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A precise and adaptive neural mechanism for predictive temporal processing in the frontal cortex

NEURON 2021年第18期109卷 2995-+页

作者： Meirhaeghe, Nicolas Sohn, Hansem Jazayeri, Mehrdad MIT Harvard Mit Div Hlth Sci & Technol Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT McGovern Inst Brain Res Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT Dept Brain & Cognit Sci Cambridge MA 02139 USA

The theory of predictive processing posits that the brain computes expectations to process information predictively. Empirical evidence in support of this theory, however, is scarce and largely limited to sensory areas. Here, we report a precise and adaptive mechanism in the frontal cortex of non-human primates consistent with predictive processing of temporal events. We found that the speed of neural dynamics is precisely adjusted according to the average time of an expected stimulus. This speed adjustment, in turn, enables neurons to encode stimuli in terms of deviations from expectation. This lawful relationship was evident across multiple experiments and held true during learning: when temporal statistics underwent covert changes, neural responses underwent predictable changes that reflected the new mean. Together, these results highlight a precise mathematical relationship between temporal statistics in the environment and neural activity in the frontal cortex that may serve as a mechanism for predictive temporal processing.

关键词： predictive coding temporal scaling time interval reproduction dorsomedial frontal cortex neural population dynamics sensorimotor adaptation

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Visual prediction cues can facilitate behavioural and neural speech processing in young and older adults

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2021年第0期159卷 107949-107949页

作者： Tremblay, Pascale Basirat, Anahita Pinto, Serge Sato, Marc Univ Laval Fac Med Dept Readaptat Quebec City PQ Canada Cervo Brain Res Ctr Quebec City PQ Canada Univ Lille CNRS UMR 9193 SCALab Sci Cognit & Sci Affect Lille France France Aix Marseille Univ CNRS LPL Aix En Provence France

The ability to process speech evolves over the course of the lifespan. Understanding speech at low acoustic intensity and in the presence of background noise becomes harder, and the ability for older adults to benefit from audiovisual speech also appears to decline. These difficulties can have important consequences on quality of life. Yet, a consensus on the cause of these difficulties is still lacking. The objective of this study was to examine the processing of speech in young and older adults under different modalities (i.e. auditory [A], visual [V], audiovisual [AV]) and in the presence of different visual prediction cues (i.e., no predictive cue (control), temporal predictive cue, phonetic predictive cue, and combined temporal and phonetic predictive cues). We focused on recognition accuracy and four auditory evoked potential (AEP) components: P1-N1-P2 and N2. Thirty-four right-handed French-speaking adults were recruited, including 17 younger adults (28 +/- 2 years;20-42 years) and 17 older adults (67 +/- 3.77 years;60-73 years). Participants completed a forced-choice speech identification task. The main findings of the study are: (1) The faciliatory effect of visual information was reduced, but present, in older compared to younger adults, (2) visual predictive cues facilitated speech recognition in younger and older adults alike, (3) age differences in AEPs were localized to later components (P2 and N2), suggesting that aging predominantly affects higher-order cortical processes related to speech processing rather than lower-level auditory processes. (4) Specifically, AV facilitation on P2 amplitude was lower in older adults, there was a reduced effect of the temporal predictive cue on N2 amplitude for older compared to younger adults, and P2 and N2 latencies were longer for older adults. Finally (5) behavioural performance was associated with P2 amplitude in older adults. Our results indicate that aging affects speech processing at multiple levels, includi

关键词： Event-related potentials Speech perception Aging Audiovisual enhancement predictive coding Auditory processing

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Feature selectivity can explain mismatch signals in mouse visual cortex

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CELL REPORTS 2021年第1期37卷 109772-109772页

作者： Muzzu, Tomaso Saleem, Aman B. UCL UCL Inst Behav Neurosci Dept Expt Psychol 26 Bedford Way London WC1H 0AP England

Sensory experience often depends on one's own actions, including self-motion. Theories of predictive coding postulate that actions are regulated by calculating prediction error, which is the difference between sensory experience and expectation based on self-generated actions. Signals consistent with prediction error have been reported in the mouse visual cortex (V1) when visual flow coupled to running was unexpectedly stopped. Here, we show that such signals can be elicited by visual stimuli uncoupled to an animal running. We record V1 neurons while presenting drifting gratings that unexpectedly stop. We find strong responses to visual perturbations, which are enhanced during running. Perturbation responses are strongest in the preferred orientation of individual neurons, and perturbation-responsive neurons are more likely to prefer slow visual speeds. Our results indicate that prediction error signals can be explained by the convergence of known motor and sensory signals, providing a purely sensory and motor explanation for purported mismatch signals.

关键词： predictive coding sensorimotor locomotion active sensing visual cortex

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Visual short-term memory load modulates repetition related fMRI signal adaptation

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021年第0期166卷 108199-108199页

作者： Li, Chenglin Kovacs, Gyula Trapp, Sabrina Univ Jena Inst Psychol Dept Biol Psychol & Cognit Neurosci Jena Germany Univ Bielefeld Dept Sport Sci Bielefeld Germany Univ Leipzig Dept Psychol Leipzig Germany

While several computational models have suggested how predictive coding could be implemented on an algorithmic level, reference to cognitive processes remains rather sparse. A crucial process might be elevating relevant prior information from long-term memory to render it highly accessible for subsequent comparison with sensory input. In many models, visual short-term memory (VSTM) is considered as information from long-term memory in a state of elevated activity. We measured the BOLD signal in face-specific cortical areas using repetition suppression (RS) paradigm. RS has been associated with predictive processing in previous studies. We show that RS within the fusiform face area is significantly attenuated when VSTM is loaded with other, non-facial visual information. Although an unequivocal inference is not possible, the data indicate a role of VSTM for predictive processes as indexed by expectation-related RS.

关键词： Repetition suppression Face perception Fusiform face area predictive coding Visual short-term memory

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Positive and negative prediction error signals to violated expectations of face and place stimuli distinctively activate FFA and PPA

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NEUROIMAGE 2021年 236卷 118028-118028页

作者： Schliephake, Lena M. Trempler, Ima Roehe, Marlen A. Heins, Nina Schubotz, Ricarda, I Univ Munster Dept Psychol Munster Germany Univ Munster Otto Creutzfeldt Ctr Cognit & Behav Neurosci Munster Germany

Surprising scenarios can have different behavioural and neuronal consequences depending on the violation of the expectation. On the one hand, previous research has shown that the omission of a visual stimulus results in a robust cortical response representing that missing stimulus, a so-called negative prediction error . On the other hand, a large amount of studies revealed positive prediction error signals, entailing an increased neural response that can be attributed to the experience of a surprising, unexpected stimulus. However, there has been no evidence, so far, regarding how and when these prediction error signals co-occur. Here, we argue that the omission of an expected stimulus can and often does coincide with the appearance of an unexpected one. Therefore, we investigated whether positive and negative prediction error signals evoked by unpredicted cross-category stimulus transitions would temporally coincide during a speeded forced-choice fMRI paradigm. Foremost, our findings provide evidence of a behavioural effect regarding the facilitation of responses linked to expected stimuli. In addition, we obtained evidence for negative prediction error signals as seen in differential activation of FFA and PPA during unexpected place and face trials, respectively. Lastly, a psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed evidence for positive prediction error signals represented by context-dependent functional coupling between the right IFG and FFA or PPA, respectively, implicating a network that updates the internal representation after the appearance of an unexpected stimulus through involvement of this frontal area. The current results are consistent with a predictive coding account of cognition and underline the importance of considering the potential dual nature of expectation violations. Furthermore, our results put forward that positive and negative prediction error signalling can be directly linked to regions associated with the processing of different s

关键词： Prediction error predictive coding Psychophysiological interaction Visual processing hierarchy fMRI

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Dissociable neural effects of temporal expectations due to passage of time and contextual probability

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HEARING RESEARCH 2021年 399卷 107871-107871页

作者： Todorovic, Ana Auksztulewicz, Ryszard Univ Oxford Oxford Ctr Human Brain Act Oxford England Radboud Univ Nijmegen Donders Inst Brain Cognit & Behav Nijmegen Netherlands Max Planck Inst Empir Aesthet Frankfurt Germany City Univ Hong Kong Dept Biomed Sci Hong Kong Peoples R China Univ Oxford Dept Expt Psychol Oxford England Warneford Hosp Univ Dept Psychiat Oxford Ctr Human Brain Act OHBA Oxford OX3 7JX England City Univ Hong Kong Dept Biomed Sci Kowloon Tong 31 Tat Chee Ave Hong Kong Peoples R China

The human brain is equipped with complex mechanisms to track the changing probability of events in time. While the passage of time itself usually leads to a mounting expectation, context can provide additional information about when events are likely to happen. In this study we dissociate these two sources of temporal expectation in terms of their neural correlates and underlying brain connectivity patterns. We analysed magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data acquired from N = 24 healthy participants listening to auditory stimuli. These stimuli could be presented at different temporal intervals but occurred most often at intermediate intervals, forming a contextual probability distribution. Evoked MEG response amplitude was sensitive to both passage of time (time elapsed since the cue) and contextual probability, albeit at different latencies: the effects of passage of time were observed earlier than the effects of context. The underlying sources of MEG activity were also different across the two types of temporal prediction: the effects of passage of time were localised to early auditory regions and superior temporal gyri, while context was additionally linked to activity in inferior parietal cortices. Finally, these differences were modelled using biophysical (dynamic causal) modelling: passage of time was explained in terms of widespread gain modulation and decreased prediction error signalling at lower levels of the hierarchy, while contextual expectation led to more localised gain modulation and decreased prediction error signalling at higher levels of the hierarchy. These results present a comprehensive account of how independent sources of temporal prediction may be differentially expressed in cortical circuits. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Temporal prediction predictive coding Hazard rate Auditory processing Magnetoencephalography Dynamic causal modelling

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Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with alterations in evoked cortical activation during visual recognition of scenes

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NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021年 31卷 102752-102752页

作者： Popescu, Mihai Popescu, Elena-Anda DeGraba, Thomas J. Hughes, John D. Walter Reed Natl Mil Med Ctr Natl Intrepid Ctr Excellence Bethesda MD USA Walter Reed Army Inst Res Behav Biol Branch 503 Robert Grant Ave Silver Spring MD 20910 USA

We recorded magnetoencephalography data during a visual recognition task in participants with combat exposure (n = 40, age: 41.2 +/- 7.2 years) to investigate the relationship between the evoked brain activity, behavioral performance, and the severity of their post-traumatic stress symptoms assessed using the PTSD Check List for DSM V version (PCL-5). In an initial study session, participants were presented with a series of images of outdoor scenes and were instructed to study the images for an upcoming recognition test. In a subsequent session, the original images were shown intermixed with novel images while participants performed the recognition task. PCL-5 scores were negatively correlated with discrimination performance and with the recognition accuracy for original images. During the recognition session, higher PCL-5 scores were associated with reduced relative power of the evoked response to original images from 100 ms to 300 ms following the image onset over a distributed brain network including the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, left middle frontal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, right precuneus and the bilateral superior temporal gyri. These findings indicate that the lower recognition performance in participants with higher PTSD symptom severity is associated with altered cortical activity in brain regions that are known to play a role in the elaboration on visual cues that supports recollection.

关键词： Post-traumatic stress disorder Recognition memory Magnetoencephalography predictive coding

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An active role of inferior frontal cortex in conscious experience

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CURRENT BIOLOGY 2021年第13期31卷 2868-+页

作者： Weilnhammer, Veith Fritsch, Merve Chikermane, Meera Eckert, Anna-Lena Kanthak, Katharina Stuke, Heiner Kaminski, Jakob Sterzer, Philipp Charite Univ Med Berlin Dept Psychiat D-10117 Berlin Germany Charite Univ Med Berlin Berlin Inst Hlth D-10178 Berlin Germany Max Delbruck Ctr D-10178 Berlin Germany Charite Univ Med Berlin Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci D-10117 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Berlin Sch Mind & Brain D-10099 Berlin Germany Charite Univ Med Berlin Einstein Ctr Neurosci Berlin D-10117 Berlin Germany

In the search for the neural correlates of consciousness, it has remained controversial whether prefrontal cortex determines what is consciously experienced or, alternatively, serves only complementary functions, such as introspection or action. Here, we provide converging evidence from computational modeling and two functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments that indicated a key role of inferior frontal cortex in detecting perceptual conflicts caused by ambiguous sensory information. Crucially, the detection of perceptual conflicts by prefrontal cortex turned out to be critical in the process of transforming ambiguous sensory information into unambiguous conscious experiences: in a third experiment, disruption of neural activity in inferior frontal cortex through transcranial magnetic stimulation slowed down the updating of conscious experience that occurs in response to perceptual conflicts. These findings show that inferior frontal cortex actively contributes to the resolution of perceptual ambiguities. Prefrontal cortex is thus causally involved in determining the contents of conscious experience.

关键词： bistable perception prefrontal cortex consciousness predictive coding

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Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a predictive Processing Framework 42

Bootstrap Hell: Perceptual Racial Biases in a Predictive Pro...

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42nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society: Developing a Mind: Learning in Humans, Animals, and Machines, CogSci 2020

作者： Neemeh, Zachariah A. Department of Philosophy University of Memphis MemphisTN38152 United States

predictive processing is transforming our understanding of the brain in the 21st century. Whereas in the 20th century we understood the brain as a passive organ taking in information from the world, today we are beginning to reconceptualize it as an organ that actively creates and tests hypotheses about its world. The promised revolution of predictive processing extends beyond cognitive neuroscience, however, and is beginning to make waves in the philosophy of perception. Andy Clark has written that predictive processing creates a "bootstrap heaven," enabling the brain to develop complex models of the world from limited data. I argue that the same principles also create a "bootstrap hell," wherein prejudice biases inherent in our inegalitarian societies result in permanent perceptual modifications. These modifications are unamenable to conventional implicit bias training. The deep embeddedness of prejudice biases in perceptual experience makes any proposal to eliminate prejudice biases by mere "understanding" insufficient. © 2020 The Author(s)

关键词： philosophy of cognitive science predictive coding predictive processing racial bias

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Higher and deeper: Bringing layer fMRI to association cortex

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PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021年第0期207卷 101930-101930页

作者： Finn, Emily S. Huber, Laurentius Bandettini, Peter A. NIMH Sect Funct Imaging Methods Lab Brain & Cognit Bethesda MD 20892 USA Dartmouth Coll Dept Psychol & Brain Sci Hanover NH 03755 USA Maastricht Univ Fac Psychol & Neurosci Maastricht Brain Imaging Ctr Dept Cognit NeurosciMR Methods Grp Maastricht Netherlands

Recent advances in fMRI have enabled non-invasive measurements of brain function in awake, behaving humans at unprecedented spatial resolutions, allowing us to separate activity in distinct cortical layers. While most layer fMRI studies to date have focused on primary cortices, we argue that the next big steps forward in our understanding of cognition will come from expanding this technology into higher-order association cortex, to characterize depth-dependent activity during increasingly sophisticated mental processes. We outline phenomena and theories ripe for investigation with layer fMRI, including perception and imagery, selective attention, and predictive coding. We discuss practical and theoretical challenges to cognitive applications of layer fMRI, including localizing regions of interest in the face of substantial anatomical heterogeneity across individuals, designing appropriate task paradigms within the confines of acquisition parameters, and generating hypotheses for higher-order brain regions where the laminar circuitry is less well understood. We consider how applying layer fMRI in association cortex may help inform computational models of brain function as well as shed light on consciousness and mental illness, and issue a call to arms to our fellow methodologists and neuroscientists to bring layer fMRI to this next frontier.

关键词： Layer fMRI Association cortex Cognition predictive coding Cortical depth High resolution

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