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polar cap patches Scaling Properties: Insights from Swarm Data

REMOTE SENSING 2023年第17期15卷 4320-4320页

作者： Tozzi, Roberta De Michelis, Paola Lovati, Giulia Consolini, Giuseppe Pignalberi, Alessio Pezzopane, Michael Coco, Igino Giannattasio, Fabio Marcucci, Maria Federica Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol Via Vigna Murata 605 I-00143 Rome Italy Univ Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento Fis I-00185 Rome Italy INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziali Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 I-00133 Rome Italy

Among the effects of space weather, the degradation of air traffic communications and satellite-based navigation systems are the most notable. For this reason, it is of uttermost importance to understand the nature and origin of ionospheric irregularities that are at the base of the observed communication outages. Here we focus on polar cap patches (PCPs) that constitute a special class of ionospheric irregularities observed at very high latitudes in the F region. To this purpose we use the so-called PCP flag, a Swarm Level 2 product, that allows for identifying PCPs. We relate the presence of PCPs to the values of the first- and second-order scaling exponents and intermittency estimated from Swarm A electron density fluctuations and to the values of the Rate Of change of electron Density Index (RODI) for two different levels of geomagnetic activity, over a time span of approximately 3.5 years starting on 16 July 2014. Our findings show that values of RODI, first- and second-order scaling exponents and intermittency corresponding to measurements taken inside PCPs differ from those corresponding to measurements taken outside PCPs. Additionally, the values of the first- and second-order scaling exponents and of intermittency indicate that PCPs are in a turbulent state. Investigation of the coincidence of loss of lock (LoL) events with PCPs displayed that approximately 57.4% of LoLs in the Northern hemisphere and 45.7% in the Southern hemisphere occur in coincidence of PCPs when disturbed geomagnetic activity is considered. During quiet geomagnetic conditions these percentages decrease to 51.4% in the Northern hemisphere and to 20.1% in the Southern hemisphere.

关键词： space weather ionospheric irregularities polar cap patches turbulence Swarm satellite geomagnetic activity loss of lock

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Hemispheric symmetry and asymmetry of poleward moving radar auroral forms (PMRAFs) and associated polar cap patches during a geomagnetic storm

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FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2023年 11卷

作者： Zou, Ying Chen, Li-Jen Walsh, Brian M. Burkholder, Brandon Ma, Yuzhang Bristow, William A. Lyons, Larry R. Liu, Jiang Tian, Sheng Yadav, Sneha Coster, Antea J. McWilliams, Kathryn A. Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab Laurel MD 20723 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Boston Univ Dept Mech Engn Boston MA USA Boston Univ Ctr Space Phys Boston MA USA Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty Goddard Planetary Heliophys Inst Baltimore MD USA Shandong Univ Inst Space Sci Shandong Prov Key Lab Opt Astron & Solar Terr Envi Weihai Peoples R China Penn State Univ Dept Meteorol & Atmospher Sci University Pk PA USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci Los Angeles CA USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci Los Angeles CA USA MIT Haystack Observ Westford MA USA Univ Saskatchewan Dept Phys & Engn Phys Saskatoon SK Canada

Introduction: Magnetopause reconnection is known to impact the dayside ionosphere by driving fast ionospheric flows, auroral transients, and highdensity plasma structures named polar cap patches. However, most of the observed reconnection impact is limited to one hemisphere, and a question arises as to how symmetric the impact is between hemispheres. Methods: We address the question using interhemispheric observations of poleward moving radar auroral forms (PMRAFs), which are a "fossil" signature of magnetopause reconnection, during a geomagnetic storm. We are particularly interested in the temporal repetition and spatial structure of PMRAFs, which are directly affected by the temporal and spatial variation of magnetopause reconnection. PMRAFs are detected and traced using SuperDARN complemented by DMSP, Swarm, and GPS TEC measurements. Results: The results show that PMRAFs occurred repetitively on time scales of about 10 min. They were one-to-one related to pulsed ionospheric flows, and were collocated with polar cap patches embedded in a Tongue of Ionization. The temporal repetition of PMRAFs exhibited a remarkably high degree of correlation between hemispheres, indicating that PMRAFs were produced at a similar rate, or even in close synchronization, in the two hemispheres. However, the spatial structure exhibited significant hemispherical asymmetry. In the Northern Hemisphere, PMRAFs/patches had a dawn-dusk elongated cigar shape that extended >1,000 km, at times reaching >2,000 km, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere, PMRAFs/patches were 2-3 times shorter. Conclusion: The interesting symmetry and asymmetry of PMRAFs suggests that both magnetopause reconnection and local ionospheric conditions play important roles in determining the degree of symmetry of PMRAFs/patches.

关键词： hemispheric symmetry/asymmetry magnetopause reconnection polar cap patches pulsed ionospheric flows poleward moving radar auroral forms (PMRAFs)

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On the Creation, Depletion, and End of Life of polar cap patches

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS 2023年第12期128卷 e2023JA031739-e2023JA031739页

作者： Eriksen, Nina Kristine Lorentzen, Dag A. Oksavik, Kjellmar Baddeley, Lisa Hosokawa, Keisuke Shiokawa, Kazuo Bland, Emma Paxton, Larry Zhang, Yongliang Mcwilliams, Kathryn Yeoman, Tim Themens, David R. Univ Ctr Svalbard Dept Arctic Geophys Longyearbyen Norway Univ Bergen Birkeland Ctr Space Sci Dept Phys & Technol Bergen Norway Univ Electrocommun Dept Commun Engn & Informat Tokyo Japan Nagoya Univ Furo Cho Inst Space Earth Environm Res Nagoya Japan Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab Laurel MD USA Univ Saskatchewan Dept Phys & Engn Phys Saskatoon SK Canada Univ Leicester Sch Phys & Astron Leicester England Univ Birmingham Space Environm & Radio Engn SERENE Grp Birmingham England Univ New Brunswick Dept Phys Fredericton NB Canada

Ionospheric convection patterns from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network are used to determine the trajectories, transit times, and decay rates of three polar cap patches from their creation in the dayside polar cap ionosphere to their end of life on the nightside. The first two polar cap patches were created within 12 min of each other and traveled through the dayside convection throat, before entering the nightside auroral oval after 104 and 92 min, respectively. When the patches approached the nightside auroral oval, an intensification in the poleward auroral boundary occurred close to their exit point, followed by a decrease in the transit velocity. The last patch (patch 3) decayed completely within the polar cap and had a lifetime of only 78 min. After a change in drift direction, patch 3 had a radar backscatter power half-life of 4.23 min, which reduced to 1.80 min after a stagnation, indicating a variable decay rate. 28 minutes after the change in direction, and 16 min after coming to a halt within the Clyde River radar field-of-view, patch 3 appeared to reach its end of life. We relate this rapid decay to increased frictional heating, which speeds up the recombination rate. Therefore, we suggest that the slowed patch motion within the polar cap convection pattern is a major factor in determining whether the patch survives as a recognizable density enhancement by the time the flux tubes comprising the initial patch cross into the nightside auroral oval. Tracking of high-density plasma volumes in the ionosphere is a viable tool for uniting spatially distant observationsA drifting polar cap patch has variable plasma decay rate at different stages of its lifetimeStagnation of a polar cap patch is considered a major determinant for a complete decay

关键词： polar cap patches airglow patches plasma density decay SuperDARN ionospheric convection plasma transport

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Effect of polar cap patches on the High-Latitude Upper Thermospheric Winds

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS 2024年第8期129卷 e2024JA032819-e2024JA032819页

作者： Cai, L. Aikio, A. Oyama, S. Ivchenko, N. Vanhamaki, H. Virtanen, I. Buchert, S. Mekuriaw, M. L. Zhang, Y. Univ Oulu Space Phys & Astron Oulu Finland Nagoya Univ Inst Space Earth Environm Res Nagoya Japan Natl Inst Polar Res Tachikawa Japan KTH EECS Space & Plasma Phys Stockholm Sweden Uppsala Univ Uppsala Sweden Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab Laurel MD USA

This study focuses on the poorly known effect of polar cap patches (PCPs) on the ion-neutral coupling in the F-region. The PCPs were identified by total electron content measurements from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and the ionospheric parameters from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. The EISCAT incoherent scatter radars on Svalbard and at Troms & oslash;, Norway observed that PCPs entered the nightside auroral oval from the polar cap and became plasma blobs. The ionospheric convection further transported the plasma blobs to the duskside. Simultaneously, long-lasting strong upper thermospheric winds were detected in the duskside auroral oval by a Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) at Troms & oslash;and in the polar cap by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite. Using EISCAT ion velocities and plasma parameters as well as FPI winds, the ion drag acting on neutrals and the time constant for the ion drag could be estimated. Due to the arrival of PCPs/blobs and the accompanied increase in the F-region electron densities, the ion drag is enhanced between about 220 and 500 km altitudes. At the F peak altitudes near 300 km, the median ion drag acceleration affecting neutrals more than doubled and the associated median e-folding time decreased from 4.4 to 2 hr. The strong neutral wind was found to be driven primarily by the ion drag force due to large-scale ionospheric convection. Our results provide a new insight into ionosphere-thermosphere coupling in the presence of PCPs/blobs. This study investigates how the evolution of the polar cap patches (PCPs) affects the upper layer of the Earth's atmosphere, termed the thermosphere. PCPs are dense patches of charged particles that move from the dayside to the nightside of the high-latitude ionosphere through the polar cap region. Using the measurements by multiple ground-based instruments and satellites, this study found that PCPs can enhance the formation of strong upper th

关键词： upper thermospheric wind polar cap patches ionosphere-thermosphere ion-neutral coupling blobs high-latitude electrodynamics

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Using Data Assimilation to Reconstruct High-Latitude polar cap patches

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RADIO SCIENCE 2020年第6期55卷 e2019RS006937-e2019RS006937页

作者： Negale, Michael Holmes, Jeffrey Parris, Richard Ober, Daniel Dao, Eugene Kelly, Ralph Eccles, J. Vincent Hines, Jack Pedersen, Todd Utah State Univ Res Fdn Space Dynam Lab Logan UT 84321 USA Air Force Res Lab Space Vehicles Directorate Albuquerque NM USA

Discrete high-density plasma structures in the Earth's ionosphere that convect across the polar cap from the dayside to nightside are known as polar cap patches. This high-latitude phenomenon can interfere and disrupt satellite and high-frequency (HF) communications when the associated sharp electron density gradients are encountered, and therefore, accurate modeling and forecasting of such events would be greatly beneficial. In this study, we have utilized the assimilative Global Positioning System Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII) method to reconstruct the high-latitude ionosphere utilizing data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, vertical ionosondes, the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR-N), in situ satellite data, and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars. The novel method of assimilating RISR-N and SuperDARN ground scatter measurements helps to increase the limited number of observations at high latitudes. The reconstructed polar cap patches are shown to correspond with ground- and spaced-based observations, illustrating the ability of utilizing GPSII to study the complex high-latitude region.

关键词： data assimilation ionospheric reconstruction polar cap patches

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Sequential Observations of Flux Transfer Events, Poleward-Moving Auroral Forms, and polar cap patches

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS 2020年第6期125卷 e2019JA027674-e2019JA027674页

作者： Hwang, K. -J. Nishimura, Y. Coster, A. J. Gillies, R. G. Fear, R. C. Fuselier, S. A. Petrinec, S. M. Burch, J. L. Dokgo, K. Sibeck, D. G. Giles, B. L. Russell, C. T. Strangeway, R. J. Gershman, D. J. Pollock, C. J. Khotyaintsev, Y. Torbert, R. B. Ergun, R. E. Moen, J. I. Clausen, L. B. Southwest Res Inst San Antonio TX 78238 USA Boston Univ Elect & Comp Engn Boston MA 02215 USA Boston Univ Ctr Space Phys Boston MA 02215 USA MIT Haystack Observ Boston MA USA Univ Calgary Phys & Astron Calgary AB Canada Univ Southampton Sch Phys & Astron Southampton Hants England Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr Palo Alto CA USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys Los Angeles CA 90024 USA Denali Sci LLC Fairbanks AK USA Swedish Inst Space Phys Uppsala Sweden Univ New Hampshire Ctr Space Sci Durham NH 03824 USA Univ Colorado Atmospher & Space Phys Lab Campus Box 392 Boulder CO 80309 USA Univ Oslo Dept Phys Oslo Norway

We report the observation of solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions using a series of flux transfer events (FTEs) observed by Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission located near the dayside magnetopause on 18 December 2017. The FTEs were observed to propagate duskward and either southward or slightly northward, as predicted under duskward and southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Cooling model also predicted a significant dawnward propagation of northward-moving FTEs. Near the MMS footprint, a series of poleward-moving auroral forms (PMAFs) occurred almost simultaneously with those FTEs. They propagated poleward and westward, consistent with the modeled FTE propagation. The intervals between FTEs, relatively consistent with those between PMAFs, strongly suggest a one-to-one correspondence between the dayside transients and ionospheric responses. The FTEs embedded in continuous reconnection observed by MMS and corresponding PMAFs individually occurred during persistent auroral activity recorded by an all-sky imager strongly indicate that those FTEs/PMAFs resulted from the temporal modulation of the reconnection rate during continuous reconnection. With the decay of the PMAFs associated with the FTEs, patch-like plasma density enhancements were detected to form and propagate poleward and then dawnward. Propagation to the dawn was also suggested by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) convection and Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content data. We relate the temporal variation of the driving solar-wind and magnetospheric mechanism to that of the high-latitude and polar ionospheric responses and estimate the response time.

关键词： flux transfer event moving auroral forms polar cap patches reconnection FTE PMAF

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Occurrence Distribution of polar cap patches: Dependences on UT, Season and Hemisphere

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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS 2021年第1期126卷 e2020JA028538-e2020JA028538页

作者： Kagawa, A. Hosokawa, K. Ogawa, Y. Ebihara, Y. Kadokura, A. Univ Electrocommun Chofu Tokyo Japan Nippon Hoso Kyokai NHK Shibuya Japan Natl Inst Polar Res Tachikawa Tokyo Japan Kyoto Univ RISH Uji Japan

polar cap patches are islands of enhanced electron density in the polar cap F region ionosphere, which sometimes affect the propagation of trans-ionospheric radio waves. Considering the intake of daytime sunlit plasma by the high-latitude convection as the primary cause of patches, the spatial overlap between the convection and the daytime sunlit plasma should be one of the critical factors controlling the generation of patches. To confirm this hypothesis, we statistically investigated the UT and seasonal distributions of patch occurrence frequency in both the hemispheres by using in situ plasma density data from the Swarm satellite. As a result, it was found that the occurrence distribution of patches is a complex function of UT, season and hemisphere, but it can be mostly interpreted by the spatial overlap between the high-latitude convection and the solar terminator. This suggests that polar cap patches are not necessarily phenomena that occur only during winter months. That is, patches can often be observed even in periods away from the winter solstice if the location of solar terminator in the magnetic coordinate system is appropriate for the generation of patches. For example, in the southern hemisphere, where the offset between the geographic and magnetic poles is larger than that in the northern hemisphere, the highest patch occurrence rate is obtained around the equinoctial periods. These results indicate that it is needed to take these dependences into account when we discuss and predict the space weather impacts of patches on the trans-ionospheric radio propagation. Plain Language Summary In the upper part of the ionosphere at the highest latitudes of the Earth, we often observe isolated chunk of high-density plasma at around 300 km altitude. Those localized regions of enhanced plasma density is called "polar cap patches". polar cap patches are known to occur when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is directed southward and the magnetosphere-ionosphe

关键词： airglow measurements polar cap ionosphere polar cap patches satellite observations

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polar cap patches observed by the EISCAT Svalbard Radar: A statistical study of its dependence on the solar wind and IMF conditions

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JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS 2019年 192卷 104768-000页

作者： Jin, Yuyan Xing, Zanyang Zhang, Qinghe Wang, Yong Ma, Yuzhang Shandong Univ Weihai Sch Space Sci & Phys Weihai 264209 Peoples R China Shandong Univ Inst Space Sci Shandong Prov Key Lab Opt Astron & Solar Terr Env Weihai 264209 Peoples R China

polar cap patches are common irregularities in the polar ionosphere, where their formation and evolution can directly affect satellite navigations and communications as well as over-the-horizon radar observations, etc. However, affected by the various dynamic processes during the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, there is no fully accepted formation mechanism of polar cap patches. In this paper, a statistical analysis of 345 patches at the dayside sectors during 09:00-15:00 magnetic local time (MLT), observed by EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) 42 m antenna from 2010 to 2013, has been performed. The dependence of their occurrence on solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions as well as their MLT distribution has been statistically investigated. The results show that the polar cap patches are preferentially formed during southward IMF conditions. In particular, the MLT dependence of the patches presents a clear IMF B y -related prenoon-postnoon asymmetry, suggesting the patch formation is clearly modulated by the IMF By polarity. Moreover, our statistical results indicate that the patches should not be caused by the variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure or the solar wind velocity. All the results indicate that the pulsed dayside magnetic reconnection is possibly a significant formation mechanism of polar cap patches.

关键词： polar cap patches EISCAT Svalbard Radar Interplanetary magnetic field Magnetic local time Magnetic reconnection

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Imaging of polar cap patches with a low-cost airglow camera: pilot observations in Svalbard, Norway

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EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE 2019年第1期71卷 1-10页

作者： Hosokawa, Keisuke Ogawa, Yasunobu Taguchi, Satoshi Univ Electrocommun Chofugaoka 1-5-1 Chofu Tokyo 1828585 Japan Midoricho 10-3 Tachikawa Tokyo 1908518 Japan Kyoto Univ Gradu Sch Sci Sakyo Ku Kyoto 6068502 Japan

We evaluate the capability of a low-cost all-sky imager (ASI), which has been operative in Longyearbyen (78.1 degrees N, 15.5 degrees E), Norway, to detect 630.0 nm airglow signatures of polar cap patches. The ASI is composed of a small camera, with a charge-coupled device (CCD), manufactured by Watec Co. Ltd., a fish-eye lens, and an optical filter whose central wavelength is 632.0 nm and full-width half maximum (FWHM) is 10 nm. In Longyearbyen, another ASI equipped with a cooled electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera has been operative for observations of polar cap patches. We compare the images from the two systems and investigate the performance of the low-cost ASI. On the night of December 4, 2013, a series of polar cap patches were observed by the EMCCD ASI. The low-cost ASI also detected regions of enhanced 630.0 nm airglow passing through the fields-of-view. The quality of the raw images from the low-cost ASI obtained every 4 s were visibly much worse than that of the EMCCD ASI. However, an integration of 7-15 consecutive images made it possible to capture the temporal evolution and spatial structure of the patches, for example, their anti-sunward propagation and finger-like structures along the trailing edge. The estimated values of the absolute optical intensity from the low-cost ASI were found to be consistent with those from the EMCCD ASI, whereby the offset was < 100 R. This offset can be explained by the contribution of the background continuum emission to the low-cost ASI images, because the band width of the optical filter used for the low-cost ASI is similar to 3 times wider than that used for the EMCCD ASI. The results indicate that the airglow measurement with the low-cost ASI is feasible even for quantitative studies of F-region phenomena such as the dynamics of polar cap patches.

关键词： Ionosphere polar cap patches Airglow Optical observations Satellite navigation

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Earth's ion upflow associated with polar cap patches: Global and in situ observations

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GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2016年第5期43卷 1845-1853页

作者： Zhang, Qing-He Zong, Qiu-Gang Lockwood, Michael Heelis, Roderick A. Hairston, Marc Liang, Jun McCrea, Ian Zhang, Bei-Chen Moen, Joran Zhang, Shun-Rong Zhang, Yong-Liang Ruohoniemi, J. Michael Lester, Mark Thomas, Evan G. Liu, Rui-Yuan Dunlop, Malcolm W. Liu, Yong C. -M. Ma, Yu-Zhang Shandong Univ Inst Space Sci Shandong Prov Key Lab Opt Astron & Solar Terr Env Weihai Peoples R China Peking Univ Sch Earth & Space Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Univ Reading Dept Meteorol Reading Berks England Univ Texas Dallas William B Hanson Ctr Space Sci Richardson TX 75083 USA Univ Calgary Dept Phys & Astron Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada Rutherford Appleton Lab Div Space Sci Didcot OX11 0QX Oxon England Polar Res Inst China SOA Key Lab Polar Sci Shanghai Peoples R China Univ Oslo Dept Phys Oslo Norway MIT Haystack Observ Westford MA 01886 USA Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab Laurel MD USA Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ Bradley Dept Elect & Comp Engn Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Univ Leicester Dept Phys & Astron Leicester LE1 7RH Leics England Chinese Acad Sci Ctr Space Sci & Appl Res State Key Lab Space Weather Beijing Peoples R China

We report simultaneous global monitoring of a patch of ionization and in situ observation of ion upflow at the center of the polar cap region during a geomagnetic storm. Our observations indicate strong fluxes of upwelling O+ ions originating from frictional heating produced by rapid antisunward flow of the plasma patch. The statistical results from the crossings of the central polar cap region by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16-F18 from 2010 to 2013 confirm that the field-aligned flow can turn upward when rapid antisunward flows appear, with consequent significant frictional heating of the ions, which overcomes the gravity effect. We suggest that such rapidly moving patches can provide an important source of upwelling ions in a region where downward flows are usually expected. These observations give new insight into the processes of ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling.

关键词： ion upflow polar cap patches polar ionosphere magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

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