteristic of distance protection is constructed mainly based on engineering experience, which limits its coverage of internal faults. The zone coverage is also adversely affected by the installation of series compensation devices with over-voltage protection. Despite research efforts to overcome these problems, developing an algorithm for constructing an optimal first zone characteristic that encloses only all separable internal faults remains a challenging task. This study addresses this issue by presenting an optimisation-based algorithm for constructing an adaptive optimal first zone characteristic for power lines. The algorithm takes into account different locations of the compensation devices along the line, their non-linear protection, and the inaccuracies in measurements and considered grid model. The proposed and conventional zone construction algorithms are compared using a grid model in MATLAB Simulink. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is robust to input parameters and thus able to construct an optimal zone characteristic for a specified range of grid operating points and fault parameters. Moreover, the first zone obtained by the proposed algorithm covers substantially more internal faults than the conventional zone with optimised settings.
Model predictive control (MPC) is an optimisation-based algorithm which usually requires a numerical method to calculate the solution of the problem. Inherently, numerical methods for optimisation problems are impleme...
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Model predictive control (MPC) is an optimisation-based algorithm which usually requires a numerical method to calculate the solution of the problem. Inherently, numerical methods for optimisation problems are implemented on a finite-precision hardware platform and are subject to the appearance of numerical instabilities of catastrophic cancellation and ill-conditioned matrices. These anomalies are difficult to detect and overcome, and for safety-critical applications, it is essential to have a mechanism that can at least issue a warning when an arithmetic instability occurs. Towards this direction, Monte Carlo arithmetic (MCA) for the floating-point (FP) number system has been used for both detection and mitigation of catastrophic cancellation and ill-conditioned matrices. An alternative to FP is the Logarithmic Number System (LNS) that recently has been proposed for the real-time hardware implementation of embedded MPC. In this study the authors present the adaptation of MCA to LNS for detecting and mitigating catastrophic cancellation, forming the Monte Carlo Logarithmic Number System (MCLNS). An inherent drawback of MCA is the accuracy deterioration which is a direct consequence of the randomisation in the arithmetic operations. Additionally, multiple simulations of the system result in performance deterioration equal to the number of simulations. Using off-line simulations it is possible to determine the necessary hardware requirements to achieve desired accuracy under performance constraints. These trade-offs are studied and analysed for an MPC algorithm, and the hardware implementation cost of MCLNS is quantified by synthesis on a Xilinx Virtex-IV FPGA.
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