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Theory and application of robust linear phase-shift algorithm for phase-shift deflectometry method

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2024年第1期14卷 1-21页

作者： Yang, Song Zhu, Xianyong Cao, Zhirui Zhao, Jiali Xiao, Xiong Lv, Changchun Du, Yang Wang, Ruiqing Wu, Peng Wang, Zheyuan Jilin Univ Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn Changchun 130025 Jilin Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Changchun Inst Opt Fine Mech & Phys Changchun 130033 Jilin Peoples R China FAW VOLKSWAGEN Changchun 130000 Jilin Peoples R China Second Hosp Jilin Univ Changchun 130041 Jilin Peoples R China Changchun Baoze Technol Co Ltd Changchun 130051 Peoples R China Internet Informat Ctr Tiexi Siping 136000 Peoples R China

Based on the polynomial theory, the error propagation characteristics of the widely used N-step discrete Fourier transform (N-DFT) phase-shift algorithm were analyzed via theoretical analysis, under the effect of Gamma distortion and phase detuning. The results showed that the N-DFT algorithm could not simultaneously suppress both types of error. A robust linear phase-shift (RLPS) algorithm was designed, the performance of the RLPS and 8-DFT algorithms in terms of spectral response, detuning robustness, and GS/N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${G}_{S/N}$$\end{document} was briefly analysis by Manuel Servin method. The Simulation analysis and comparison of the results show that the RLPS algorithm could suppress both types of error simultaneously, which exhibited better stability and accuracy than N-DFT and exponential algorithms, particularly in gradient measurement stability, peak-to-valley (PV) and root-mean-square (RMS) error suppression. Moreover, a physical experiment apparatus was built to test unidirectionally inclined plane mirror and concave mirror using the RLPS, N-DFT, and exponential algorithms. The results showed that the RLPS algorithm could significantly improve the measurement stability and accuracy in the presence of detuning and without screen Gamma calibration.

关键词： phase-shift deflectometry Gamma distortion Detuning error phase shift algorithm

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Time of Flight Lidar Employing Dual-Modulation Frequencies Switching for Optimizing Unambiguous Range Extension and High Resolution

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2023年 72卷 1页

作者： Hanto, Dwi Pratomo, Hari Rianaris, Agitta Setiono, Andi Sartika, Sartika Syahadi, Mohamad Pristianto, Eko Joni Kurniawan, Dayat Bayuwati, Dwi Adinanta, Hendra Suryadi, Suryadi Hadi, Miftachul Mulyanto, Imam Husdi, Irwan Rawal Ula, Rini Khamimatul Widiyatmoko, Bambang Kurniawan, Edi Natl Res & Innovat Agcy Res Ctr Photon South Tangerang 15314 Indonesia Natl Res & Innovat Agcy Res Ctr Remote Sensing Jakarta 13710 Indonesia Natl Res & Innovat Agcy Res Ctr Telecommun Bandung 40135 Indonesia Natl Res & Innovat Agcy Res Ctr Hydrodynam Technol Surabaya 60112 Indonesia

Time of flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (Lidar) range finder is widely used in various applications, such as automotive driving, marine environment surveying, atmospheric observing, and physical distancing monitoring. The ToF Lidar offers a high-resolution range, which can be achieved by increasing the modulation frequency. However, when the modulation frequency is increased, the maximum unambiguous range tends to decrease. To overcome such a problem, we develop a novel ToF Lidar range finder based on dual-modulation frequencies switching, capable of providing an extended range while maintaining the high resolution. In the design, the modulation frequency is alternately changed between 2 and 10 MHz to modulate the intensity of the laser diode as a transmitter. We operate an avalanche photodetector as a receiver to obtain a reflection of modulated light from a target. By switching between dual-modulation frequencies, the photodetector detects two-phase shifts, which are calculated by our phase shift algorithm. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can solve the ambiguous range problem. As proof of the concept, we experimentally demonstrate a range measurement of a target up to 55-m distance, where the ambiguous range is experienced four times if only a single modulation frequency of 10 MHz is used. Interestingly, the range ambiguity no longer appears after applying the proposed design and algorithm.

关键词： Laser radar Frequency modulation Modulation Frequency measurement Distance measurement Time-frequency analysis phase measurement Ambiguity dual-modulation frequencies phase shift algorithm ranging resolution time of flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (Lidar)

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Comparative study on double-step phase-shifting algorithm for Nonlinear phase Error Compensation 6

Comparative study on double-step phase-shifting algorithm fo...

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6th Symposium on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications

作者： Zhou, Canlin Lei, Zhenkun Li, XiaoLei Shandong Univ Sch Phys Jinan 250100 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Dept Engn Mech Dalian 116024 Peoples R China Hebei Univ Technol Sch Mech Engn Tianjin 300130 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510637054

The phase-shifting method is widely used in fringe projection profilometry(FPP),The digital light projector(DLP) and charge coupled device(CCD) are generally nonlinear *** captured fringes do not have a good sinusoidal property,which leads to errors in the retrieved phase *** methods to calibrate the nonlinear response of a FPP and compensate for the associated error can be classified into active methods(correction before pattern projection) and passive methods(correction after pattern projection).The basic idea of the active method to precisely obtain the input-output relation function of the projector. The passive method compensates the error in phase domain by the post-processing *** *** . presented the double three-step phase shifting algorithm to reduce the nonlinear phase error by projecting two groups of three-step phase-shifting fringe with an initial phase offset of 60 ***,some scholars improved this *** ***. presented a method that combined the two wrapped phases to obtain the combination of the wrapped phase,it is simpler than Huang' s method because only one time phase unwrapping procedure is *** *** . combined double-step phase-shifting method and multi-frequency temporal phase unwrapping algorithm, proposed a multi-frequency inverse-phase method to realize the 3D shape measurement of the complicated *** proposed a similar *** main difference between Lei and Mao is that the operation order of double-step phase-shifting algorithm for error compensation is different. In Mao' s method,error compensation is performed in the wrapped phase map while it is done with the unwrapped phase map in Lei' s *** paper compares double-step phase-shifting algorithm,its variational algorithm (Zheng' s method,Lei' s method,Mao' s method) and phase shift algorithm with twice the number of steps for nonlinear error compensation, our study finds that these algorithms have similar effect in

关键词： Nonlinear phase error compensation Inverse phase method Fringe projection profilometry Multi-frequency temporal phase unwrapping phase shift algorithm Nonlinear response Calibration

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A multi-party quantum key distribution protocol based on phase shift operation

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LASER PHYSICS 2019年第10期29卷 105201-105201页

作者： Li, Lei Li, Zhi Xidian Univ Sch Mechanoelect Engn Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China

A multiparty quantum key distribution protocol is proposed in this paper. The distributor uses a phase shift operation to encode the key sequence into some EPR sequences. The participants perform a phase shift operation on the particles from Bell states according to their private keys, and t out of n participants can use the Lagrange interpolation to recover the EPR sequences. Furthermore, two cooperating participants, one from each of the two disjoint groups, can always reconstruct the original key sequence by only a single-photon measurement. Performance analysis shows that the proposed protocol is simpler and more efficient than the existing schemes.

关键词： quantum key distribution phase shift algorithm (t, n) threshold Lagrangian interpolation formula

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Uncertainty analysis for optical time-of-flight sensors based on four-phase-shift range calculation

Uncertainty analysis for optical time-of-flight sensors base...

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9th IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)

作者： Edeler, Torsten Hussmann, Stephan Knoll, Florian Univ Appl Sci Hamburg Dept Media Technol Hamburg Germany West Coast Univ Appl Sci Fac Engn Heide Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781479921805

Time-of-flight (Tof) range imaging is a new suitable choice for measurement and modeling in many different applications such as robotics, machine vision, medical imaging, multimedia and so forth. But due to the technology's relatively new appearance on the market the knowledge of its capabilities is very low. This paper presents an uncertainty analysis for optical Tof sensors based on a four-phase-shift algorithm for range value calculation. The measurement uncertainty indicates the interval of the values that the quantity to be measured (in this paper range information) may assume, after all systematic biases have been corrected. The uncertainty analysis is evaluated by simulation. At the end of the paper the results are discussed.

关键词： Measurement uncertainty phase shift algorithm time-of-flight (TOF) optical distance measurement sensor photonic mixer devices (PMD)

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Computer simulation of phase-shift algorithm

Computer simulation of phase-shift algorithm

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Conference on Optical Metrology and Inspection for Industrial Applications

作者： Wang Gang Yan Ji-xiang Beijing Inst Technol Sch Optoelect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780819483850

When applying phase-stepping interferometry to measure wavefront with aberration, distortion is caused by various factors and the main one is phase-shifting error from phase shifter. In this paper, the calculation theory and consequence in measurement error of the phase shift algorithm are discussed. These algorithms include traditional three-phase algorithm, traditional four-phase algorithm, traditional five-phase algorithm, carre algorithm, new compensating four-phase algorithm and new compensating five-phase algorithm. According to the theory analysis and computer stimulation, these methods are compared through introduce phase-shifting error, wavefront aberration and Gauss noise, the results show the new compensating five-phase algorithm is immune to phase-shifting error, and its result is insensitive to Gauss noise, it can improve measurement accuracy effectively.

关键词： phase shift algorithm phase-shifting error computer stimulation

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Modulation Method Including Noise Model for Minimizing the Wiggling Error of TOF Cameras

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2014年第5期63卷 1127-1136页

作者： Hussmann, Stephan Knoll, Florian Edeler, Torsten West Coast Univ Appl Sci Dept Engn D-25746 Heide Germany Univ Appl Sci Hamburg Dept DMI D-20099 Hamburg Germany

Registered depth and intensity data at a high frame rate, a compact design, low weight, and a reduced power consumption have motivated the increasing usage of lock-in time-of-flight (TOF) cameras in research areas such as computer graphics, machine vision, and robotics. The state-of-the-art practice is to use continuous wave modulation with square waves for TOF cameras. Square waves can be easily generated digitally with a high accuracy and stability using programmable logic devices. In this paper, a modulation method based on sine waves is proposed, which significantly reduces the depth distortion offset (wiggling effect) of lock-in TOF cameras. Furthermore, a model for the noise distribution in the depth image is derived. This model can predict the performance of the proposed modulation method for each pixel in real time.

关键词： Optical distance measurement component phase measurement phase shift algorithm photonic mixer devices (PMDs) time-of-flight (TOF)

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Camera calibration by using fringe patterns and 2D phase-difference pulse detection

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OPTIK 2014年第2期125卷 671-674页

作者： Ma, MengChao Chen, XiangCheng Wang, KeYi Univ Sci & Technol China Dept Precis Machinery & Precis Instrumentat Hefei 230026 Anhui Peoples R China

Camera calibration is the most essential and usually the first step in computer vision applications. The results highly depend on the accuracy of the feature extraction. Conventional feature extraction methods suffer from perspective and lens distortion. In this paper, a novel feature extraction method is proposed by using fringe patterns groups as calibration target. Each group comprises six sinusoidal, in which, three are used for calculating vertical phases and the other three for horizontal phases. A three-step phase shift algorithm is used for wrapped phase calculation. Then, feature points are detected with a 2D phase-difference pulse detection method and refinement is done by simple interpolation. Finally, camera calibration is done by using these features as control points, experimental results indicated the proposed method accurate and robust. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

关键词： Camera calibration phase shift algorithm Feature detection 2D phase-difference pulse detection

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Computer simulation of phase-shift algorithm

Computer simulation of phase-shift algorithm

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2010亚洲光电子会议应用于工业的光学计量学和检验分会场

作者： WANG Gang,YAN Ji-xiang(School of Optoelectronics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China)

When applying phase-stepping interferometry to measure wavefront with aberration,distortion is caused by various factors and the main one is phase-shifting error from phase *** this paper,the calculation theory and consequence in measurement error of the phase shift algorithm are *** algorithms include traditional three-phase algorithm,traditional four-phase algorithm,traditional five-phase algorithm,carre algorithm,new compensating four-phase algorithm and new compensating five-phase *** to the theory analysis and computer stimulation,these methods are compared through introduce phase-shifting error,wavefront aberration and Gauss noise,the results show the new compensating five-phase algorithm is immune to phase-shifting error,and its result is insensitive to Gauss noise,it can improve measurement accuracy effectively.

关键词： phase shift algorithm phase-shifting error computer stimulation

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One-phase algorithm for Continuous Wave TOF Machine Vision Applications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2013年第5期62卷 991-998页

作者： Hussmann, Stephan Hermanski, Alexander West Coast Univ Appl Sci Fac Engn D-25746 Heide Germany West Coast Univ Appl Sci Inst Machine Vis Technol Ma Vi Tec D-25746 Heide Germany

During the last years, time-of-flight (TOF) sensors achieved a significant impact onto research fields in machine vision. In comparison to other common 3-D sensing devices, they combine the advantages of active sensors providing accurate distance measurements and camera-based systems recording a 2-D matrix at a high frame rate. In this paper, a new approach is presented which increases the range calculation time by a factor of four. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is well suited for real-time processing of the range images of continuous wave TOF cameras.

关键词： Optical distance measurement component phase measurement phase shift algorithm photonic mixer devices (PMD) real-time image processing time-of-flight (TOF)

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