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SilkRoad II: mixed paradigm cluster computing with RC_dag consistency

parallel COMPUTING 2003年第8期29卷 1091-1115页

作者： Peng, L Wong, WF Yuen, CK Natl Univ Singapore Dept Comp Sci Singapore 117543 Singapore

A parallel programming paradigm indicates the way to express applications. It also restricts the algorithms that may be used in the applications. Unfortunately, runtime systems for parallel computing often impose a particular programming paradigm. For a wider choice of algorithms, it is therefore desirable to support more than one paradigm. In this paper, we propose a formalism for modeling parallel programming paradigms from a graph-theoretic view of their execution instance dag and the memory consistency assumptions. This model allows us to formally reason about the properties of parallel programming paradigms that are hitherto only known informally and intuitively. We propose the concept of general paradigm and show that the single program multiple data, the divide and conquer, and the master/slave paradigms are all sub-sets of this general paradigm. We will also propose a super set of these three paradigms which we called the mixed paradigm and introduce the RC-dag memory consistency model. We also present our work on SilkRoad II, a variant of the Cilk runtime system for cluster computing. What is unique about SilkRoad II is its memory model which supports multiple paradigms with the underlying software distributed shared memory. Our experimental results show that the stronger RC-dag can achieve performance comparable to LC of Cilk while supporting a bigger set of paradigms with rather good performance. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： software distributed shared memory parallel programming paradigm memory consistency model directed acyclic graph

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ASC - AN ASSOCIATIVE-COMPUTING paradigm

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COMPUTER 1994年第11期27卷 19-25页

作者： POTTER, J BAKER, J SCOTT, S BANSAL, A LEANGSUKSUN, C ASTHAGIRI, C Kent State Univ. OH

Associative computing evolved in an era when associative memories were both relatively new and, because they required a comparator at each bit of memory, relatively expensive. In the early 1970s, Goodyear realized that the massively parallel search capability of bit-serial SIMDs could simulate associative searching, with the cost advantage of sharing the comparison logic (that is, the processing elements) over all the bits in an entire row of memory. This approach provided two additional benefits: The word widths could be very large (from 256 bits to 64 kilobits), and the data could be processed in situ using the same PEs. However, today's lower hardware costs and increased computing speeds allow parallel techniques to be effectively emulated on conventional sequential machines, though requiring a new programming style. This article shows how the associative techniques of the 1970s can be augmented with new techniques - such as structure codes, dynamic-memory allocation, responder iteration, multiple instruction streams, and associative selection - to form the basis of a programming paradigm that makes use of today's inexpensive computing power to facilitate parallel programming. The authors' associative-computing (ASC) paradigm uses a tabular data organization, massive parallel searching, and simple syntax so that the paradigm is easily comprehensible to computer specialists and nonspecialists alike. Furthermore, the ASC paradigm is suitable for all levels of computing from PCs and workstations to multiple instruction stream SIMDs and heterogeneous networks.

关键词： ASC associative processing associative-computing paradigm data parallelism dynamic memory-allocation mechanism massively parallel computing algorithms nonnumerical computing numerical computation parallel programming parallel programming paradigm sequential machines

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An Adaptive Memory Interface Controller for Improving Bandwidth Utilization of Hybrid and Reconfigurable Systems

An Adaptive Memory Interface Controller for Improving Bandwi...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE)

作者： Castellana, Vito Giovanni Tumeo, Antonino Ferrandi, Fabrizio Politecn Milan DEIB I-20133 Milan Italy Pacific NW Natl Lab Richland WA 99352 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783981537024

Data mining, bioinformatics, knowledge discovery, social network analysis, are emerging irregular applications that exploits data structures based on pointers or linked lists, such as graphs, unbalanced trees or unstructured grids. These applications are characterized by unpredictable memory accesses and generally are memory bandwidth bound, but also presents large amounts of inherent dynamic parallelism because they can potentially spawn concurrent activities for each one of the element they are exploring. Hybrid architectures, which integrate general purpose processors with reconfigurable devices, appears promising target platforms for accelerating irregular applications. These systems often connect to distributed and multi-ported memories, potentially enabling parallel memory operations. However, these memory architectures introduce several challenges, such as the necessity to manage concurrency and synchronization to avoid structural conflicts on shared memory locations and to guarantee consistency. In this paper we present an adaptive Memory Interface Controller (MIC) that addresses these issues. The MIC is a general and customizable solution that can target several different memory structures, and is suitable for High Level Synthesis frameworks. It implements a dynamic arbitration scheme, which avoids conflicts on memory resources at runtime, and supports atomic memory operations, commonly exploited for synchronization directives in parallel programming paradigms. The MIC simultaneously maps multiple accesses to different memory ports, allowing fine grained parallelism exploitation and ensuring correctness also in the presence of irregular and statically unpredictable memory access patterns. We evaluated the effectiveness of our approach on a typical irregular kernel, graph Breadth First Search (BFS), exploring different design alternatives.

关键词： digital storage graph theory high level synthesis parallel programming tree searching adaptive MIC adaptive memory interface controller atomic memory operation bandwidth utilization bioinformatics concurrency concurrent activities data mining data structures dynamic arbitration scheme fine-grained parallelism exploitation general purpose processors graph BFS graph breadth first search graphs high-level synthesis framework hybrid systems inherent dynamic parallelism irregular-unpredictable memory access pattern knowledge discovery linked lists memory architectures memory bandwidth bound memory ports memory resources memory structures parallel memory operation parallel programming paradigm pointers reconfigurable devices reconfigurable systems shared memory location social network analysis statically-unpredictable memory access pattern synchronization synchronization directives typical irregular kernel unbalanced trees unpredictable memory access unstructured grids Concurrent computing Hardware Kernel Memory management Microwave integrated circuits parallel processing Synchronization

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SilkRoad II: A multi-paradigm runtime system for cluster computing

SilkRoad II: A multi-paradigm runtime system for cluster com...

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IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing

作者： Peng, L Wong, WF Yuen, CK Natl Univ Singapore Dept Comp Sci Singapore 117543 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)0769517455

A parallel programming paradigm dictates the way an application is to be expressed. It also restricts the algorithms that may be used in the application. Unfortunately, runtime systems for parallel computing often impose a particular programming paradigm. For a wider choice of algorithms, it is desirable to support more than one paradigm. In this paper we propose our work in SilkRoad II, a variant of the Cilk runtime system for cluster computing. What is unique about SilkRoad II is its memory model which supports multiple paradigms with the underlying software distributed shared memory. The RC_dag memory consistency model of SilkRoad H is introduced. Our experimental results show that the stronger RC_dag can achieve performance comparable to LC of Cilk while supporting a bigger set of paradigms with rather good performance.

关键词： software DSM parallel programming paradigm memory consistency models

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Evaluating usability of parallel communication libraries

Evaluating usability of parallel communication libraries

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International Conference on Software Engineering Research and Practice

作者： Blankenhorn, C Bem, EZ Univ Western Sydney Ctr Adv Syst Engn Sydney NSW Australia

ISBN: (纸本)1932415300

This paper proposes a software metrics approach to evaluate usability of parallel programming libraries in the context of programmer's productivity. Software development costs can, by far outweigh the costs of the parallel hardware, and therefore this is an issue that cannot be underestimated. We derived a methodology based on extensions to existing metrics as well as newly defined metrics to allow the comparison of different parallel programming libraries. We established and measured criteria that have impact to the programmer ease-of-use and consequently programmer's productivity.

关键词： parallel programming paradigm parallel communication libraries

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