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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2019年 460卷 19-26页

作者： Schinner, A. Sigmund, P. Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Expt Phys A-4040 Linz Austria Univ Southern Denmark Dept Phys Chem & Pharm DK-5230 Odense M Denmark

The first version of the pass code was developed in 2000 on the basis of binary theory of electronic stopping, a generalization of Niels Bohr's 1913 theory of the stopping of alpha particles in matter. The code has been applied in a number of fundamental studies of energy-loss problems, including Barkas-Andersen effect and straggling as well as channeling and electron emission, and it underlies the ICRU tabulation of stopping data for ions with atomic numbers 3-16 in 25 elementary and 32 compound materials over an energy range from 25 keV/u to 1 GeV/u. We report about a major expansion of the code, so that mean energy losses can be computed for 92 ions in 92 elemental targets. Comparisons with measurements have been made over the entire energy range for which experimental data are listed in the IAEA database. The code allows to compute energy losses for arbitrary compound target materials by assuming Bragg additivity. Predictions beyond the Bragg rule are available for selected materials. In this paper we specify the underlying physics and improvements of the code during the period since its first implementation. Strengths and weaknesses are demonstrated graphically for a number of ion-target combinations. Tables for 92 x 92 ion-target combinations over an energy range from 1 keV/u to 1 GeV/u are freely accessible on the internet in the Dpass (Dataset pass) code.

关键词： Stopping power Binary theory pass code Dpass code

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Is electronic stopping of ions velocity-proportional in the velocity-proportional regime?

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2019年 440卷 41-47页

作者： Sigmund, P. Schinner, A. Univ Southern Denmark Dept Phys Chem & Pharm DK-5230 Odense M Denmark Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Expt Phys A-4040 Linz Austria

We have studied systematic deviations of reported electronic stopping cross sections from velocity proportionality predicted by Lindhard and Scharff. Most pronounced is an apparent drop-off at beam energies below similar to 0.01 MeV/u. In the frequently-used transmission technique, only a narrow cone of the beam is analysed in order to minimize the contribution from nuclear stopping. This has the consequence that a reduced instead of the full electronic energy loss is recorded. The magnitude of this effect has been computed on the basis of a recently developed extension of the scheme of Fastrup et al. to correct for nuclear stopping. In a detailed study of the C-Ar system based on our pass code we find close agreement between the derived reduced electronic stopping cross section and the experimental result reported by Ormrod. Results are reported for eight ions on argon, for O in C and Cl in C and for Ni in Ag. For Ni in Ag as well as for one set of reported stopping cross sections for N in Ar a particularly sharp drop-off is shown to be caused by an inadequate nuclear-stopping correction. Our findings do not support Paul's assertion of a gas-solid difference in electronic stopping of low-energy heavy ions.

关键词： Stopping power Threshold effects Transmission measurement pass code

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Reciprocity analysis of electronic stopping of slow ions

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2019年 460卷 10-18页

作者： Sigmund, P. Kuzmin, V. Schinner, A. Univ Southern Denmark Dept Phys Chem & Pharm DK-5230 Odense M Denmark Joint Inst Nucl Res Flerov Lab Nucl React RU-141980 Dubna Russia Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Expt Phys A-4040 Linz Austria

Reciprocity denotes the (approximate) equality of the electronic stopping cross section of element A in element B with the one of element B in element A. Reciprocity is expected in the energy range below similar to 0.1 MeV/u. For ions heavier than protons, most measurements are performed by the transmission technique. In order to minimize nuclear energy loss, only a narrow beam of penetrating ions is allowed to enter the detector. This implies that also the electronic energy loss is underestimated. We have estimated the magnitude of the necessary correction on the basis of the pass code and its influence on the expected reciprocity and find that reciprocity is not necessarily violated, even if the reported cross sections differ significantly. However, we also find differences between reported stopping cross sections and computed reduced stopping cross sections that we cannot reconcile on the basis of the pass code. These differences are found to reflect the well-known Z(1) structure, which is not inherent in the present version of pass.

关键词： Stopping power Reciprocity Transmission measurement Threshold effects pass code

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Electronic stopping in oxides beyond Bragg additivity

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NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2018年 415卷 110-116页

作者： Sigmund, P. Schinner, A. Univ Southern Denmark Dept Phys Chem & Pharm DK-5230 Odense M Denmark Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Dept Expt Phys A-4040 Linz Austria

We present stopping cross sections calculated by our pass code for several ions in metal oxides and SiO2 over a wide energy range. Input takes into account changes in the valence structure by assigning two additional electrons to the 2p shell of oxygen and removing the appropriate number of electrons from the outer shells of the metal atom. Results are compared with tabulated experimental values and with two versions of Bragg's additivity rule. Calculated stopping cross sections are applied in testing a recently-proposed scaling rule, which relates the stopping cross section to the number of oxygen atoms per molecule.

关键词： Stopping power Compounds Bragg additivity pass code Light ions Heavy ions

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Generalmanual 000009657

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2016年

[Auto Generated] FUNCTIONS & FEATURES (continued) Other Useful Remote Control Features Display This button will cause the TV to display the current channel, antenna mode, and time in the upper right hand corner of the screen. Please note that in Video mode, only the time will display. Timer This button allows you to directly access the TIMER menu. For an explanation of this menu s features, please see page 13. Scan Press the SCAN button twice, and the TV will begin to scan through all active cha

关键词： antenna apex arrow arrow key channel closed captioning feature generalmanual key main power menu original retail parental guide pass code press rear unit remote remote control screen display set unit profiles

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Generalmanual 000009666

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2016年

[Auto Generated] lNTRODUCTlON Features....................................................................................................................................................9 ControI Buttons........................................................................................................................................10 Menus......................................................................................................................................................12

关键词： antenna audio basic functions button buttons channel channel number code code number generalmanual instruction manual manual manual basic parental guide pass code press remote remote control remote controller select series instruction

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Generalmanual 000052330

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2016年

Generalmanual 000052330 by published by

关键词： account code advanced operation button call call forward ctx ctx system dial extension generalmanual lcd led flashes pass code press speed dial station strata strata ctx telephone user programming voice mail

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Generalmanual 000009661

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2016年

关键词： antenna basic functions button buttons channel channel number code menu display generalmanual menu original retail outdoor antenna parental guide pass code picture tube press remote remote control select set sound quality

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Generalmanual 000003571

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2016年

关键词： antenna basic functions button buttons channel channel number code code number generalmanual instruction instruction manual manual manual basic parental guide pass code press remote remote control remote controller select series instruction

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Generalmanual 000009662

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2016年

[Auto Generated] BEFORE OPERATION .............................................................................................................................1 lNTRODUCTlON Features.................................................................................................................................................10 To Connect the Antenna.........................................................................................................................11 Remote Batteries........

关键词： antenna aprx aprx dvd button buttons channel number disc dvd dvd functions dvd player dvd video generalmanual menu parental lock pass code playback press remote control select setup menu video discs

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