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Elementary sensory deficits in schizophrenia indexed by impaired visual mismatch negativity

SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2015年第1-3期166卷 164-170页

作者： Farkas, Kinga Stefanics, Gabor Marosi, Csilla Csukly, Gabor Semmelweis Univ Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy H-1083 Budapest Hungary Univ Zurich Inst Biomed Engn TNU CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland ETH CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich Dept Econ Lab Social & Neural Syst Res CH-8091 Zurich Switzerland

Introduction: Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an automatic brain response to unexpected events. It represents a prediction error (PE) response, reflecting the difference between the sensory input and predictions. While deficits in auditory MMN are well known in schizophrenia, only few studies investigated impairments in predictive visual processing in schizophrenia. These studies used complex stimuli such as motion direction and emotional facial expressions. Here we studied whether automatic predictive processing of elementary features such as orientation is also impaired in schizophrenia. Methods: Altogether 28 patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls matched in age, gender, and education participated in the study. EEG was recorded using 128 channels in the two experimental blocks. Using an oddball paradigm, horizontal stripes of Gabor patches were presented as frequent standards and vertical stripes as rare deviants in one block. Stimulus probabilities were swapped in the other block. Mismatch responses were obtained by subtracting responses to standard from those to deviant stimuli. Results: We found significant mismatch responses in healthy controls but not in patients in the prefrontal and occipital-parietal regions in the 90-200 ms interval. Furthermore patients showed significantly decreased deviant minus standard difference waveforms relative to controls in the same regions with moderate to large effect sizes. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that predictive processing of unattended low-level visual features such as orientation is impaired in schizophrenia. Our results complement reports of sensory deficits found in tasks requiring attentive processing and suggest that deficits are present in automaticvisual sensory processes putatively mediated by glutamatergic functioning. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： ERP Perceptual prediction error predictive coding Visual mismatch negativity Schizophrenia EEG MMN

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Emotional context facilitates cortical prediction error responses

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2015年第9期36卷 3641-3652页

作者： Vogel, Bob O. Shen, Christina Neuhaus, Andres H. Charite Dept Psychiat D-12203 Berlin Germany

In the predictive coding framework, mismatch negativity (MMN) is regarded a correlate of the prediction error that occurs when top-down predictions conflict with bottom-up sensory inputs. Expression-related MMN is a relatively novel construct thought to reflect a prediction error specific to emotional processing, which, however, has not yet been tested directly. Our paradigm includes both neutral and emotional deviants, thereby allowing for investigating whether expression-related MMN is emotion-specific or unspecifically arises from violations of a given sequence. Twenty healthy participants completed a visual sequence oddball task where they were presented with (1) sequence deviants, (2) emotional sequence deviants, and (3) emotional deviants. Mismatch components were assessed at ventral occipitotemporal scalp sites and analyzed regarding their amplitudes, spatiotemporal profiles, and neuronal sources. Expression-related MMN could be clearly separated from its neutral counterpart in all investigated aspects. Specifically, expression-related MMN showed enhanced amplitude, shorter latency, and different neuronal sources. Our results, therefore, provide converging evidence for a quantitative specificity of expression-related MMN and seems to provide an opportunity to study prediction error during preattentive emotional processing. Our neurophysiological evidence ultimately suggests that a basic cognitive operator, the prediction error, is enhanced at the cortical level by processing of emotionally salient stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3641-3652, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： predictive coding emotion mismatch negativity expression face

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Sensory expectations based on product-extrinsic food cues: An interdisciplinary review of the empirical evidence and theoretical accounts

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FOOD QUALITY AND PREFERENCE 2015年第PartA期40卷 165-179页

作者： Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina Spence, Charles Wageningen Univ Social Sci Grp Mkt & Consumer Behav Grp NL-6706 KN Wageningen Netherlands Univ Oxford Dept Expt Psychol Crossmodal Res Lab Oxford OX1 3UD England

This article constitutes a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of expectations on the sensory perception of food and drink by humans. In the 'Introduction', we summarize the theoretical models of expectations that have been put forward. In the 'Empirical research utilizing direct methods' section, we describe the influence that expectations created by a variety of product extrinsic cues have on sensory perception, hedonic appraisal, and intake/consumption. We critically evaluate the evidence that has emerged from both laboratory studies and real-world research conducted in the setting of the restaurant, canteen, and bar. This literature review is focused primarily on those studies that have demonstrated an effect on tasting. Crucially, this review goes beyond previous work in the area by highlighting the relevant cognitive neuroscience literature (see the section 'Applied research through the lens of cognitive neuroscience methods') and the postulated psychological mechanisms of expectation in terms of recent accounts of predictive coding and Bayesian decision theory (see the 'predictive coding and expectations' section). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Expectations Extrinsic cues Perception Consumption Food predictive coding

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Active inference, communication and hermeneutics

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CORTEX 2015年 68卷 129-143页

作者： Friston, Karl J. Frith, Christopher D. Inst Neurol Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London WC1N 3BG England

Hermeneutics refers to interpretation and translation of text (typically ancient scriptures) but also applies to verbal and non-verbal communication. In a psychological setting it nicely frames the problem of inferring the intended content of a communication. In this paper, we offer a solution to the problem of neural hermeneutics based upon active inference. In active inference, action fulfils predictions about how we will behave (e.g., predicting we will speak). Crucially, these predictions can be used to predict both self and others during speaking and listening respectively. Active inference mandates the suppression of prediction errors by updating an internal model that generates predictions both at fast timescales (through perceptual inference) and slower timescales (through perceptual learning). If two agents adopt the same model, then-in-principle they can predict each other and minimise their mutual prediction errors. Heuristically, this ensures they are singing from the same hymn sheet. This paper builds upon recent work on active inference and communication to illustrate perceptual learning using simulated birdsongs. Our focus here is the neural hermeneutics implicit in learning, where communication facilitates long-term changes in generative models that are trying to predict each other. In other words, communication induces perceptual learning and enables others to (literally) change our minds and vice versa. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Communication Neuronal Hermeneutics Theory of mind Active inference predictive coding Bayesian Synchronisation of chaos

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Schizophrenia, Subjectivity, and Mindreading

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SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 2015年第6期41卷 1214-1219页

作者： Nour, Matthew M. Barrera, Alvaro South London & Maudsley NHS Fdn Trust London England Kings Coll London Inst Psychiat Psychol & Neurosci London WC2R 2LS England Univ Oxford John Radcliffe Hosp Nuffield Dept Clin Neurosci Oxford OX3 9DU England Oxford Hlth NHS Fdn Trust Warneford Hosp Oxford England Univ Oxford Dept Psychiat Oxford England

A number of recent articles, many appearing in Schizophrenia Bulletin, signal a renewed interest in phenomenological approaches to our understanding of schizophrenia. These approaches conceptualize schizophrenia as a disorder of altered self-awareness and decreased prereflective social attunement, which may manifest as an impaired understanding of self, others, and the physical world. Phenomenological approaches to psychopathology are sometimes construed as being incompatible with the reductionistic methodology of contemporary neuroscience. In this article, we re-examine findings from the phenomenological investigation of schizophrenia in light of an influential neurocomputational account of mindreading, which postulates that understanding of others is subserved by coherent internal self- models. We argue that the phenomenological approach to schizophrenia is not incompatible with a neurocomputational account of mindreading, and that the 2 approaches should instead be viewed as existing in a relationship of mutual constraint and enlightenment. Our hypothesis, while speculative, is an attempt to marry the phenomenological and neuronal realities of schizophrenia. Furthermore, it has implications for psychotherapeutic interventions and future research.

关键词： phenomenology Bayesian inference predictive coding self-disorder

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TMS Over V5 Disrupts Motion Prediction

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2015年第4期25卷 1052-1059页

作者： Vetter, Petra Grosbras, Marie-Helene Muckli, Lars Univ Glasgow Coll Med Vet & Life Sci Inst Neurosci & Psychol Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging Glasgow G12 8QB Lanark Scotland

Given the vast amount of sensory information the brain has to deal with, predicting some of this information based on the current context is a resource-efficient strategy. The framework of predictive coding states that higher-level brain areas generate a predictive model to be communicated via feedback connections to early sensory areas. Here, we directly tested the necessity of a higher-level visual area, V5, in this predictive processing in the context of an apparent motion paradigm. We flashed targets on the apparent motion trace in-time or out-of-time with the predicted illusory motion token. As in previous studies, we found that predictable in-time targets were better detected than unpredictable out-of-time targets. However, when we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over left V5 at 13-53 ms before target onset, the detection advantage of in-time targets was eliminated;this was not the case when TMS was applied over the vertex. Our results are causal evidence that V5 is necessary for a prediction effect, which has been shown to modulate V1 activity (Alink et al. 2010). Thus, our findings suggest that information processing between V5 and V1 is crucial for visual motion prediction, providing experimental support for the predictive coding framework.

关键词： apparent motion double-pulse TMS hMT predictive coding V1

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Broca's region and Visual Word Form Area activation differ during a predictive Stroop task

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CORTEX 2015年 73卷 257-270页

作者： Wallentin, Mikkel Gravholt, Claus Hojbjerg Skakkebaek, Anne Aarhus Univ Hosp Ctr Functionally Integrat Neurosci DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Aarhus Univ Ctr Semiot DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Aarhus Univ Hosp Dept Endocrinol & Internal Med MEA DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Aarhus Univ Hosp Dept Mol Med DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark Aarhus Univ Hosp Dept Clin Genet DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark

Competing theories attempt to explain the function of Broca's area in single word processing. Studies have found the region to be more active during processing of pseudo words than real words and during infrequent words relative to frequent words and during Stroop (incongruent) color words compared to Non-Stroop (congruent) words. Two related theories explain these findings as reflecting either "cognitive control" processing in the face of conflicting input or a linguistic prediction error signal, based on a predictive coding approach. The latter implies that processing cost refers to violations of expectations based on the statistical distributions of input. In this fMRI experiment we attempted to disentangle single word processing cost originating from cognitive conflict and that stemming from predictive expectation violation. Participants (N = 49) responded to whether the words "GREEN" or "RED" were displayed in green or red (incongruent vs congruent colors). One of the colors, however, was presented three times as often as the other, making it possible to study both congruency and frequency effects independently. Auditory stimuli saying "GREEN" or "RED" had the same distribution, making it possible to study frequency effects across modalities. We found significant behavioral effects of both incongruency and frequency. A significant effect (p <.05 FWE) of incongruency was found in Broca's region, but no effect of frequency was observed and no interaction. Conjoined effects of incongruency and frequency were found in parietal regions as well as in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA). No interaction between perceptual modality and frequency was found in VVVFA suggesting that the region is not strictly visual. These findings speak against a strong version of the prediction error processing hypothesis in Broca's region. They support the idea that prediction error processes in the intermediate timeframe are allocated to more posterior parts of the brain. (C) 2015 Elsevie

关键词： Broca's region Visual word form area Stroop predictive coding

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Interplay Between Conceptual Expectations and Movement Predictions Underlies Action Understanding

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2015年第9期25卷 2566-2573页

作者： Ondobaka, Sasha de Lange, Floris P. Wittmann, Marco Frith, Chris D. Bekkering, Harold Radboud Univ Nijmegen Donders Inst Brain Cognit & Behav NL-6525 RZ Nijmegen Netherlands UCL Welcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London England Aarhus Univ Interacting Minds Ctr Aarhus Denmark All Souls Coll Oxford England

Recent accounts of understanding goal-directed action underline the importance of a hierarchical predictive architecture. However, the neural implementation of such an architecture remains elusive. In the present study, we used functional neuroimaging to quantify brain activity associated with predicting physical movements, as they were modulated by conceptual-expectations regarding the purpose of the object involved in the action. Participants observed object-related actions preceded by a cue that generated both conceptual goal expectations and movement goal predictions. In 2 tasks, observers judged whether conceptual or movement goals matched or mismatched the cue. At the conceptual level, expected goals specifically recruited the posterior cingulate cortex, irrespectively of the task and the perceived movement goal. At the movement level, neural activation of the parieto-frontal circuit, including inferior frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe, reflected unpredicted movement goals. Crucially, this movement prediction error was only present when the purpose of the involved object was expected. These findings provide neural evidence that prior conceptual expectations influence processing of physical movement goals and thereby support the hierarchical predictive account of action processing.

关键词： action hierarchy action perception active inference anticipation predictive coding

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Temporal dynamics of the knowledge-mediated visual disambiguation process in humans: a magnetoencephalography study

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2015年第2期41卷 234-242页

作者： Urakawa, Tomokazu Ogata, Katsuya Kimura, Takahiro Kume, Yuko Tobimatsu, Shozo Kyushu Univ Dept Clin Neurophysiol Neurol Inst Fac MedGrad Sch Med SciHigashi Ku Maidashi Fukuoka 8128582 Japan

Disambiguation of a noisy visual scene with prior knowledge is an indispensable task of the visual system. To adequately adapt to a dynamically changing visual environment full of noisy visual scenes, the implementation of knowledge-mediated disambiguation in the brain is imperative and essential for proceeding as fast as possible under the limited capacity of visual image processing. However, the temporal profile of the disambiguation process has not yet been fully elucidated in the brain. The present study attempted to determine how quickly knowledge-mediated disambiguation began to proceed along visual areas after the onset of a two-tone ambiguous image using magnetoencephalography with high temporal resolution. Using the predictive coding framework, we focused on activity reduction for the two-tone ambiguous image as an index of the implementation of disambiguation. Source analysis revealed that a significant activity reduction was observed in the lateral occipital area at approximately 120ms after the onset of the ambiguous image, but not in preceding activity (about 115ms) in the cuneus when participants perceptually disambiguated the ambiguous image with prior knowledge. These results suggested that knowledge-mediated disambiguation may be implemented as early as approximately 120ms following an ambiguous visual scene, at least in the lateral occipital area, and provided an insight into the temporal profile of the disambiguation process of a noisy visual scene with prior knowledge.

关键词： disambiguation magnetoencephalography predictive coding prior knowledge

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Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015年第0期104卷 65-74页

作者： Garfinkel, Sarah N. Seth, Anil K. Barrett, Adam B. Suzuki, Keisuke Critchley, Hugo D. Brighton & Sussex Med Sch Brighton E Sussex England Univ Sussex Sackler Ctr Consciousness Sci Falmer BN1 9RR E Sussex England Univ Sussex Dept Informat Falmer BN1 9RR E Sussex England

Interoception refers to the sensing of internal bodily changes. Interoception interacts with cognition and emotion, making measurement of individual differences in interoceptive ability broadly relevant to neuropsychology. However, inconsistency in how interoception is defined and quantified led to a three-dimensional model. Here, we provide empirical support for dissociation between dimensions of: (1) interoceptive accuracy (performance on objective behavioural tests of heartbeat detection), (2) interoceptive sensibility (self-evaluated assessment of subjective interoception, gauged using interviews/questionnaires) and (3) interoceptive awareness (metacognitive awareness of interoceptive accuracy, e. g. confidence-accuracy correspondence). In a normative sample (N = 80), all three dimensions were distinct and dissociable. Interoceptive accuracy was only partly predicted by interoceptive awareness and interoceptive sensibility. Significant correspondence between dimensions emerged only within the sub-group of individuals with greatest interoceptive accuracy. These findings set the context for defining how the relative balance of accuracy, sensibility and awareness dimensions explain cognitive, emotional and clinical associations of interoceptive ability. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B. V.

关键词： Anxiety Emotion Interoception Perception predictive coding Metacognition

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