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Review of the roles of temporal and place coding of frequency in speech discrimination

ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA 1999年第4期119卷 424-430页

作者： Moller, AR Univ Texas Callier Ctr Commun Disorders Sch Human Dev Dallas TX 75235 USA

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the frequency spectrum of sounds is represented in the neural code of single auditory nerve fibres both spatially and temporally, but few experiments have been designed to test which of these two representations of frequency is used in the discrimination of complex sounds such as speech and music. This paper reviews the roles of place and temporal coding of frequency in the nervous system as a basis for Frequency discrimination of complex sounds such as those in speech. Animal studies based on frequency analysis in the cochlea have shown that the place code changes systematically as a function of sound intensity and therefore lacks the robustness required to explain pitch perception tin humans), which is nearly independent of sound intensity. Further indication that the place principle plays a minor role in discrimination of speech comes from observations that signs of impairment of the spectral analysis in the cochlea in some individuals are not associated with impairments in speech discrimination. The importance of temporal coding is supported by the observation that injuries to the auditory nerve, assumed to impair temporal coherence of the discharges of auditory nerve fibres, are associated with grave impairments in speech discrimination. These observations indicate that temporal coding of sounds is more important for discrimination of speech than place coding. The implications of these findings for the design of prostheses such as cochlear implants are discussed.

关键词： frequency discrimination place coding speech discrimination temporal coding

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place and Time coding of Frequency in the Peripheral Auditory System: Some Physiological Pros and Cons

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International Audiology 1978年第5期17卷 369-420页

Evidence for and against classical theories of ‘place’ and ‘period’ mechanisms for the coding of frequency, and the modifications of the theories invoked to account for the pitch of ‘residue’ and other types of stimuli, are examined in the light of physiological data. These include new data on the temporal discharge patterns of cochlear nerve fibres under stimulation with two-tone complexes, harmonic and inharmonic three-tone complexes, and five-tone complexes of differing relative phase. They show, in particular, that certain arguments against ‘period’ coding of ‘residue’ pitch are invalid. The interspike intervals in the discharge patterns of cochlear fibres under these conditions are consistent with the pitches heard. On the other hand, the classical ‘period’ theory needs to be modified to take into account the normally relatively sharp frequency selectivity of cochlear fibres, and requires certain inefficiencies on the part of the central processor for *** of measures of cochlear fibre frequency selectivity with analogous psychophysical data in man, including those on the ‘existence region’ of ‘residue’ pitch, suggests that ‘residue’-type stimuli judged to be tonal in quality could both: (a) be sufficiently resolved spectrally at the cochlear fibre level to serve as input to any of the current spectral ‘pattern recognition’ mechanisms proposed for the pitch extraction of complex signals, and also, (b) could generate patterns of temporal discharge reflecting enough waveform interaction between the harmonics to convey the pitch heard, because of the shape of the cochlear filters. (This conclusion might have to be qualified in the light of further physiological experiments on the ‘second effect’ of pitch shift.)The present evidence, both psychophysical and physiological, suggests the following synthesis: musical interval recognition and relatively crude frequency discrimination can be accomplished by trained observers on signals where the frequency app

关键词： place coding Time coding Frequency selectivity Pitch Dynamic range

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Population coding with unreliable spikes

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2002年 44卷 323-328页

作者： Bethge, M Pawelzik, K Univ Bremen Inst Theoret Phys D-28334 Bremen Germany

The need for a neuronal coding scheme that is robust against the corruption of action potentials seems to support the idea of population rate coding, where the relevance of a single spike decreases proportional to the increase of population size. In order to test this intuition, we here investigate the efficiency and robustness of a population rate coding scheme in comparison to a place coding scheme using identical noise model. It turns out that the efficiency of population rate coding is substantially worse than that of place coding even if the generation or propagation of spikes are highly unreliable processes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： rate coding place coding reliability of spikes population coding synaptic reliability

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What, if anything, are topological maps for?

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DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY 2015年第6期75卷 667-681页

作者： Wilson, Stuart P. Bednar, James A. Univ Sheffield Dept Psychol Adapt Behav Res Grp Sheffield S10 2TP S Yorkshire England Univ Edinburgh Inst Adapt & Neural Computat Sch Informat Edinburgh EH8 9AB Midlothian Scotland

What, if anything, is the functional significance of spatial patterning in cortical feature maps? We ask this question of four major theories of cortical map formation: self-organizing maps, wiring optimization, place coding, and reaction-diffusion. We argue that (i) self-organizing maps yield spatial patterning only as a by-product of efficient mechanisms for developing environmentally appropriate distributions of feature preferences, (ii) wiring optimization assumes rather than explains a map-like organization, (iii) place-coding mechanisms can at best explain only a subset of maps in functional terms, and (iv) reaction-diffusion models suggest two factors in the evolution of maps, the first based on efficient development of feature distributions, and the second based on generating feature-specific long-range recurrent cortical circuitry. None of these explanations for the existence of topological maps requires spatial patterning in maps to be useful. Thus despite these useful frameworks for understanding how maps form and how they are wired, the possibility that patterns are merely epiphenomena in the evolution of mammalian neocortex cannot be rejected. The article is intended as a nontechnical introduction to the assumptions and predictions of these four important classes of models, along with other possible functional explanations for maps. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 667-681, 2015

关键词： topological map wiring optimization self-organization place coding reaction- diffusion epiphenomenon orientation preference

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Entorhinal-CA3 Dual-Input Control of Spike Timing in the Hippocampus by Theta-Gamma Coupling

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NEURON 2017年第5期93卷 1213-+页

作者： Fernandez-Ruiz, Antonio Oliva, Azahara Nagy, Gergo A. Maurer, Andrew P. Berenyi, Antal Buzsaki, Gyorgy Univ Szeged Dept Physiol MTA SZTE Momentum Oscillatory Neuronal Networks R H-6720 Szeged Hungary NYU Inst Neurosci New York NY 10016 USA NYU Ctr Neural Sci New York NY 10016 USA Univ Florida Coll Med McKnight Brain Inst Dept Neurosci Gainesville FL 32610 USA Univ Florida Dept Biomed Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

Theta-gammaphase coupling and spike timing within theta oscillations are prominent features of the hippocampus and are often related to navigation and memory. However, the mechanisms that give rise to these relationships are not well understood. Using high spatial resolution electrophysiology, we investigated the influence of CA3 and entorhinal inputs on the timing of CA1 neurons. The theta-phase preference and excitatory strength of the afferent CA3 and entorhinal inputs effectively timed the principal neuron activity, as well as regulated distinct CA1 interneuron populations in multiple tasks and behavioral states. Feedback potentiation of distal dendritic inhibition by CA1 place cells attenuated the excitatory entorhinal input at place field entry, coupled with feedback depression of proximal dendritic and perisomatic inhibition, allowing the CA3 input to gain control toward the exit. Thus, upstream inputs interact with local mechanisms to determine theta-phase timing of hippocampal neurons to support memory and spatial navigation.

关键词： oscillations phase precession memory recall memory encoding place coding temporal coding cross-frequency coupling phase coupling inhibition high-density recordings

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Hippocampal interlamellar cell-cell connectome that counts

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JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY 2022年第11期237卷 4037-4048页

作者： Pak, Sojeong Jang, Doohyeong Lee, Jinho Choi, Gona Shin, Hongseong Yang, Sungchil Yang, Sunggu City Univ Hong Kong Dept Neurosci Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China Incheon Natl Univ Dept Nanobioengn Incheon South Korea

The hippocampus is regarded as a cognition hub, particularly for learning and memory. Previously, neuronal mechanisms underlying various cognitive functions are delineated with the lamellar hippocampal circuitry, dentate gyrus-CA3 or CA2-CA1, within the transverse plane. More recently, interlamellar (often referred to as longitudinal) projections have received intensive attention to help understand signal convergence and divergence in cognition and behavior. Signal propagation along the longitudinal axis is evidenced by axonal arborization patterns and synaptic responses to electro- and photo-stimulation, further demonstrating that information flow is more enriched in the longitudinal plane than the transverse plane. Here, we review the significance of longitudinal connections for cognition, discuss a putative circuit mechanism of place coding, and suggest the reconceptualization of the hippocampal circuitry.

关键词： feedforward network longitudinal connection place coding spatial memory synaptic plasticity

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The upper frequency limit for the use of phase locking to code temporal fine structure in humans: A compilation of viewpoints

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HEARING RESEARCH 2019年 377卷 109-121页

作者： Verschooten, Eric Shamma, Shihab Oxenham, Andrew J. Moore, Brian C. J. Joris, Philip X. Heinz, Michael G. Plack, Christopher J. Katholieke Univ Leuven Lab Auditory Neurophysiol B-3000 Leuven Belgium Univ Maryland Inst Syst Res & Elect & Comp Engn College Pk MD 20742 USA Ecole Normale Super Dept Cognit Studies Lab Sensory Percept 29 Rue Ulm F-75005 Paris France Univ Minnesota Dept Psychol N218 Elliott Hall75 E River Rd Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Univ Cambridge Dept Psychol Downing St Cambridge CB2 3EB England Purdue Univ Dept Speech Language & Hearing Sci 715 Clin Dr W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Dept Biomed Engn 715 Clin Dr W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Univ Manchester Manchester Acad Hlth Sci Ctr Manchester Ctr Audiol & Deafness Manchester M13 9PL Lancs England Univ Lancaster Dept Psychol Lancaster LA1 4YF England

The relative importance of neural temporal and place coding in auditory perception is still a matter of much debate. The current article is a compilation of viewpoints from leading auditory psychophysicists and physiologists regarding the upper frequency limit for the use of neural phase locking to code temporal fine structure in humans. While phase locking is used for binaural processing up to about 1500 Hz, there is disagreement regarding the use of monaural phase-locking information at higher frequencies. Estimates of the general upper limit proposed by the contributors range from 1500 to 10000 Hz. The arguments depend on whether or not phase locking is needed to explain psychophysical discrimination performance at frequencies above 1500 Hz, and whether or not the phase-locked neural representation is sufficiently robust at these frequencies to provide useable information. The contributors suggest key experiments that may help to resolve this issue, and experimental findings that may cause them to change their minds. This issue is of crucial importance to our understanding of the neural basis of auditory perception in general, and of pitch perception in particular. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Phase locking Temporal fine structure Temporal coding place coding Pitch

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Tone frequency representation beyond the tonotopic map: Cross-correlation between ongoing activity in the rat auditory cortex

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NEUROSCIENCE 2019年第0期409卷 35-42页

作者： Wake, Naoki Shiramatsu, Tomoyo Isoguchi Takahashi, Hirokazu Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Bunkyo Ku 7-3-1 Hongo Tokyo 1138656 Japan Univ Tokyo Res Ctr Adv Sci & Technol Meguro Ku 4-6-1 Komaba Tokyo 1538904 Japan

Functional maps play crucial roles in the neural representations of the sensory cortices, although such representations occasionally extend beyond these maps. For example, the auditory cortex exhibits distinct tonotopic activation at the onset of tone, which is followed by rapid decays in the majority of neuronal signals and ongoing activities in only a small number of neurons. Such ongoing activity should be maintained by the cortical states. To better understand maintenance of ongoing activity beyond that triggered directly by stimuli, we used a rat model. Here, we hypothesized that neural correlations between local field potentials (LFPs) within a local area of the auditory cortex may serve as a measure of the cortical state underlying ongoing activity. We densely mapped the auditory cortex of rats and demonstrated that cross-correlation patterns of ongoing activity were highly decodable. Informative features were widely distributed over the auditory cortex and across multiple frequency bands. Furthermore, acoustic trauma disrupted tonotopic representation at the onset but did not affect neural representations by the correlation of ongoing activities. These results suggest that cross-correlations of LFP within the auditory cortex represent frequencies of sustained auditory stimuli, and that these representations are made beyond direct tonotopic activation at stimulus onset. (C) 2019 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： place coding neural correlation local field potential sustained sound representation rat auditory cortex

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Rabbits use both spectral and temporal cues to discriminate the fundamental frequency of harmonic complexes with missing fundamentals

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2022年第1期127卷 290-312页

作者： Wagner, Joseph D. Gelman, Alice Hancock, Kenneth E. Chung, Yoojin Delgutte, Bertrand Massachusetts Eye & Ear Eaton Peabody Labs Boston MA 02114 USA Harvard Med Sch Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Boston MA 02115 USA Boston Univ Dept Biomed Engn Boston MA 02215 USA

The pitch of harmonic complex tones (HCTs) common in speech, music, and animal vocalizations plays a key role in the perceptual organization of sound. Unraveling the neural mechanisms of pitch perception requires animal models, but little is known about complex pitch perception by animals, and some species appear to use different pitch mechanisms than humans. Here, we tested rabbits' ability to discriminate the fundamental frequency (F0) of HCTs with missing fundamentals, using a behavioral paradigm inspired by foraging behavior in which rabbits learned to harness a spatial gradient in F0 to find the location of a virtual target within a room for a food reward. Rabbits were initially trained to discriminate HCTs with F0s in the range 400-800 Hz and with harmonics covering a wide frequency range (800-16,000 Hz) and then tested with stimuli differing in spectral composition to test the role of harmonic resolvability (experiment 1) or in F0 range (experiment 2) or in both F0 and spectral content (experiment 3). Together, these experiments show that rabbits can discriminate HCTs over a wide F0 range (200-1,600 Hz) encompassing the range of conspecific vocalizations and can use either the spectral pattern of harmonics resolved by the cochlea for higher F0s or temporal envelope cues resulting from interaction between unresolved harmonics for lower F0s. The qualitative similarity of these results to human performance supports the use of rabbits as an animal model for studies of pitch mechanisms, providing species differences in cochlear frequency selectivity and F0 range of vocalizations are taken into account. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the neural mechanisms of pitch perception requires experiments in animal models, but little is known about pitch perception by animals. Here we show that rabbits, a popular animal in auditory neuroscience, can discriminate complex sounds differing in pitch using either spectral cues or temporal cues. The results suggest that the role o

关键词： auditory behavior pitch place coding rabbit temporal coding

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Efficient encoding of aversive location by CA3 long-range projections

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CELL REPORTS 2024年第3期43卷 113957页

作者： Nikbakht, Negar Pofahl, Martin Miguel-Lopez, Albert Kamali, Fateme Tchumatchenko, Tatjana Beck, Heinz Univ Bonn Inst Expt Epileptol & Cognit Res Med Fac Venusberg Campus 1 D-53127 Bonn Germany Univ Hosp Bonn Venusberg Campus 1 D-53127 Bonn Germany Deutsch Zentrum Neurodegenerat Erkrankungen eV Bonn Germany

Memorizing locations that are harmful or dangerous is a key capability of all organisms and requires an integration of affective and spatial information. In mammals, the dorsal hippocampus mainly processes spatial information, while the intermediate to ventral hippocampal divisions receive affective information via the amygdala. However, how spatial and aversive information is integrated is currently unknown. To address this question, we recorded the activity of hippocampal long-range CA3 axons at single -axon resolution in mice forming an aversive spatial memory. We show that intermediate CA3 to dorsal CA3 (i-dCA3) projections rapidly overrepresent areas preceding the location of an aversive stimulus due to a spatially selective addition of new place -coding axons followed by spatially non-specific stabilization. This sequence significantly improves the encoding of location by the i-dCA3 axon population. These results suggest that i-dCA3 axons transmit a precise, denoised, and stable signal indicating imminent danger to the dorsal hippocampus.

关键词： ventral hippocampus dorsal hippocampus CA3 subfield aversive learning place coding CP: Neuroscience

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