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phonological and orthographic coding in deaf skilled readers

COGNITION 2017年 168卷 27-33页

作者： Farina, Noemi Dunabeitia, Jon Andoni Carreiras, Manuel Basque Ctr Cognit Brain & Language BCBL Donostia San Sebastian Spain Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque Bilbao Spain Univ Basque Country EHU UPV Bilbao Spain

Written language is very important in daily life. However, most deaf people do not achieve good reading levels compared to their hearing peers. Previous research has mainly focused on their difficulties when reading in a language with an opaque orthography such as English. In the present study, we investigated visual word recognition of deaf adult skilled readers while reading in Spanish, a language with a transparent orthography, for which obligatory phonological mediation has been claimed. Experiment 1 showed a pseudohomophone inhibitory effect in hearing but not in deaf people. Experiment 2 showed similar orthographic sensitivity, as measured by the transposed-letter effect, for both groups. These results suggest that deaf skilled readers do not rely on phonological mediation, while maintaining the same level of orthographic sensitivity as hearing readers, thus suggesting that the use of phonological coding is not required to access the lexicon and meaning in a language with a transparent orthography. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reading Lexical decision Deaf skilled readers phonological coding Orthographic coding

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Subtypes of developmental dyslexia: Testing the predictions of the dual-route and connectionist frameworks

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COGNITION 2013年第1期126卷 20-38页

作者： Peterson, Robin L. Pennington, Bruce F. Olson, Richard K. Univ Denver Dept Psychol Denver CO 80208 USA Univ Colorado Dept Psychol Boulder CO 80309 USA

We investigated the phonological and surface subtypes of developmental dyslexia in light of competing predictions made by two computational models of single word reading, the Dual-Route Cascaded Model (DRC;Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) and Harm and Seidenberg's connectionist model (HS model;Harm & Seidenberg, 1999). The regression-outlier procedure was applied to a large sample to identify children with disproportionately poor phonological coding skills (phonological dyslexia) or disproportionately poor orthographic coding skills (surface dyslexia). Consistent with the predictions of the HS model, children with "pure" phonological dyslexia, who did not have orthographic deficits, had milder phonological impairments than children with "relative" phonological dyslexia, who did have secondary orthographic deficits. In addition, pure cases of dyslexia were more common among older children. Consistent with the predictions of the DRC model, surface dyslexia was not well conceptualized as a reading delay;both phonological and surface dyslexia were associated with patterns of developmental deviance. In addition, some results were problematic for both models. We identified a small number of individuals with severe phonological dyslexia, relatively intact orthographic coding skills, and very poor real word reading. Further, a subset of controls could read normally despite impaired orthographic coding. The findings are discussed in terms of improvements to both models that might help better account for all cases of developmental dyslexia. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reading disability phonological dyslexia Surface dyslexia phonological coding Orthographic coding Computational models

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Routes to short-term memory indexing: Lessons from deaf native users of American Sign Language

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COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2012年第1-2期29卷 85-103页

作者： Hirshorn, Elizabeth A. Fernandez, Nina M. Bavelier, Daphne Univ Rochester Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Rochester NY USA

Models of working memory (WM) have been instrumental in understanding foundational cognitive processes and sources of individual differences. However, current models cannot conclusively explain the consistent group differences between deaf signers and hearing speakers on a number of short-term memory (STM) tasks. Here we take the perspective that these results are not due to a temporal order-processing deficit in deaf individuals, but rather reflect different biases in how different types of memory cues are used to do a given task. We further argue that the main driving force behind the shifts in relative biasing is a consequence of language modality (sign vs. speech) and the processing they afford, and not deafness, per se.

关键词： Short-term memory Deafness Sign language phonological coding Spatial-temporal coding

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Sex differences in phonological coding: Alphabet transformation speed

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INTELLIGENCE 2007年第4期35卷 335-346页

作者： Majeres, Raymond L. Western Illinois Univ Dept Psychol Macomb IL 61455 USA

A previous explanation of the sex difference on so-called perceptual speed tests was in terms of a female advantage in accessing and using phonological name codes in making item comparisons. That explanation was extended to a task involving alphabetical transformations without the requirement for comparison of perceptually available items. A single transformation problem required incrementing a letter of the alphabet by 1, 2, 3, or 4 letters, e.g. D+4, where the correct response is H. A double transformation problem required two transformations, DL+4. In two experiments the size of the sex difference was related to the length of the increment. The greatest sex differences in both experiments were found for the longest increment on the double transformation condition with size-of-effect values (d) of .80 and .87. This increase in the size of the sex difference with increased demands on the use of phonological name codes was interpreted in terms of a sex difference in speech-based processing. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： sex difference phonological coding perceptual speed alphabet transformation

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The role of visual and phonological representations in the processing of written words by readers with diagnosed dyslexia: evidence from a working memory task

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ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2009年第1期59卷 12-33页

作者： Miller, Paul Kupfermann, Amirit Univ Haifa IL-31905 Haifa Israel

The aim of the study was to elucidate the nature and efficiency of the strategies that readers with phonological dyslexia use for temporary retention of written words in Working Memory (WM). Data was gathered through a paradigm whereby participants had to identify serially presented written (target) words from within larger word pools according to their presentation order, with word pools containing code-specific distracter (CSD) words and non-code-specific distracter (NCSD) words. Analyses focused on three aspects of performance: (1) false recognition of target words;(2) correct recognition of target words;and (3) retention of word presentation order. Participants were readers with diagnosed phonological dyslexia (n = 20, mean grade level = 9.05 [0.89]) and a control group of regular readers (n = 25, mean grade level = 9.00 [0.76]). Results provide direct evidence that the dyslexic readers and the regular readers used essentially different memory coding strategies for the temporary retention of written words, with the former predominantly relying on a visual strategy and the latter on a phonological strategy. Findings further pinpointed a notably impoverished ability of the dyslexic readers to retain word presentation order. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to theories predicting the acquisition and mastery of reading.

关键词： Dyslexia phonological coding Reading strategy Visual coding Working memory

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For an empirically adequate theory of written communication

SLOVO A SLOVESNOST

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SLOVO A SLOVESNOST 2009年第3期70卷 221-230页

作者： Adam, Robert Ustav Ceskeho Jazyka & Teorie Komunikace FF UK Prague 11638 1 Czech Republic

The paper, after tidying up the terminology concerning graphic and oral communication , summarizes the main theses of Josef Vachek's theory of written (as opposed to spoken) language. This theory is then criticized for the following aspects: the lack of distinction between norm and system, the presupposition of a universal norm and a universal function of all written as opposed to all spoken utterances, and empirical inadequacy. In this last point, the critique is supported by the results of psycholinguistic research on reading as presented in the literature, with special attention devoted to the role of phonological coding.

关键词： graphic and oral communication written and spoken norm Josef Vachek empirically adequate theory psycholinguistics of reading phonological coding

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phonological and orthographic coding skills in adult readers

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JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005年第3期132卷 267-280页

作者： Majeres, RL Western Illinois Univ Dept Psychol Macomb IL 61455 USA

Although less skilled readers are handicapped by their poor phonological skills, this may not be true of their visual and orthographic coding skills. Because of an increasing reliance on visual-orthographic coding with reading experience, the author predicted that there would be smaller differences between skilled and less skilled adult readers on orthographic coding measures than on phonological coding measures. The orthographic and phonological coding measures involved, respectively, judgments of which looks more like a word, filv-fild, and which sounds like a real word, kake-dake? On the orthographic measure, reading groups did not differ in coding speed-although the less skilled readers made more errors, but far fewer than on the phonological coding measure. Differences between reading groups were substantial for both speed and errors on the phonological coding measure. phonological variables accounted for most of the variance in word recognition, and this was especially true for men. The results suggest that in less skilled adult readers, phonological skills are a primary factor in their reading despite some evidence of visual-orthographic compensation.

关键词： adult readers phonological coding sex differences

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A weighted reliability measure for phonetic transcription

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JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH 2006年第6期49卷 1391-1411页

作者： Oller, D. Kimbrough Ramsdell, Heather L. Univ Memphis Sch Audiol & Speech Language Pathol Memphis TN 38105 USA

Purpose: The purpose of the present work is to describe and illustrate the utility of a new tool for assessment of transcription agreement. Traditional measures have not characterized overall transcription agreement with sufficient resolution, specifically because they have often treated all phonetic differences between segments in transcriptions as equivalent, thus constituting an unweighted approach to agreement assessment. The measure the authors have developed calculates a weighted transcription agreement value based on principles derived from widely accepted tenets of phonological theory. Method: To investigate the utility of the new measure, 8 coders transcribed samples of speech and infant vocalizations. Comparing the transcriptions through a computer-based implementation of the new weighted and the traditional unweighted measures, they investigated the scaling properties of both. Results: The results illustrate better scaling with the weighted measure, in particular because the weighted measure is not subject to the floor effects that occur with the traditional measure when applied to samples that are difficult to transcribe. Furthermore, the new weighted measure shows orderly relations in degree of agreement across coded samples of early canonical-stage babbling, early meaningful speech in English, and 3 adult languages. Conclusions: The authors conclude that the weighted measure may provide improved foundations for research on phonetic transcription and for monitoring of transcription reliability.

关键词： phonetic transcription weighted agreement measure phonological coding transcription agreement transcription reliability

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How a PINT can hurt you now but help you later: The time course of priming for word body neighbors

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JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2005年第3期53卷 315-341页

作者： Pexman, PM Trew, JL Holyk, GG Univ Calgary Dept Psychol Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

The process of naming an exception word prime (e.g., PINT) delays subsequent naming of a nonrhyming regular-inconsistent word body neighbor target (e.g., TINT). Both an activation account (Taraban & McClelland, 1987) and a learning account (Burt & Humphreys, 1993) have been offered to explain this interference effect. We investigated how long these effects last in naming tasks, using prime-target intervals ranging from 3 to 51 s. We also explored whether such effects are longer lasting in more difficult phonological lexical decision tasks (PLDT, does it sound like a word?). The results showed that phonologically based interference effects were present only at relatively short (3-5 s) prime-target intervals in naming tasks but that the same items produced longer term facilitation effects in PLDT. We invoke both activation and memory mechanisms to explain the full pattern of results. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： spelling-sound consistency phonological coding word naming phonological lexical decision task delayed priming

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A dyslexia susceptibility locus (DYX7) linked to dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) region on chromosome 11p15.5

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS 2004年第1期125B卷 112-119页

作者： Hsiung, GYR Kaplan, BJ Petryshen, TL Lu, S Field, LL Univ British Columbia Dept Med Genet Vancouver BC Canada Univ Calgary Dept Pediat Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada MIT Ctr Genome Res Whitehead Inst Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Dyslexia is a disability in acquiring reading and spelling skills that is independent of general intelligence and educational opportunity, and is highly heritable. It is known that dyslexia often co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the 7-repeat allele of the 48-bp tandem repeat in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has been implicated in ADHD. We, therefore, investigated DRD4 as a candidate gene for dyslexia by testing for linkage and association with 14 markers at and around the DRD4 locus on chromosome 11p15.5. Using 100 families having at least two siblings affected with dyslexia, model-free linkage analysis revealed evidence for linkage to the DRD4-exon 3 repeat (two-point MFLOD = 2.27, P = 0.001) and to HRAS located just proximal to DRD4 (two-point MFLOD = 2.68, P = 0.0004). Evidence for linkage was maximal between DRD4 and HRAS (three-point MFLOD = 3.57, P = 0.00005). However, linkage disequilibrium analysis showed no significant evidence for association between dyslexia and DRD4 or HRAS. In particular, dyslexic subjects showed no significant increase of the DRD4 7-repeat allele associated with ADHD. It is possible that other DRD4 variants, not in strong linkage disequilibrium. with the exon 3 repeat polymorphism, or alternatively, another gene very closely linked to DRD4, may influence susceptibility to dyslexia. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： phonological coding dyslexia reading disability genetics linkage analysis dopamine receptor D4 DRD4 HRAS

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