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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2001年第4期49卷 517-525页

作者： Sorace, R Hughes Space & Commun Co Los Angeles CA 90009 USA

calibration of a phased array antenna while the antenna is in service can be a complex and time-consuming procedure that affects use of the antenna and imposes an unacceptable overhead on the system. The procedure described herein uses a maximum likelihood algorithm to minimize the number of measurements, thus reducing the impact on the system and shifting the overhead to a remote site.

关键词： antenna measurements calibration phased array calibration

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Fast Amplitude-Only Measurement Method for phased array calibration

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2017年第4期65卷 1815-1822页

作者： Long, Rui Ouyang, Jun Yang, Feng Han, Wangwang Zhou, Longjian Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

A novel amplitude-only measurement method is proposed to measure the signals (complex fields) of individual antenna elements for phased array calibration. The proposed method has minimum measuring time among the known amplitude-only measurement methods. The total number of power measurements with this method is about twice the number of antenna elements of phased array. Phase shifters are required to implement only three phase shifts (0 degrees, 90 degrees, and 180 degrees). array signal power is measured when the phase setting of an antenna element is one of the three phase shifts. According to the superposition principle of electromagnetic field, array signal is a linear combination of antenna element signals. As signal power is the inner product of a complex signal and itself, a set of linear equations concerning the inner products of the antenna element signals are established and solved with the measured data. The element signals are obtained with the inner products analyzed with a set of nonlinear equations. Numerical simulations and experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method in calibrating phased arrays.

关键词： Amplitude-only measurement method calibration method phased array antenna phased array calibration

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Multi-Element phased array calibration Method by Solving Linear Equations

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2017年第6期65卷 2931-2939页

作者： Long, Rui Ouyang, Jun Yang, Feng Han, Wangwang Zhou, Longjian Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose a new phased array calibration method that measures all antenna element excitations simultaneously. The method has the minimum number of measurements among the known similar methods. The auxiliary antenna used for measurement is placed in either near-field or far-field region to receive the complex array signals during the change of the antenna element phase settings. According to the superposition principle of electromagnetic field, a set of linear equations concerning the element signals are created with the measured array signals. With the scattering parameters between the measurement probe antenna and the element antennas prestored or simplified, we calculate the excitations of the antenna elements by solving the linear equations. The coefficient matrix of the linear equations determines the antenna element phase settings for the array signal measurements. The principles for the selection of the coefficient matrix concerning accuracy, complexity, and hardware requirements are presented. A recursive matrix-forming method is presented for the matrix selection in this paper. Numerical simulations and experiment results validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： calibration method measurement method phased array antenna phased array calibration

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Improved Over-the-Air phased array calibration Based on Measured Complex array Signals

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2019年第6期18卷 1174-1178页

作者： Zhang, Fengchun Fan, Wei Wang, Zhengpeng Zhang, Yusheng Pedersen, Gert F. Aalborg Univ Propagat & Millimeter Wave Syst Sect Dept Elect Syst DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark Beihang Univ Dept Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

This letter presents an improved phased array calibration method based on measured complex array signals with one single probe. All the phased array elements are excited simultaneously in the measurement, and only phase reverse of each element is required. The error on the first antenna element of the reference method is analyzed, which shows it is accumulated as the array size increases. One more measurement with designed element phase settings is introduced to overcome the deficiency. The improved method shows that only N + 1 measurements are required to calibrate N antenna elements accurately. Finally, a 4 x 8 antenna array composed of 4-ridged horn antennas operating at 3.5 GHz was measured to validate the effectiveness of the improved algorithm.

关键词： Complex signal measurement over-the-air (OTA) testing phased array calibration

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Over-the-Air phased array calibration Based on the SPGD Algorithm

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS 2024年第3期23卷 1109-1113页

作者： Wang, Xiaobin Gong, Zhishuang Ge, Guangding Ma, Ji Wang, Yong Huawei Technol Co Ltd Xian 710075 Peoples R China

Phase errors of phased array antenna (PAA) can cause pattern distortion. This letter presents an over-the-air (OTA) phased array calibration method by an iterative stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. During the measurement, all the phased array elements are excited simultaneously, and an external receiving probe is placed to a given direction in the far-field for amplitude measurement, which is used as the fitness function. The basic principle is to find the optimal phases that maximize the fitness function by gradient operation. We numerically simulated and experimentally validated in a 4 x 4 uniform rectangular array (URA) at 2.6 GHz. The experimental results show that the proposed method needs 6N similar to 7N measurements to calibrate an N-element PAA and its calibration accuracy is comparable to that of the well-known rotating element electric field vector (REV) method. The proposed method provides a new idea for fast and accurate OTA phase calibration for PAA.

关键词： phased arrays calibration Phase shifters Antenna arrays Convergence Approximation algorithms Antenna measurements Over-the-air (OTA) phased array antenna (PAA) phased array calibration stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm

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A Convolutional Neural Network Approach for phased array calibration Using Power-Only Measurements 28

A Convolutional Neural Network Approach for Phased Array Cal...

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28th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

作者： Sarayloo, Zahra Masoumi, Nasser Shahi, Hamed Alian, Ehsan Haj Mirza Naeini, Safieddin Safavi Ahmadabadi, Maj Id Nili Univ Tehran Coll Eng Sch ECE CST LAB Tehran 439643713 Iran Univ Waterloo CIARS Dept ECE Fac Eng Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Univ Tehran Coll Eng Sch ECE CIPCE Tehran 439643713 Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781728172965

In this paper, a novel method based on a convolutional neural network is presented for receiver phased array online calibration using power-only measurements. Phase calibration coefficient for each RF path of a phased array receiver is estimated by combining a convolutional and multi-layer perceptron neural network in different signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. To validate the proposed method, a 1x8 linear active phased array receiver is designed and simulated based on real characteristics. Compared to other conventional techniques such as the rotating element electric field vector (REV) method, our proposed method requires less number of power measurements and hence, is less time-consuming. Moreover, the proposed method has a significantly better performance in the presence of noisy measurements. Simulation results show that a mean-squared-error (MSE) of 6.5 is achieved at the signal to noise ratio of 20 dB for one iteration of the power measurement. These results prove that the proposed method can be adopted to the phased array online calibration, to have a faster calibration with higher accuracy in noisy conditions in comparison with conventional methods.

关键词： Convolutional neural network (CNN) deep neural network (DNN) multi-layer perceptron (MLP) phased array calibration phase error

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Probe-based, quasi-near-field phased array calibration

Probe-based, quasi-near-field phased array calibration

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作者： Islam, Shajid University of Oklahoma

学位级别：博士

phased array technology provides remarkable scanning flexibility and spatial search capability for the multifunction radar system, airborne radar system, and many other applications. Recent years have seen a noticeable surge towards low cost, small phased array antenna technology in a varied range of sectors due to its diverse applicability. However, lowering the cost exposed phased array antenna to various errors, among which excitation errors, such as incorrect phase and amplitude, is one of the major concerns. Excitation errors affect essential performance parameters such as side-lobe level, antenna gain, active impedance, and beam-forming quality. It is crucial to quantify and compensate for the errors associated with each antenna element's phase and amplitude to ensure the phased array antenna's desired performance. The process of this compensation is widely known as the calibration of a phased array. The diverse application and increased use of a low cost small phased array system make the front end calibration procedure very challenging. This challenge is two-fold. The calibration should be done accurately and quickly as possible. This dissertation focuses on developing a novel technique of phased array calibration using a fixed probe in the quasi-near-field of the antenna. The objective is to significantly reduce calibration time and associated cost without compromising the calibration quality for initial and in-situ calibration. After the development of a successful mathematical framework, a detailed simulation is conducted to analyze the system. The proposed technique was finally validated using an active electronically scanned array inside a custom-made compact range and near field range.

关键词： phased array calibration Fast calibration Technique Quasi-Near-Field Mutual Coupling

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Probe distance error analysis for phased array calibration based on BTM

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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022年第3期64卷 496-499页

作者： Lu, Yangyi Shi, Suyang Cui, Mantang Zhou, Lei Nanjing Marine Radar Inst Dept Antenna & Microwave Syst Nanjing Peoples R China

Based on backward transformation method (BTM), the probe distance error analysis in z-axis for phased array calibration is described. When BTM is employed in phased array calibration to obtain the electric field over the radiation aperture of antenna, the Taylor expansion of probe distance error is used for analyzing the accuracy of reconstructed aperture field. It is found that probe distance error less than 1/35 of a wavelength is recommended. To verify this conclusion, the measured results demonstrate the validation of this analysis, which is helpful in the near-field calibration for phased array.

关键词： backward transformation method error analysis phased array calibration probe distance Taylor expansion

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The Simplified REV Method Combined with Hadamard Group Division for phased array calibration

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第3期E101B卷 847-855页

作者： Xie, Tao Zhu, Jiang Luo, Jinjun Natl Univ Def Technol Sch Elect Sci & Engn Changsha Hunan Peoples R China

The rotating element electric field vector (REV) method is a classical measurement technique for phased array calibration. Compared with other calibration methods, it requires only power measurements. Thus, the REV method is more reliable for operating phased array calibration systems. However, since the phase of each element must be rotated from 0 to 2 pi, the conventional REV method requires a large number of measurements. Moreover, the power of composite electric field vector doesn't vary significantly because only a single element's phase is rotated. Thus, it can be easily degraded by the receiver noise. A simplified REV method combined with Hadamard group division is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, only power measurements are required. All the array elements are divided into different groups according to the group matrix derived from the normalized Hadamard matrix. The phases of all the elements in the same group are rotated at the same time, and the composite electric field vector of this group is obtained by the simplified REV method. Hence, the relative electric fields of all elements can be obtained by a matrix equation. Compared with the conventional REV method, the proposed method can not only reduce the number of measurements but also improve the measurement accuracy under the particular range of signal to noise ratio(SNR) at the receiver, especially under low and moderate SNRs.

关键词： simplified REV Hadamard group division phased array calibration

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Improved Mid-field phased array calibration Method Based on Complex Interpolated Signals

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APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024年第10期39卷 855-860页

作者： Zheng, Junhao Wang, Zhengpeng Liu, Binhui Gao, Huaqiang Chen, Xiaoming Commun Engn Xian Jiaotong Univ Sch Informat Xian 710049 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Elect & Informat Engn Beijing 100191 Peoples R China Minist Ind & Informat Technol Elect Res Inst 5 Guangzhou 511370 Peoples R China Key Lab MIIT Intelligent Prod Testing & Reliabil Guangzhou Peoples R China

In this brief paper, an improved method of separate amplitude and phase interpolations is presented for the mid-field phased array calibration system. Since the amplitude is relatively continuous and the phase suffers from phase wrapping, the proposed method uses linear and phase-unwrapping natural neighbor interpolation methods to reconstruct the amplitude and phase matrices, respectively. When compared with the existing work, the proposed method is more accurate under the cost-effective over-the-air testing environment.

关键词： Complex signal natural neighbor interpolation method over-the-air test phase wrapping phased array calibration

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