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Learning to Perceive the World as Probabilistic or Deterministic via Interaction With Others: A Neuro-Robotics Experiment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2017年第4期28卷 830-848页

作者： Murata, Shingo Yamashita, Yuichi Arie, Hiroaki Ogata, Tetsuya Sugano, Shigeki Tani, Jun Waseda Univ Dept Modern Mech Engn Tokyo 1698555 Japan Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat Dept Funct Brain Res Tokyo 1878502 Japan RIKEN Brain Sci Inst Cognit & Behav Joint Res Lab Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan Waseda Univ Dept Intermedia Art & Sci Tokyo 1698050 Japan Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Taejon 305701 South Korea

We suggest that different behavior generation schemes, such as sensory reflex behavior and intentional proactive behavior, can be developed by a newly proposed dynamic neural network model, named stochastic multiple timescale recurrent neural network (S-MTRNN). The model learns to predict subsequent sensory inputs, generating both their means and their uncertainty levels in terms of variance (or inverse precision) by utilizing its multiple timescale property. This model was employed in robotics learning experiments in which one robot controlled by the S-MTRNN was required to interact with another robot under the condition of uncertainty about the other's behavior. The experimental results show that self-organized and sensory reflex behavior-based on probabilistic prediction-emerges when learning proceeds without a precise specification of initial conditions. In contrast, intentional proactive behavior with deterministic predictions emerges when precise initial conditions are available. The results also showed that, in situations where unanticipated behavior of the other robot was perceived, the behavioral context was revised adequately by adaptation of the internal neural dynamics to respond to sensory inputs during sensory reflex behavior generation. On the other hand, during intentional proactive behavior generation, an error regression scheme by which the internal neural activity was modified in the direction of minimizing prediction errors was needed for adequately revising the behavioral context. These results indicate that two different ways of treating uncertainty about perceptual events in learning, namely, probabilistic modeling and deterministic modeling, contribute to the development of different dynamic neuronal structures governing the two types of behavior generation schemes.

关键词： Generative model neuro-robotics precision prediction error predictive coding recurrent neural network (RNN)

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What Are We Missing Here? Brain Imaging Evidence for Higher Cognitive Functions in Primary Visual Cortex V1

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 2010年第2期20卷 131-139页

作者： Muckli, Lars Univ Glasgow Dept Psychol CCNi Glasgow G12 8QB Lanark Scotland

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuron electrophysiology (neurophysiology) are two well-established ways to measure brain activity. Even though the spatial and temporal resolution of these techniques is very different, both measurements show a high level of consistency, i.e., for mapping feature preferences of cortical areas. There are, however, other striking differences between fMRI and neurophysiology, for example, fMRI has good accessibility to higher cognitive functions, a bias to measure synaptic activity, and a good sensitivity to detect feedback-related activity, all of which can shed a new light on the function of well-known brain areas like primary visual cortex, V1. Classically, it is believed that V1 cells are exhaustively characterized by their complex receptive field properties. Contrary to this view, however, fMRI shows that response properties in area V1 are spatially unstable, influenced by contextual information, and depend on internal states. This review will highlight some of the most striking new fMRI findings that show Vi is involved in higher cognitive functions. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 131-139, 2010;Published online in Wiley InterScience (***). DOI 10.1002/ima.20236

关键词： fMRI neurovascular coupling visual attention visual illusion visual cognition V1 predictive coding

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Dynamic causal modeling of touch-evoked potentials in the rubber hand illusion

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NEUROIMAGE 2016年 138卷 266-273页

作者： Zeller, Daniel Friston, Karl J. Classen, Joseph Univ Wurzburg Dept Neurol Josef Schneider Str 11 D-97080 Wurzburg Germany UCL Inst Neurol Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London WC1N 3BG England Univ Leipzig Dept Neurol D-04103 Leipzig Germany

The neural substrate of bodily ownership can be disclosed by the rubber hand illusion (RHI);namely, the illusory self-attribution of an artificial hand that is induced by synchronous tactile stimulation of the subject's hand that is hidden from view. Previous studies have pointed to the premotor cortex (PMC) as a pivotal area in such illusions. To investigate the effective connectivity between - and within - sensory and premotor areas involved in bodily perceptions, we used dynamic causal modeling of touch-evoked responses in 13 healthy subjects. Each subject's right hand was stroked while viewing their own hand ("REAL"), or an artificial hand presented in an anatomically plausible ("CONGRUENT") or implausible ("INCONGRUENT") position. Bayesian model comparison revealed strong evidence for a differential involvement of the PMC in the generation of touch-evoked responses under the three conditions, confirming a crucial role of PMC in bodily self-attribution. In brief, the extrinsic (forward) connection from left occipital cortex to left PMC was stronger for CONGRUENT and INCONGRUENT as compared to REAL, reflecting the augmentation of bottom-up visual input when multisensory integration is challenged. Crucially, intrinsic connectivity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was attenuated in the CONGRUENT condition, during the illusory percept. These findings support predictive coding models of the functional architecture of multisensory integration (and attenuation) in bodily perceptual experience. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bodily ownership Multisensory integration predictive coding Premotor cortex

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Pupil dilation during orienting of attention and conscious detection of visual targets in patients with left spatial neglect

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CORTEX 2021年 134卷 265-277页

作者： Lasaponara, Stefano Fortunato, Gianfranco Conversi, David Pellegrino, Michele Pinto, Mario Collins, Donald Louis Tomaiuolo, Francesco Doricchi, Fabrizio Sapienza Univ Roma Dipartimento Psicol 39 Via Marsi 78 I-00185 Rome Italy Fdn Santa Lucia IRCCS Lab Neuropsicol Attenz Rome Italy Libera Univ Maria Santissima Assunta LUMSA Dipartimento Sci Umane Rome Italy SISSA Area Neurosci Trieste Italy McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst Dept Neurol & Neurosurg Montreal PQ Canada Univ Messina Messina Italy

Right Brain-Damaged patients (RBD) with left spatial neglect (N+), are characterised by deficits in orienting and re-orienting attention to stimuli in the contralesional left side of space. In a recent ERPs study with visual stimuli (Lasaponara et al., 2018) we have pointed out that the pathological attentional bias of N+ is matched with exaggerated novelty reaction and contextual updating of targets in the right ipsilesional space and reduced novelty reaction and contextual updating of targets in the left contralesional space. To characterise further the attentional performance of N+, here we measured Pupil Dilation (PDil), which is a reliable marker of noradrenergic-locus coeruleus activity and response to unexpected events/rewards. Compared to Neutral and Valid targets, N+ patients displayed a pathological reduction of PDil in response to infrequent Invalid targets in the left side of space, while in Healthy Controls (HC) and RBD without neglect (N-) the same targets enhanced PDil with respect to Neutral and frequent Valid targets. Invalid targets in the right side of space enhanced PDil in all experimental groups. Interestingly, both N- and N+ showed a consistent number of target omissions both in the left and right side of space. With respect to seen targets, N- showed reduced PDil in response to unseen targets both in the left and right side of space. In contrast, N+ had reduced PDil in response to unseen targets in the left side of space though not in the right side, where seen and unseen targets evoked comparable levels of PDil. These results disclose, for the first time, the PDil correlates of spatial attention in left spatial neglect and suggest that the pathological attentional bias suffered by N+ might enhance the autonomic responses reflected in PDil to unseen ipsilesional stimuli. This enhancement can contribute to biasing contextual updating and predictive coding of stimuli in the ipsilesional space, thus worsening the pathological attentional bias of

关键词： Pupil dilation Spatial neglect Attention predictive coding P300

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A brain basis for musical hallucinations

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CORTEX 2014年第1期52卷 86-97页

作者： Kumar, Sukhbinder Sedley, William Barnes, Gareth R. Teki, Sundeep Friston, Karl J. Griffiths, Timothy D. Newcastle Univ Sch Med Inst Neurosci Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH Tyne & Wear England Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London England

The physiological basis for musical hallucinations (MH) is not understood. One obstacle to understanding has been the lack of a method to manipulate the intensity of hallucination during the course of experiment. Residual inhibition, transient suppression of a phantom percept after the offset of a masking stimulus, has been used in the study of tinnitus. We report here a human subject whose MH were residually inhibited by short periods of music. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) allowed us to examine variation in the underlying oscillatory brain activity in different states. Source-space analysis capable of single-subject inference defined left-lateralised power increases, associated with stronger hallucinations, in the gamma band in left anterior superior temporal gyrus, and in the beta band in motor cortex and posteromedial cortex. The data indicate that these areas form a crucial network in the generation of MH, and are consistent with a model in which MH are generated by persistent reciprocal communication in a predictive coding hierarchy. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Musical hallucinations Magnetoencephalography Auditory cortex Gamma oscillations Beta oscillations predictive coding

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Forward and backward connections in the brain: A DCM study of functional asymmetries

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NEUROIMAGE 2009年第2期45卷 453-462页

作者： Chen, C. C. Henson, R. N. Stephan, K. E. Kilner, J. M. Friston, K. J. UCL Inst Neurol Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London WC1N 3BG England MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit Cambridge England Univ Zurich Lab Social & Neural Syst Res Inst Empir Res Econ CH-8006 Zurich Switzerland

In this paper, we provide evidence for functional asymmetries in forward and backward connections that de. ne hierarchical architectures in the brain. We exploit the fact that modulatory or nonlinear influences of one neuronal system on another (i.e., effective connectivity) entail coupling between different frequencies. Functional asymmetry in forward and backward connections was addressed by comparing dynamic causal models of MEG responses induced by visual processing of normal and scrambled faces. We compared models with and without nonlinear (between-frequency) coupling in both forward and backward connections. Bayesian model comparison indicated that the best model had nonlinear forward and backward connections. Using the best model we then quantified frequency-specific causal influences mediating observed spectral responses. We found a striking asymmetry between forward and backward connections;in which high (gamma) frequencies in higher cortical areas suppressed low (alpha) frequencies in lower areas. This suppression was significantly greater than the homologous coupling in the forward connections. Furthermore, exactly the asymmetry was observed when we examined face-selective coupling (i.e., coupling under faces minus scrambled faces). These results highlight the importance of nonlinear coupling among brain regions and point to a functional asymmetry between forward and backward connections in the human brain that is consistent with anatomical and physiological evidence from animal studies. This asymmetry is also consistent with functional architectures implied by theories of perceptual inference in the brain, based on hierarchical generative models. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nonlinear coupling Neuronal dynamics Induced responses Dynamic causal modelling Spectral responses Backward connection Recurrent connection Reentrant dynamics predictive coding

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predictive visual search: Role of environmental regularities in the learning of context cues

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ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2018年第5期80卷 1096-1109页

作者： Zinchenko, Artyom Conci, Markus Mueller, Hermann J. Geyer, Thomas Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen Lehrstuhl Allgemeine & Expt Psychol Dept Psychol Leopoldstr 13 D-80802 Munich Germany Univ London Dept Psychol Sci Birkbeck Coll London England

Repeatedly searching through invariant spatial arrangements in visual search displays leads to the buildup of memory about these displays (contextual-cueing effect). In the present study, we investigate (1) whether contextual cueing is influenced by global statistical properties of the task and, if so, (2) whether these properties increase the overall strength (asymptotic level) or the temporal development (speed) of learning. Experiment 1a served as baseline against which we tested the effects of increased or decreased proportions of repeated relative to nonrepeated displays (Experiments 1b and 1c, respectively), thus manipulating the global statistical properties of search environments. Importantly, probability variations were achieved by manipulating the number of nonrepeated (baseline) displays so as to equate the total number of repeated displays across experiments. In Experiment 1d, repeated and nonrepeated displays were presented in longer streaks of trials, thus establishing a stable environment of sequences of repeated displays. Our results showed that the buildup of contextual cueing was expedited in the statistically rich Experiments 1b and 1d, relative to the baseline Experiment 1a. Further, contextual cueing was entirely absent when repeated displays occurred in the minority of trials (Experiment 1c). Together, these findings suggest that contextual cueing is modulated by observers' assumptions about the reliability of search environments.

关键词： Environmental statistics Contextual cueing predictive coding Visual search

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Computational Models of Interoception and Body Regulation

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TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES 2021年第1期44卷 63-76页

作者： Petzschner, Frederike H. Garfinkel, Sarah N. Paulus, Martin P. Koch, Christof Khalsa, Sahib S. Univ Zurich Inst Biomed Engn Translat Neuromodeling Unit TNU ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Univ Sussex Brighton & Sussex Med Sch Dept Neurosci Falmer England Sussex Partnership NHS Fdn Trust Brighton E Sussex England Laureate Inst Brain Res Tulsa OK USA Univ Tulsa Oxley Coll Hlth Sci Tulsa OK USA Allen Inst Brain Sci Seattle WA USA

To survive, organisms must effectively respond to the challenge of maintaining their physiological integrity in the face of an ever-changing environment. Preserving this homeostasis critically relies on adaptive behavior. In this review, we consider recent frameworks that extend classical homeostatic control via reflex arcs to include more flexible forms of adaptive behavior that take interoceptive context, experiences, and expectations into account. Specifically, we define a landscape for computational models of interoception, body regulation, and forecasting, address these models' unique challenges in relation to translational research efforts, and discuss what they can teach us about cognition as well as physical and mental health.

关键词： homeostasis allostasis active inference predictive coding reinforcement learning computational psychiatry

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Modality-specific sensory readiness for upcoming events revealed by slow cortical potentials

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BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 2020年第1期225卷 149-159页

作者： Bianco, V. Perri, R. L. Berchicci, M. Quinzi, F. Spinelli, D. Di Russo, F. Univ Rome Foro Italico Dept Movement Human & Hlth Sci Rome Italy IRCCS Fdn Santa Lucia Rome Italy Univ Rome Niccolo Cusano Rome Italy

Human brain activity allows to anticipate future events and to prepare the next action accordingly;consistently, event-related potential (ERP) studies found action preparatory brain activities in the premotor and prefrontal cortex. In the present study, we investigated the preparatory activity in the sensory cortical regions. Slow cortical potentials were recorded during passive tasks, i.e., subjects expected for a sensory stimulus and no motor or cognitive response were required. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that perceptual anticipatory cortical mechanisms were modality specific. Three groups of 21 young adults underwent passive perceptual tasks in different sensory modalities (visual, auditory, or somatosensory). We confirmed the presence of a visual negativity (vN) component for the visual modality starting about 800 ms before stimulus with source in extrastriate areas and we found novel modality-specific sensory readiness components for the auditory and somatosensory modalities. The auditory positivity (aP) started about 800 ms before stimulus with source in bilateral auditory cortices and the somatosensory negativity (sN) started about 500 ms before stimulus with source in the somatosensory secondary cortex, contralateral to the stimulated hand. The scalp topography and intracranial sources of these three slow preparatory activities were mirrored with inverted polarity at early post-stimulus stage evoking the well-known visual P1, auditory N1, and somatosensory P100 components. Present findings contribute to widening the family of slow wave preparatory components, providing evidence about the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing in sensory perception.

关键词： Sensory anticipation predictive coding Perception Prediction Perceptual inference

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Coronavirus: predictive brain and terror management

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ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE 2020年第3期46卷 S107-S113页

作者： Bottemanne, H. Morlaas, O. Schmidt, L. Fossati, P. Sorbonne Univ Inst Cerveau & Moelle Epiniere ICM Control Interocept Attent Team UMR 7225UMR S 1127CNRS INSERM Paris France Hop La Pitie Salpetriere AP HP Dept Adult Psychiat Paris France

Emerging infectious diseases like Covid-19 cause a major threat to global health. When confronted with new pathogens, individuals generate several beliefs about the epidemic phenomenon. Many studies have shown that individual protective behaviors largely depend on these beliefs. Due to the absence of treatment and vaccine against these emerging pathogens, the relation between these beliefs and these behaviors represents a crucial issue for public health policies. In the premises of the Covid-19 pandemic, several preliminary studies have highlighted a delay in the perception of risk by individuals, which potentially holds back the implementing of the necessary precautionary measures: people underestimated the risks associated with the virus, and therefore also the importance of complying with sanitary guidelines. During the peak of the pandemic, the salience of the threat and of the risk of mortality could then have transformed the way people generate their beliefs. This potentially leads to upheavals in the way they understand the world. Here, we propose to explore the evolution of beliefs and behaviors during the Covid-19 crisis, using the theory of predictive coding and the theory of terror management, two influential frameworks in cognitive science and in social psychology. (C) 2020 L'Encephale, Paris.

关键词： Coronavirus Covid-19 Belief Perceived risk predictive coding Cognitive biases Bayesian brain Terror management theory

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