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IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing

作者： R. Singh A. Ortega Integrated Media Systems Center Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

We propose an algorithm for erasure recovery in predictive coding schemes, where erasures can cause catastrophic error propagation. The recovery algorithm is based on sending multiple descriptions of the source and using a deterministic distance measure to find the most likely estimate for the lost data, given the received data and the side information. Results show that we can recover from short burst erasures and that for long bursts (more than 10% of the samples are lost) we can recover to within 0.4 dB of the original DPCM performance.

关键词： predictive coding Propagation losses Phase change materials Robustness Distortion Maximum likelihood decoding Loss measurement IP networks Routing Video compression

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Brain Responses to Regular and Octave-Scrambled Melodies: A Case of predictive-coding?

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 2017年第3期43卷 487-498页

作者： Globerson, Eitan Granot, Roni Tal, Idan Harpaz, Yuval Zeev-Wolf, Maor Golstein, Abraham Bar Ilan Univ Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Res Ctr IL-52100 Ramat Gan Israel Jerusalem Acad Mus & Dance 7 Hakishon St IL-7524507 Rishon Leziyyon Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Dept Musicol Jerusalem Israel

Melody recognition is an online process of evaluating incoming information and comparing this information to an existing internal corpus, thereby reducing prediction error. The predictive-coding model postulates top-down control on sensory processing accompanying reduction in prediction error. To investigate the relevancy of this model to melody processing, the current study examined early magnetoencephalogram (MEG) auditory responses to familiar and unfamiliar melodies in 25 participants. The familiar melodies followed and primed an octave-scrambled version of the same melody. The retrograde version of theses melodies served as the unfamiliar control condition. Octave-transposed melodies were included to examine the influence of pitch representation (pitch-height/pitch-chroma representation) on brain responses to melody recognition. Results demonstrate a reduction of the M100 auditory response to familiar, as compared with unfamiliar, melodies regardless of their form of presentation (condensed vs. octave-scrambled). This trend appeared to begin after the third tone of the melody. An additional behavioral study with the same melody corpus showed a similar trend-namely, a significant difference between familiarity rating for familiar and unfamiliar melodies, beginning with the third tone of the melody. These results may indicate a top-down inhibition of early auditory responses to melodies that is influenced by pitch representation.

关键词： melody recognition pitch height chroma contour predictive coding

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Motion-compensated adaptive intra-interframe predictive coding algorithm

Motion-compensated adaptive intra-interframe predictive codi...

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International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： T. Koga A. Hirano Y. Iijima K. Iinuma C&C Systems Research Labs NEC Corporation Limited Kawasaki Japan Transmission Division NEC Corporation Limited Kawasaki Japan

This paper proposes a new adaptive prediction algorithm which exclusively selects, on a pel-by-pel basis, either intraframe or motion-compensated interframe prediction. Prediction selection is made referencing previous samples, thus transmission of the selection information is not needed. Compared with motion-compensated interframe coding, it has been shown that coding performance is improved to a great extent, by about 40% for pictures with very fast motion, which is beyond motion compensation capability, and by 50% for scene change where motion compensation is, in principle, of no use.

关键词： predictive coding Prediction algorithms Motion compensation Layout National electric code Degradation Costs Signal design Algorithm design and analysis Signal generators

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Greater tau pathology is associated with altered predictive coding

BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS

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BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第5期4卷 fcac209页

作者： Gjini, Klevest Casey, Cameron Tanabe, Sean Bo, Amber Parker, Margaret White, Marissa Kunkel, David Lennertz, Richard Pearce, Robert A. Betthauser, Tobey Christian, Bradley T. Johnson, Sterling C. Bendlin, Barbara B. Sanders, Robert D. Univ Wisconsin Dept Neurol Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Anesthesiol Madison WI USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Med Madison WI USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Med Phys 1530 Med Sci Ctr Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Sydney Specialty Anaesthet Camperdown NSW Australia Royal Prince Alfred Hosp Dept Anaesthet Bldg 89 Level 4 Lambie Dew Dr Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia Inst Acad Surg Cent Clin Sch Camperdown NSW Australia Inst Acad Surg NHMRC Clin Trials Ctr Camperdown NSW Australia

Dynamic causal modelling showed that tau pathology was associated with increased feedforward connectivity and decreased feedback connectivity, with increased excitability of superior temporal gyrus but not inferior frontal regions. These data are consistent with preclinical data concerning the changes in neuronal dynamics with dementia pathology. Altered predictive coding may underlie the reduced auditory mismatch negativity amplitude observed in patients with dementia. We hypothesized that accumulating dementia-associated pathologies, including amyloid and tau, lead to disturbed predictions of our sensory environment. This would manifest as increased reliance on 'observed' sensory information with an associated increase in feedforward, and decrease in feedback, signalling. To test this hypothesis, we studied a cross-sectional cohort of participants who underwent PET imaging and high-density EEG during an oddball paradigm, and used dynamic casual modelling and Bayesian statistics to make inferences about the neuronal architectures (generators) and mechanisms (effective connectivity) underlying the observed auditory-evoked responses. Amyloid-beta imaging with [C-11] Pittsburgh Compound-B PET was qualitatively rated using established criteria. Tau-positive PET scans, with [F-18]MK-6240, were defined by an MK-6240 standardized uptake value ratio positivity threshold at 2 standard deviations above the mean of the Amyloid(-) group in the entorhinal cortex (entorhinal MK-6240 standardized uptake value ratio > 1.27). The cross-sectional cohort included a total of 56 participants [9 and 13 participants in the Tau(+) and Amyloid(+) subgroups, respectively: age interquartile range of (73.50-75.34) and (70.5-75.34) years, 56 and 69% females, respectively;46 and 43 participants in the Tau(-) and Amyloid(-) subgroups, respectively: age interquartile range of (62.72-72.5) and (62.64-72.48) years, 67 and 65% females, respectively]. Mismatch negativity amplitudes were significantly

关键词： predictive coding tau mismatch negativity auditory event-related potentials dynamic casual modelling

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predictive IMAGE-coding WITH PSEUDO-LAPLACIAN EDGE DETECTOR

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 1987年第7期5卷 1190-1206页

作者： LEE, C NADLER, M Department of Electrical Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

Several edge-adaptive dual-mode predictive coding systems are proposed for coding monochrome video signals. These algorithms use the pseudo-Laplacian edge detector to switch between the textural coding and the edge coding. The one-dimensional Song DM coder and the two-dimensional weighted average prediction DM coder were used for the textural coding. The edge coding was done with either a normal two-dimensional Song DM coder, Graham's DPCM schemes, or a DPCM coder developed by the authors. Nine different combinations of textural and edge coding techniques were developed and simulated. The bit rates of the various schemes were compared, and the range varied between 2.28-3.46 bits/pixel without further compression of the edge information bits or the correction bits. Subjective tests were carried out on images reconstructed according to these schemes. The results show that most of the pictures obtained with the techniques in this paper are superior to the pictures coded by the Song mode normal two-dimensional DM coder alone.

关键词： Image edge detection Image coding Delta modulation Switches Detectors Bit rate predictive coding Pulse modulation Codecs Testing

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"Seeing Rain": Integrating phenomenological and Bayesian predictive coding approaches to visual hallucinations and self-disturbances (Ichstorungen) in schizophrenia

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CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION 2019年 73卷 102757-102757页

作者： Kaminski, J. A. Sterzer, P. Mishara, A. L. Charite Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy Campus Charite Mitte D-10117 Berlin Germany BIH D-10117 Berlin Germany Chicago Sch Profess Psychol Los Angeles Campus Los Angeles CA 90017 USA

We present a schizophrenia patient who reports "seeing rain" with attendant somatosensory features which separate him from his surroundings. Because visual/multimodal hallucinations are understudied in schizophrenia, we examine a case history to determine the role of these hallucinations in self-disturbances (Ichstorungen). Developed by the early Heidelberg School, self-disturbances comprise two components: 1. The self experiences its own automatic processing as alien to self in a split-off, "doubled-I." 2. In "I-paralysis," the disruption to automatic processing is now outside the self in omnipotent agents. Self-disturbances (as indicated by visual/multimodal hallucinations) involve impairment in the ability to predict moment-to-moment experiences in the ongoing perception-action cycle. The phenomenological approach to subjective experience of self-disturbances complements efforts to model psychosis using the computational framework of hierarchical predictive coding. We conclude that self-disturbances play an adaptive, compensatory role following the uncoupling of perception and action, and possibly, other low-level perceptual anomalies.

关键词： Self-disturbances (Ichstorungen) Self-disorders Visual and multimodal hallucinations First rank symptoms Husserl Mayer-Gross Phenomenology Perception-action cycle predictive coding Controlled vs. automatic processing

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Structural coding versus free-energy predictive coding

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PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 2016年第3期23卷 663-677页

作者： van der Helm, Peter A. Univ Leuven KU Leuven Expt Psychol Lab Tiensestr 102 B-3000 Leuven Belgium

Focusing on visual perceptual organization, this article contrasts the free-energy (FE) version of predictive coding (a recent Bayesian approach) to structural coding (a long-standing representational approach). Both use free-energy minimization as metaphor for processing in the brain, but their formal elaborations of this metaphor are fundamentally different. FE predictive coding formalizes it by minimization of prediction errors, whereas structural coding formalizes it by minimization of the descriptive complexity of predictions. Here, both sides are evaluated. A conclusion regarding competence is that FE predictive coding uses a powerful modeling technique, but that structural coding has more explanatory power. A conclusion regarding performance is that FE predictive coding-though more detailed in its account of neurophysiological data-provides a less compelling cognitive architecture than that of structural coding, which, for instance, supplies formal support for the computationally powerful role it attributes to neuronal synchronization.

关键词： Cognitive architecture Free-energy minimization Neuronal synchronization Perceptual organization predictive coding Structural coding

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fMRI reveals language-specific predictive coding during naturalistic sentence comprehension

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Neuropsychologia 2020年第0期138卷 107307-000页

作者： Shain, Cory Blank, Idan Asher van Schijndel, Marten Schuler, William Fedorenko, Evelina The Ohio State University 43210 United States University of California Los Angeles 90024 United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology 02139 United States Cornell University 14853 United States Massachusetts General Hospital Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology 02115 United States

Much research in cognitive neuroscience supports prediction as a canonical computation of cognition across domains. Is such predictive coding implemented by feedback from higher-order domain-general circuits, or is it locally implemented in domain-specific circuits? What information sources are used to generate these predictions? This study addresses these two questions in the context of language processing. We present fMRI evidence from a naturalistic comprehension paradigm (1) that predictive coding in the brain's response to language is domain-specific, and (2) that these predictions are sensitive both to local word co-occurrence patterns and to hierarchical structure. Using a recently developed continuous-time deconvolutional regression technique that supports data-driven hemodynamic response function discovery from continuous BOLD signal fluctuations in response to naturalistic stimuli, we found effects of prediction measures in the language network but not in the domain-general multiple-demand network, which supports executive control processes and has been previously implicated in language comprehension. Moreover, within the language network, surface-level and structural prediction effects were separable. The predictability effects in the language network were substantial, with the model capturing over 37% of explainable variance on held-out data. These findings indicate that human sentence processing mechanisms generate predictions about upcoming words using cognitive processes that are sensitive to hierarchical structure and specialized for language processing, rather than via feedback from high-level executive control mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： fMRI Language Multiple demand network Naturalistic predictive coding Sentence processing Surprisal Syntactic structure

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predictive coding On-Sensor Compression

Predictive Coding On-Sensor Compression

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2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2008), vol.5

作者： Walter D. Leon-Salas Sina Balkir Nathan Schemm Michael W. Hoffman Khalid Sayood Computer Science Electrical Engineering University of Missouri Kansas City USA Department of Electrical Engineering University of Nebraska Lincolnshire USA

This paper presents the design and measurements of a predictive coding on-sensor compression CMOS imager. predictive coding is employed to decorrelate the image. The prediction operations are performed in the analog domain to avoid quantization noise and to decrease the area complexity of the circuit. The decorrelated image is encoded with a bank of column-parallel entropy encoders. Each encoder is combined with a single-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to reduce area complexity and power consumption. The area savings resulting from such combination allow to integrate an ADC and an entropy encoder at the column level. A prototype chip was fabricated in a 0.35 (mu)m CMOS process. The output of the chip is a compressed bit stream. The test chip occupies a silicon area of 2.60 mm X 5.96 mm which includes an 80 X 44 APS array. Tests of the fabricated chip demonstrate the validity of the design.

关键词： predictive coding Image coding Decorrelation Entropy Testing Quantization Circuit noise Analog-digital conversion Energy consumption Prototypes

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Sense of ownership influence on tactile perception: Is the predictive coding account valid for the somatic rubber hand Illusion?

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CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION 2024年 123卷 103710页

作者： Magnani, Francesca G. Cacciatore, Martina Barbadoro, Filippo Ippoliti, Camilla Leonardi, Matilde Fdn IRCCS Ist Neurol Carlo Besta SC Neurol Salute Pubbl Disabil Milan Italy

According to the predictive coding account, the attenuation of tactile perception on the hand exposed to the visuo-tactile Rubber Hand Illusion (vtRHI) relies on a weight increase of visual information deriving from the fake hand and a weight decrease of tactile information deriving from the individual's hand. To explore if this diametrical modulation persists in the absence of vision when adopting the somatic RHI (sRHI), we recorded tactile acuity measures before and after both RHI paradigms in 31 healthy individuals, hypothesizing a weight decrease for somatosensory information deriving from the hand undergoing the illusion and a weight increase for those deriving from the contralateral hand in the sRHI. Our results showed a significant overall decrease in tactile acuity on the hand undergoing the illusion whilst no changes emerged on the contralateral hand during sRHI. Since the sRHI was not accompanied by the hand spatial remapping, despite the generation of the feeling of ownership toward the fake hand, we hypothesized spatial remapping might play a pivotal role in determining sensory information weight attribution.

关键词： predictive coding Body representation Multisensory integration Tactile acuity RHI

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