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physical-layer authentication in the Presence of Cooperative Adversarial Attacks

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第4期24卷 2910-2924页

作者： Liang, Jinquan Li, Yu Cai, Yufeng Chen, Yicong Xie, Ning Sun, Weize Li, Hongbin Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn State Key Lab Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integr Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Stevens Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

This paper tackles a notable security loophole in tag-based physical-layer authentication (PLA) when faced with cooperative attacks, highlighting its significance due to two main reasons. First, while attackers may only observe the tag amid noise, they can reduce the noise effect through multiple observations. Furthermore, several cooperative attackers can orchestrate more sophisticated attacks, achieving goals beyond the reach of a single attacker. In this paper, we propose an enhanced PLA scheme, designated as the Enhanced Detection of Cooperative Attacks (EDCA) scheme, to counter these cooperative threats. The basic idea of the EDCA scheme involves utilizing a unique noise characteristic induced by replayed signals to identify and thwart cooperative attacks, preventing attackers from accumulating multiple observations of the same tag. We theoretically analyze the proposed scheme over fading channels and derive closed-form expressions for its performance. Implementation and rigorous evaluation of the EDCA scheme are carried out to compare its performance with prior schemes. Simulation results confirm the alignment of theoretical predictions with empirical outcomes. The proposed scheme not only can effectively detect cooperative attacks but also provide a better detection performance.

关键词： Noise authentication Wireless communication Receivers Cryptography Transmitters OFDM Encoding Collaboration Fading channels physical-layer authentication physical-layer security cooperative attacks detection performance equivocation

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physical-layer authentication for Ambient Backscatter-Aided NOMA Symbiotic Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2023年第4期71卷 2288-2303页

作者： Li, Xingwang Wang, Qunshu Zeng, Ming Liu, Yuanwei Dang, Shuping Tsiftsis, Theodoros A. Dobre, Octavia A. Henan Polytech Univ Sch Phys & Elect Informat Engn Jiaozuo 454000 Peoples R China Univ Laval Dept Elect Engn & Comp Engn Quebec City PQ G1V 0A6 Canada Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London E1 4NS England Univ Bristol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Bristol BS8 1UB England Univ Thessaly Dept Informat & Telecommun Lamia 35100 Greece Mem Univ Fac Engn & Appl Sci St John NF A1B 3X9 Canada

Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are two promising technologies for the future wireless communication networks owing to their high energy and spectral efficiencies. The AmBC-aided NOMA symbiotic radio is a promising technology because of possessing advantages of AmBC and NOMA. Nonetheless, when a number of devices with limited power and computation capability access to the AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks, communication security becomes a critical issue. In this paper, we investigate physical-layer authentication (PLA) to identify the users and prevent illegal access and malicious activities for AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks. Moreover, channel estimation errors are considered when calculating the probability of false alarm (PFA) and probability of detection (PD) of the far user and near user. To enhance the authentication performance, three PLA schemes for the considered networks are designed according to the multiplexing form of the authentication tags: i) PLA with shared authentication tag (PLA-SAT);ii) PLA with space division multiplexing authentication tags;iii) PLA with time-division multiplexing authentication tags. To characterize the proposed PLA schemes, we first derive the PFA and the PD of the considered AmBC-based NOMA symbiotic networks. Then, the covertness is studied in terms of outage probability and asymptotic behavior in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime. Extensive analytical and computer simulated results show that: i) The PLA-SAT scheme has better performance than the other two authentication schemes with the same threshold;ii) The outage performance of systems employing authentication schemes is worse than those without authentication;iii) There exists a trade-off between robustness and covertness.

关键词： Programmable logic arrays NOMA authentication Symbiosis Security Robustness Multiplexing Ambient backscatter communications non-orthogonal multiple access physical-layer authentication

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physical-layer authentication Over Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels 26

Physical-Layer Authentication Over Spatially Correlated MIMO...

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26th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)

作者： Miwa, Kenta Ando, Kengo de Abreu, Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas Ishibashi, Koji Univ Elect Commun Adv Wireless & Commun Res Ctr Tokyo 1828585 Japan Constructor Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn D-28759 Bremen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350308907

We propose a novel physical-layer authentication (PLA) method that exploits spatio-temporal correlation features of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. In particular, in the proposed method, the correlation due to the spatial structure and aging of the channel between two legitimate nodes (Alice and Bob), captured in the corresponding covariance matrix, is incorporated into the Mahalanobis distance between consecutive channel estimates and utilized to detect the attack by an impersonator. The authentication decision is carried out via hypothesis testing, with distributions and threshold derived analytically. Computer simulations demonstrate that, for a given false alarm probability, the proposed method can detect an attacker with a higher probability than a conventional method based on Euclidean distances between channels.

关键词： physical-layer authentication spatio-temporally correlated MIMO channels Mahalanobis distance.

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A survey of Machine Learning-based physical-layer authentication in wireless communications

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JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2025年 235卷

作者： Meng, Rui Xu, Bingxuan Xu, Xiaodong Sun, Mengying Wang, Bizhu Han, Shujun Lv, Suyu Zhang, Ping Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun State Key Lab Networking & Switching Technol Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Dept Broadband Commun Shenzhen 518066 Guangdong Peoples R China Beijing Univ Technol Sch Informat Sci & Technol Beijing 100124 Peoples R China

To ensure secure and reliable communication in wireless systems, authenticating the identities of numerous nodes is imperative. Traditional cryptography-based authentication methods suffer from issues such as low compatibility, reliability, and high complexity. physical-layer authentication (PLA) is emerging as a promising complement due to its exploitation of unique properties in wireless environments. Recently, Machine Learning (ML)-based PLA has gained attention for its intelligence, adaptability, universality, and scalability compared to non-ML approaches. However, a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art ML-based PLA and its foundational aspects is lacking. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of characteristics and technologies that can be used in the ML-based PLA. We categorize existing ML-based PLA schemes into two main types: multi-device identification and attack detection schemes. In deep learning-based multi-device identification schemes, Deep Neural Networks are employed to train models, avoiding complex processing and expert feature transformation. Deep learning-based multi-device identification schemes are further subdivided, with schemes based on Convolutional Neural Networks being extensively researched. In ML-based attack detection schemes, receivers utilize intelligent ML techniques to set detection thresholds automatically, eliminating the need for manual calculation or knowledge of channel models. ML-based attack detection schemes are categorized into three sub-types: Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, and Reinforcement Learning. Additionally, we summarize open-source datasets used for PLA, encompassing Radio Frequency fingerprints and channel fingerprints. Finally, this paper outlines future research directions to guide researchers in related fields.

关键词： physical-layer authentication Machine learning Identity security

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Privacy-Preserving physical-layer authentication Under Cooperative Attacks

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IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 2024年第2期32卷 1171-1186页

作者： Li, Yu Zhang, Jiaheng Chen, Junjie Chen, Yicong Xie, Ning Li, Hongbin Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn State Key Lab Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integr Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Stevens Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

In this paper, we are concerned about the problem of guaranteeing both privacy and security in a Location-Based Service (LBS) system, where a challenging scenario involving cooperative attack is considered. Since prior physical-layer authentication (PLA) schemes do not consider cooperative attack, their security significantly declines under such attacks. We propose two privacy-preserving PLA schemes: the Privacy-Preserving physical-layer authentication using Noise Variance (PPPLA-NV) scheme and the Privacy-Preserving physical-layer authentication using Multiple Channel Responses (PPPLA-MCR) scheme, which significantly improve the privacy-preserving performance under a cooperative attack. Note that the proposed schemes protect not only user's identity information but also data message. We theoretically analyze the performance of the proposed schemes, derive their closed-form expressions, and provide a theoretical comparison between both proposed schemes. We implement the proposed schemes and conduct extensive performance comparisons through simulations. Experimental results show a perfect match between the theoretical and simulation results. From the experimental results, we observe that if the overhead is not the priority, the PPPLA-MCR scheme is the best option;otherwise, the PPPLA-NV scheme may be a better option.

关键词： physical-layer authentication location-based service privacy-preserving impersonation attack cooperative attack

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Hybrid physical-layer authentication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2024年第2期23卷 1295-1311页

作者： Xie, Ning Zhang, Jiaheng Zhang, Qihong Tan, Haijun Liu, Alex X. Niyato, Dusit Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen Key Lab Media Secur Shenzhen 518060 Guangdong Peoples R China Midea Grp Software Engn Inst Foshan 528311 Guangdong Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

physical-layer authentication (PLA) attracts a lot of research interests because of its significant advantages over upper-layer authentication mechanisms: high security and low complexity. The PLA schemes can be categorized into passive and active schemes. In this paper, we extensively leverage the advantages of both the active and passive schemes as a reference scheme, named as the Direct Hybrid (DH) scheme. Although the DH scheme improves the authentication performance of the prior PLA schemes, it has limitations, e.g., high communication overhead. Then, we further propose two hybrid PLA schemes to overcome the limitations of the DH scheme. The first proposed scheme further uses the advantage of the Challenge-Response authentication Mechanism (CRAM) scheme, named as the CR-based Hybrid (CRH) scheme. Although both DH and CRH schemes significantly improve the authentication performance of the prior PLA schemes, they do not address one significant limitation of the active scheme, i.e., to set the power allocation of a tag empirically. Thus, based on the CRH scheme, we further propose the Adaptive CR-Based Hybrid (ACRH) scheme to adaptively set the parameter instead of the empirical setting. Moreover, we provide the theoretical analysis of the proposed schemes over wireless fading channels and derive their closed-form expressions in terms of the Probability of Detection (PD), Probability of False Alarm (PFA), and optimal threshold, respectively. At last, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed schemes and give some useful suggestions for seeking a better tradeoff. Our experimental results show that, in comparison with the active scheme, the DH scheme has better robustness, and the CRH scheme has better both robustness and compatibility but it sacrifices the security. The ARCH scheme achieves a better tradeoff than the remaining schemes.

关键词： Programmable logic arrays authentication Security Robustness Transmitters Fading channels Wireless communication physical-layer authentication active passive hybrid tradeoff

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An Optimization Framework for Active physical-layer authentication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2024年第1期23卷 164-179页

作者： Tan, Haijun Xie, Ning Liu, Alex X. Shenzhen Univ Coll Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Guangdong Peoples R China Midea Grp Foshan 528311 Guangdong Peoples R China

This paper concerns the problem of the parameter optimization of an active physical-layer authentication (PLA) scheme, which is crucial for minimizing the distortion on the base signal carrying the original message caused by embedding a tag. An inappropriate parameter may significantly lower the efficiency of the entire period of message transmission. In this paper, we propose an optimization framework for an active PLA scheme and further propose a new systematic metric, defined as Secure authentication Efficiency (SAE). In the proposed framework, we minimize the aforementioned distortion by tuning three parameters, i.e., the Probability of Message Transmission (PMT), the Probability of Message Outage (PMO), and the Probability of Secure authentication (PSA). The proposed optimization framework deepens the understanding of the correlation between the parameters of an active PLA scheme and the conditions of a wireless channel, and allows us to systematically optimize the parameters of the active PLA scheme. Then, we establish an objective function by maximizing the SAE with both PMT and PMO constraints. We implement our approach and conduct extensive performance comparisons. Our experimental results show that when the SNR at the receiver is more than 15 dB, our approach achieves an average SAE of greater than 80%, whereas the prior scheme without parameter optimization degenerates to zero SAE under some conditions, e.g., high SNR at adversary or high communication rate.

关键词： Compatibility physical-layer authentication robustness secure authentication efficiency security

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Improving Wireless Security With Phase-Tag physical-layer authentication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2025年第6期24卷 4716-4732页

作者： Chang, Zikai Xiong, Wei Xie, Ning Niyato, Dusit Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn State Key Lab Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integr Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Guangdong Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore

authentication is a fundamental requirement and a crucial topic in wireless communications. This paper focuses on improving the security of the prior tag-based physical-layer authentication (PLA) schemes. We propose two phase-tag-based PLA schemes to overcome the limitations of prior tag-based PLA schemes. First, we propose the Phase-Tag-based PLA (PT-PLA) scheme, which superimposes a tag to the phase of the transmitted signal rather than the amplitude. Second, we propose the Adaptive Phase-Tag-based PLA (APT-PLA) scheme, where an appropriate parameter of the PT-PLA scheme is adaptively set for achieving a better trade-off among robustness, security, and compatibility. Rigorous theoretical analyses of the proposed schemes are conducted in high-order modulation systems, such as M-PSK and M-QAM systems, with a focus on evaluating their robustness, security, and compatibility. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of these schemes and offer helpful recommendations according to different scenarios. Furthermore, we implement the proposed schemes and perform extensive simulations to compare their performance comprehensively. Simulation results demonstrate a perfect match with the theoretical results, verifying the superiority of the proposed schemes over the prior schemes.

关键词： Security Robustness authentication Wireless communication Receivers Symbols Simulation Phase modulation Mobile computing Laboratories Closed form high-order modulation phase tag physical-layer authentication adaptive parameter tuning

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Machine Learning and Deep Learning-Based Multi-Attribute physical-layer authentication for Spoofing Detection in LoRaWAN

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FUTURE INTERNET 2025年第2期17卷 68-68页

作者： Pourghasem, Azita Kirner, Raimund Tsokanos, Athanasios Mporas, Iosif Mylonas, Alexios Univ Hertfordshire Dept Comp Sci Cybersecur & Comp Syst Res Grp Hatfield AL10 9AB England

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in critical applications such as environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, and industrial automation has created significant security concerns, particularly due to the broadcasting nature of wireless communication. The absence of physical-layer authentication mechanisms exposes these networks to threats like spoofing, compromising data authenticity. This paper introduces a multi-attribute physical layer authentication (PLA) scheme to enhance WSN security by using physical attributes such as received signal strength indicator (RSSI), battery level (BL), and altitude. The LoRaWAN join procedure, a key risk due to plain text transmission without encryption during initial communication, is addressed in this study. To evaluate the proposed approach, a partially synthesized dataset was developed. Real-world RSSI values were sourced from the LoRa at the Edge Dataset, while BL and altitude columns were added to simulate realistic sensor behavior in a forest fire detection scenario. Machine learning (ML) models, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), were compared with deep learning (DL) models, such as Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The results showed that RF achieved the highest accuracy among machine learning models, while MLP and CNN delivered competitive performance with higher resource demands.

关键词： wireless sensor networks physical-layer authentication deep learning machine learning spoofing multi-attribute altitude radio frequency fingerprinting battery level RSSI LoRaWAN

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PLAP-PCPE:physical-layer authentication Protocol Based on PUF and Channel Pre-Equalization for the Internet of Things

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China Communications 2025年第3期22卷 234-253页

作者： Guo Dengke Gao Yuwei Cao Kuo Xiong Jun Ma Dongtang College of Electronic Science and Technology National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China

How to ensure the security of device access is a common concern in the Internet of Things(IoT)scenario with extremely high device connection *** achieve efficient and secure network access for IoT devices with constrained resources,this paper proposes a lightweight physical-layer authentication protocol based on physical Unclonable Function(PUF)and channel *** is employed as a secret carrier to provide authentication credentials for devices due to its hardware-based uniqueness and unclonable ***,the short-term reciprocity and spatio-temporal uniqueness of wireless channels are utilized to attach an authentication factor related to the spatio-temporal position of devices and to secure the transmission of authentication *** proposed protocol is analyzed formally and informally to prove its correctness and security against typical *** results show its robustness in various radio ***,we illustrate the advantages of our protocol in terms of security features and complexity through performance comparison with existing authentication schemes.

关键词： IoT physical-layer authentication preequalization PUF wireless channel

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