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Bayesian brain: Can we model emotion?

ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE 2021年第1期47卷 58-63页

作者： Bottemanne, H. Hop La Pitie Salpetriere AP HP Dept Psychiat Paris France Sorbonne Univ Paris Brain Inst Control Interocept Attent Team Paris France

Computational modeling builds mathematical models of cognitive phenomena to simulate patterns of perception, decision-making, and belief updating. These models mathematically represent the information processing by combining an anterior probability distribution, a likelihood function and a set of parameters and hyperparameters. Their use popularized the conception of a nervous system functioning as a predictive machine, or "bayesian brain". Applied to psychiatry, these models seek to explain how psychiatric dysfunction may emerge mechanistically. Despite the significance of emotions for cognitive phenomena and for psychiatric disorders, few computational models offer mathematical representations of emotion or incorporate emotional factors into their modeling parameters. We present here some computational hypotheses for the modeling of affective parameters, and we suggest that computational psychiatry would benefit from these modeling parameters. (C) 2020

关键词： Bayesian brain Emotion Belief predictive coding Active inference Perception Decision-making Computational neurosciences Belief updating

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Short-term postsynaptic plasticity facilitates predictive tracking in continuous attractors

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FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023年 17卷 1231924页

作者： Zhao, Huilin Yang, Sungchil Fung, Chi Chung Alan City Univ Hong Kong Dept Neurosci Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China

IntroductionThe N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays a critical role in synaptic transmission and is associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recently, a novel form of postsynaptic plasticity known as NMDAR-based short-term postsynaptic plasticity (STPP) has been identified. It has been suggested that long-lasting glutamate binding to NMDAR allows for the retention of input information in brain slices up to 500 ms, leading to response facilitation. However, the impact of STPP on the dynamics of neuronal populations remains *** this study, we incorporated STPP into a continuous attractor neural network (CANN) model to investigate its effects on neural information encoding in populations of neurons. Unlike short-term facilitation, a form of presynaptic plasticity, the temporally enhanced synaptic efficacy resulting from STPP destabilizes the network state of the CANN by increasing its *** findings demonstrate that the inclusion of STPP in the CANN model enables the network state to predictively respond to a moving stimulus. This nontrivial dynamical effect facilitates the tracking of the anticipated stimulus, as the enhanced synaptic efficacy induced by STPP enhances the system's *** discovered STPP-based mechanism for sensory prediction provides valuable insights into the potential development of brain-inspired computational algorithms for prediction. By elucidating the role of STPP in neural population dynamics, this study expands our understanding of the functional implications of NMDAR-related plasticity in information processing within the *** incorporation of STPP into a CANN model highlights its influence on the mobility and predictive capabilities of neural networks. These findings contribute to our knowledge of STPP-based mechanisms and their potential applications in developing computational algorithms for sensory prediction.

关键词： computational models synaptic plasticity attractor models predictive coding NMDA receptors

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Auditory prediction errors in sound frequency and duration generated different cortical activation patterns in the human brain: an ECoG study

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2024年第3期34卷 bhae072-bhae072页

作者： Takasago, Megumi Kunii, Naoto Fujitani, Shigeta Ishishita, Yohei Tada, Mariko Kirihara, Kenji Komatsu, Misako Uka, Takanori Shimada, Seijiro Nagata, Keisuke Kasai, Kiyoto Saito, Nobuhito Univ Tokyo Dept Neurosurg Tokyo 1130033 Japan Jichi Med Univ Dept Neurosurg 3311-1 Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 3290498 Japan Univ Tokyo Dept Neuropsychiat Tokyo 1130033 Japan Univ Tokyo Off Mental Hlth Support Tokyo 1130033 Japan Univ Tokyo Disabil Serv Off Tokyo 1130033 Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Inst Innovat Res Tokyo 2268503 Japan RIKEN Lab Mol Anal Higher Brain Funct Ctr Brain Sci Saitama 3510198 Japan Univ Yamanashi Dept Integrat Physiol Yamanashi 4093898 Japan Univ Tokyo Inst Adv Study UTIAS Int Res Ctr Neurointelligence WPI IRCN Tokyo 1130033 Japan

Sound frequency and duration are essential auditory components. The brain perceives deviations from the preceding sound context as prediction errors, allowing efficient reactions to the environment. Additionally, prediction error response to duration change is reduced in the initial stages of psychotic disorders. To compare the spatiotemporal profiles of responses to prediction errors, we conducted a human electrocorticography study with special attention to high gamma power in 13 participants who completed both frequency and duration oddball tasks. Remarkable activation in the bilateral superior temporal gyri in both the frequency and duration oddball tasks were observed, suggesting their association with prediction errors. However, the response to deviant stimuli in duration oddball task exhibited a second peak, which resulted in a bimodal response. Furthermore, deviant stimuli in frequency oddball task elicited a significant response in the inferior frontal gyrus that was not observed in duration oddball task. These spatiotemporal differences within the Parasylvian cortical network could account for our efficient reactions to changes in sound properties. The findings of this study may contribute to unveiling auditory processing and elucidating the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.

关键词： ECoG human auditory cortex oddball prediction error predictive coding

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Excitatory cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation boosts the leverage of prior knowledge for predicting actions

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SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2024年第1期19卷 nsae019页

作者： Oldrati, Viola Butti, Niccolo Ferrari, Elisabetta Cattaneo, Zaira Urgesi, Cosimo Finisguerra, Alessandra IRCCS E Medea Sci Inst I-23842 Bosisio Parini LC Italy Univ Trieste Dept Life Sci PhD Program Neural & Cognit Sci I-34127 Trieste Italy Univ Bergamo Dept Human & Social Sci I-24129 Bergamo Italy Univ Udine Dept Languages & Literatures Commun Educ & Soc Lab Cognit Neurosci I-33100 Udine Italy IRCCS E Medea Sci Inst I-33037 Pasian Di Prato UD Italy

The cerebellum causally supports social processing by generating internal models of social events based on statistical learning of behavioral regularities. However, whether the cerebellum is only involved in forming or also in using internal models for the prediction of forthcoming actions is still unclear. We used cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) to modulate the performance of healthy adults in using previously learned expectations in an action prediction task. In a first learning phase of this task, participants were exposed to different levels of associations between specific actions and contextual elements, to induce the formation of either strongly or moderately informative expectations. In a following testing phase, which assessed the use of these expectations for predicting ambiguous (i.e. temporally occluded) actions, we delivered ctDCS. Results showed that anodic, compared to sham, ctDCS boosted the prediction of actions embedded in moderately, but not strongly, informative contexts. Since ctDCS was delivered during the testing phase, that is after expectations were established, our findings suggest that the cerebellum is causally involved in using internal models (and not just in generating them). This encourages the exploration of the clinical effects of ctDCS to compensate poor use of predictive internal models for social perception.

关键词： cerebellum tDCS predictive coding social cognition action prediction

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Synthetic surprise as the foundation of the psychedelic experience

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2024年 157卷 105538页

作者： De Filippo, Roberto Schmitz, Dietmar Charite Univ Med Berlin D-10117 Berlin Germany Free Univ Berlin D-10117 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ D-10117 Berlin Germany Berlin Inst Hlth Neurosci Res Ctr D-10117 Berlin Germany German Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis DZNE Berlin D-10117 Berlin Germany Berlin Inst Hlth Einstein Ctr Neurosci D-10117 Berlin Germany Berlin Inst Hlth NeuroCure Cluster Excellence D-10117 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Philippstr 13 D-10115 Berlin Germany

Psychedelic agents, such as LSD and psilocybin, induce marked alterations in consciousness via activation of the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2ARs). We hypothesize that psychedelics enforce a state of synthetic surprise through the biased activation of the 5-HTRs system. This idea is informed by recent insights into the role of 5-HT in signaling surprise. The effects on consciousness, explained by the cognitive penetrability of perception, can be described within the predictive coding framework where surprise corresponds to prediction error, the mismatch between predictions and actual sensory input. Crucially, the precision afforded to the prediction error determines its effect on priors, enabling a dynamic interaction between top-down expectations and incoming sensory data. By integrating recent findings on predictive coding circuitry and 5-HT2ARs transcriptomic data, we propose a biological implementation with emphasis on the role of inhibitory interneurons. Implications arise for the clinical use of psychedelics, which may rely primarily on their inherent capacity to induce surprise in order to disrupt maladaptive patterns.

关键词： Serotonin 5-HT 5-HT transcriptomics Psychedelics predictive coding Cognitive penetrability Affective realism

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Tracking the habituation of the event-related EEG potential in automatic change detection using an auditory two-tone oddball paradigm

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2024年第4期34卷 bhae157-bhae157页

作者： Wagner-Altendorf, Tobias A. Rein, Marlitt Skeries, Valentina M. Cirkel, Anna Muente, Thomas F. Heldmann, Marcus Univ Lubeck Dept Neurol Ratzeburger Allee 160 DE-23538 Lubeck Germany Univ Lubeck Ctr Brain Behav & Metab Ratzeburger Allee 160 D-23538 Lubeck Germany Univ Lubeck Klin Neurol CBBM Ratzeburger Allee 160 D-23538 Lubeck Germany

The mismatch negativity and the P3a of the event-related EEG potential reflect the electrocortical response to a deviant stimulus in a series of stimuli. Although both components have been investigated in various paradigms, these paradigms usually incorporate many repetitions of the same deviant, thus leaving open whether both components vary as a function of the deviant's position in a series of deviant stimuli-i.e. whether they are subject to qualitative/quantitative habituation from one instantiation of a deviant to the next. This is so because the detection of mismatch negativity/P3a in the event-related EEG potential requires an averaging over dozens or hundreds of stimuli, i.e. over many instantiations of the deviant per participant. The present study addresses this research gap. We used a two-tone oddball paradigm implementing only a small number of (deviant) stimuli per participant, but applying it to a large number of participants (n > 230). Our data show that the mismatch negativity amplitude exhibits no decrease as a function of the deviant's position in a series of (standard and) deviant stimuli. Importantly, only after the very first deviant stimulus, a distinct P3a could be detected, indicative of an orienting reaction and an attention shift, and thus documenting a dissociation of mismatch negativity and P3a.

关键词： mismatch negativity (MMN) P3a auditory EEG ERP habituation adaptation predictive coding

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Physiological properties of auditory neurons responding to omission deviants in the anesthetized rat

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HEARING RESEARCH 2024年 452卷 109107页

作者： Lao-Rodriguez, Ana B. Perez-Gonzalez, David Malmierca, Manuel S. Univ Salamanca Inst Neurosci Castilla & Leon Cognit & Auditory Neurosci Lab CANELAB Salamanca Spain Univ Salamanca Dept Basic Psychol Psychobiol & Methodol Behav Sci Salamanca Spain Univ Salamanca Dept Cell Biol & Pathol Salamanca Spain Inst Biomed Res Salamanca IBSAL Salamanca Spain

The detection of novel, low probability events in the environment is critical for survival. To perform this vital task, our brain is continuously building and updating a model of the outside world;an extensively studied phenomenon commonly referred to as predictive coding. predictive coding posits that the brain is continuously extracting regularities from the environment to generate predictions. These predictions are then used to supress neuronal responses to redundant information, filtering those inputs, which then automatically enhances the remaining, unexpected inputs. We have recently described the ability of auditory neurons to generate predictions about expected sensory inputs by detecting their absence in an oddball paradigm using omitted tones as deviants. Here, we studied the responses of individual neurons to omitted tones by presenting individual sequences of repetitive pure tones, using both random and periodic omissions, presented at both fast and slow rates in the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex neurons of anesthetized rats. Our goal was to determine whether feature-specific dependence of these predictions exists. Results showed that omitted tones could be detected at both high (8 Hz) and slow repetition rates (2 Hz), with detection being more robust at the non-lemniscal auditory pathway.

关键词： predictive coding Omission responses Auditory cortex Inferior colliculus Random/periodic Anaesthesia

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Self-initiation Inhibits the Postural and Electrophysiological Responses to Optic Flow and Button Pressing

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NEUROSCIENCE 2021年第0期470卷 37-51页

作者： Obereisenbuchner, Florian Dowsett, James Taylor, Paul C. J. Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Univ Hosp MMRS Munich Med Res Sch Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Fac Med Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Univ Hosp Dept Neurol Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Univ Hosp German Ctr Vertigo & Balance Disorders Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Dept Psychol Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Fac Philosophy & Philosophy Sci Munich Germany Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Munich Ctr Neurosci Brain & Mind Munich Germany

As we move through our environment, our visual system is presented with optic flow, a potentially important cue for perception, navigation and postural control. How does the brain anticipate the optic flow that arises as a consequence of our own movement? Converging evidence suggests that stimuli are processed differently by the brain if occurring as a consequence of self-initiated actions, compared to when externally generated. However, this has mainly been demonstrated with auditory stimuli. It is not clear how this occurs with optic flow. We measured behavioural, neurophysiological and head motion responses of 29 healthy participants to radially expanding, vection-inducing optic flow stimuli, simulating forward transitional motion, which were either initiated by the participant's own button-press ("self-initiated flow") or by the computer ("passive flow"). Self-initiation led to a prominent and left-lateralized inhibition of the flow-evoked posterior event-related alpha desynchronization (ERD), and a stabilisation of postural responses. Neither effect was present in control button-press-only trials, without optic flow. Additionally, self-initiation also produced a large event-related potential (ERP) negativity between 130-170 ms after optic flow onset. Furthermore, participants' visual induced motion sickness (VIMS) and vection intensity ratings correlated positively across the group - although many participants felt vection in the absence of any VIMS, none reported the opposite combination. Finally, we found that the simple act of making a button press leads to a detectable head movement even when using a chin rest. Taken together, our results indicate that the visual system is capable of predicting optic flow when self-initiated, to affect behaviour. (c) 2021 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： vection ERP ERD postural sway motion sickness predictive coding

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Dynamic mutual predictions during social learning: A computational and interbrain model

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2024年 157卷 105513页

作者： Mayo, Oded Shamay-Tsoory, Simone Univ Haifa Dept Psychol Hefa Israel Univ Haifa Dept Psychol Mt Carmel IL-3498838 Hefa Israel

During social interactions, we constantly learn about the thoughts, feelings, and personality traits of our interaction partners. Learning in social interactions is critical for bond formation and acquiring knowledge. Importantly, this type of learning is typically bi-directional, as both partners learn about each other simultaneously. Here we review the literature on social learning and propose a new computational and neural model characterizing mutual predictions that take place within and between interactions. According to our model, each partner in the interaction attempts to minimize the prediction error of the self and the interaction partner. In most cases, these inferential models become similar over time, thus enabling mutual understanding to develop. At the neural level, this type of social learning may be supported by interbrain plasticity, defined as a change in interbrain coupling over time in neural networks associated with social learning, among them the mentalizing network, the observation-execution system, and the hippocampus. The mutual prediction model constitutes a promising means of providing empirically verifiable accounts of how relationships develop over time.

关键词： Social learning Interbrain synchrony Interbrain plasticity Empathy predictive coding Mutual predictions

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Perceptual Gains and Losses in Synesthesia and Schizophrenia

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SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 2021年第3期47卷 722-730页

作者： van Leeuwen, Tessa M. Sauer, Andreas Jurjut, Anna-Maria Wibral, Michael Uhlhaas, Peter J. Singer, Wolf Melloni, Lucia Max Planck Inst Brain Res Dept Neurophysiol Frankfurt Germany Max Planck Gesell Ernst Strungmann Inst ESI Neurosci Frankfurt Germany Radboud Univ Nijmegen Donders Inst Brain Cognit & Behav Nijmegen Netherlands Goethe Univ Frankfurt Brain Imaging Ctr Magnetoencephal Unit Frankfurt Germany Univ Glasgow Inst Neurosci & Psychol Glasgow Lanark Scotland Charite Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat Berlin Germany Goethe Univ Frankfurt Frankfurt Inst Adv Studies Frankfurt Germany NYU Dept Neurol Sch Med New York NY 10016 USA Max Planck Inst Empir Aesthet Dept Neurosci Gruneburgweg 14 D-60322 Frankfurt Germany

Individual differences in perception are widespread. Considering inter-individual variability, synesthetes experience stable additional sensations;schizophrenia patients suffer perceptual deficits in, eg, perceptual organization (alongside hallucinations and delusions). Is there a unifying principle explaining inter-individual variability in perception? There is good reason to believe perceptual experience results from inferential processes whereby sensory evidence is weighted by prior knowledge about the world. Perceptual variability may result from different precision weighting of sensory evidence and prior knowledge. We tested this hypothesis by comparing visibility thresholds in a perceptual hysteresis task across medicated schizophrenia patients (N = 20), synesthetes (N = 20), and controls (N = 26). Participants rated the subjective visibility of stimuli embedded in noise while we parametrically manipulated the availability of sensory evidence. Additionally, precise long-term priors in synesthetes were leveraged by presenting either synesthesia-inducing or neutral stimuli. Schizophrenia patients showed increased visibility thresholds, consistent with overreliance on sensory evidence. In contrast, synesthetes exhibited lowered thresholds exclusively for synesthesia-inducing stimuli suggesting high-precision long-term priors. Additionally, in both synesthetes and schizophrenia patients explicit, short-term priors-introduced during the hysteresis experiment-lowered thresholds but did not normalize perception. Our results imply that perceptual variability might result from differences in the precision afforded to prior beliefs and sensory evidence, respectively.

关键词： perceptual closure predictive coding precision weighting inter-individual variability synaesthesia schizophrenia

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