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Visual mechanisms for voice-identity recognition flexibly adjust to auditory noise level

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2021年第12期42卷 3963-3982页

作者： Maguinness, Corrina von Kriegstein, Katharina Tech Univ Dresden Fac Psychol Chair Cognit & Clin Neurosci Dresden Germany Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Leipzig Germany

Recognising the identity of voices is a key ingredient of communication. Visual mechanisms support this ability: recognition is better for voices previously learned with their corresponding face (compared to a control condition). This so-called 'face-benefit' is supported by the fusiform face area (FFA), a region sensitive to facial form and identity. Behavioural findings indicate that the face-benefit increases in noisy listening conditions. The neural mechanisms for this increase are unknown. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined responses in face-sensitive regions while participants recognised the identity of auditory-only speakers (previously learned by face) in high (SNR -4 dB) and low (SNR +4 dB) levels of auditory noise. We observed a face-benefit in both noise levels, for most participants (16 of 21). In high-noise, the recognition of face-learned speakers engaged the right posterior superior temporal sulcus motion-sensitive face area (pSTS-mFA), a region implicated in the processing of dynamic facial cues. The face-benefit in high-noise also correlated positively with increased functional connectivity between this region and voice-sensitive regions in the temporal lobe in the group of 16 participants with a behavioural face-benefit. In low-noise, the face-benefit was robustly associated with increased responses in the FFA and to a lesser extent the right pSTS-mFA. The findings highlight the remarkably adaptive nature of the visual network supporting voice-identity recognition in auditory-only listening conditions.

关键词： audio-visual FFA motion multisensory predictive coding pSTS voice-identity

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SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF SEVERAL EFFICIENT SPEECH CODERS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 1982年第4期30卷 655-662页

作者： DAUMER, WR Bell Laboratories Holmdel NJ USA

The voice quality of several 9.6 - 32 kbit/s coders is determined with an extensive set of subjective listening tests. Single encodings of μ255 PCM, adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM), subband coding (SBC), vocoder-driven adaptive transform coding (ATC), adaptive predictive coding (APC), and time domain harmonic scaling combined with SBC are compared in an idealized situation, that is, no added impairments. It is shown that single encodings of modest complexity 32 kbit/s coders such as ADPCM and SBC and more complex 24 kbit/s coders such as vocoder-driven ATC and APC offer quality nearly equivalent to 64 kbit/s μ255 PCM. However, these conclusions are drawn in the absence of a realistic telephone network where tandem encodings, delay limitations, and nonvoice signals exist. Tandem encodings of 64 kbit/s μ255 PCM, 32 kbit/s ADPCM, 16 kbit/s SBC, and 16 kbit/s APC are also evaluated. These 32 kbit/s and 16 kbit/s coders offer degraded tandem performance as compared to 64 kbit/s PCM, with the exception of synchronous tandeming of 32 kbit/s ADPCM with 64 kbit/s PCM where several encodings are subjectively equivalent to a single encoding of 32 kbit/s ADPCM.

关键词： Speech analysis Encoding Phase change materials Signal processing algorithms Transform coding predictive coding Telephony Acoustic testing Degradation Computational modeling

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Impairment in Mismatch Negativity but not Repetition Suppression in Schizophrenia

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BRAIN TOPOGRAPHY 2017年第4期30卷 521-530页

作者： Coffman, Brian A. Haigh, Sarah M. Murphy, Tim K. Salisbury, Dean F. Univ Pittsburgh Sch Med Western Psychiat Inst & Clin Clin Neurophysiol Res Lab 3501 Forbes AveSuite 420 Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Schizophrenia is characterized by impaired auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs), mismatch negativity (MMN), and sensory gating of AEPs to repeated stimuli (repetition suppression, RS). In the predictive modeling framework, MMN and RS reflect encoding of prediction error and model sharpening, respectively. We compared P50, N100, P200 RS, and pitch and duration MMN in 26 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 26 matched healthy controls (HC), and assessed relationships between MMN, RS, and SZ diagnosis. RS was measured by comparing responses to individual tones presented as 5-tone groups (1 kHz, 75 dB, 50 ms, 5 ms rise/fall times, 330 ms SOA), separated by a 750 ms inter-trial interval. For MMN, the same tones were presented, with occasional pitch (1.2 kHz, 10%) or duration deviants (100 ms, 10%) interspersed. Pitch and duration MMN were reduced in SZ (p < 0.01). There were no group differences in P50 RS, N100 RS, or P200 RS (p's > 0.1). Importantly, although pitch and duration MMN both correlated with RS of AEPs within the MMN time range (p's < 0.01), SZ diagnosis predicted MMN over and above RS (p < 0.05) and shared little variance with RS in prediction of MMN amplitude (tolerance > 0.93). We suggest that reduced MMN in SZ is related to deficits in encoding prediction error but not repetition suppression.

关键词： Electroencephalography Schizophrenia Repetition suppression Mismatch negativity Auditory evoked potentials predictive coding

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Recurrent Neural Network Model of Human Event-related Potentials in Response to Intensity Oddball Stimulation

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NEUROSCIENCE 2022年第0期504卷 63-74页

作者： O'Reilly, Jamie A. Rangsit Univ Coll Biomed Engn Pathum Thani Thailand Rangsit Univ Coll Biomed Engn 52-347 Muang AkePhaholyothin Rd Pathum Thani 12000 Thailand

mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the human event-related potential (ERP) is frequently interpreted as a sensory prediction-error signal. However, there is ambiguity concerning the neurophysiology underlying hypothetical prediction and prediction-error signalling components, and whether these can be dissociated from overlapping obligatory components of the ERP that are sensitive to physical properties of sounds. In the present study, a hierarchical recurrent neural network (RNN) was fitted to ERP data from 38 subjects. After training the model to reproduce ERP waveforms evoked by 80 dB standard and 70 dB deviant stimuli, it was used to simulate a response to 90 dB deviant stimuli. Internal states of the RNN effectively combined to generate synthetic ERPs, where individual hidden units are loosely analogous to population-level sources. Model behaviour was characterised using principal component analysis of stimulus condition, layer, and individual unit responses. Hidden units were categorised according to their temporal response fields, and statistically significant differences among stimulus conditions were observed for amplitudes of units peaking in the 0-75 ms (P50), 75-125 ms (N1), and 250-400 ms (N3) latency ranges, surprisingly not including the measurement window of MMN. The model demonstrated opposite polarity changes in MMN amplitude produced by falling (70 dB) and rising (90 dB) intensity deviant stimuli, consistent with loudness dependence of sensory ERP components. This modelling study suggests that loudness dependence is a principal driver of intensity MMN, and future studies ought to clarify the distinction between loudness dependence, adaptation and prediction-error signalling.(c) 2022 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Artificial neural networks Auditory neuroscience Computational neurophysiology Deviance detection Electrophys iology biomarkers Loudness dependence predictive coding

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Disrupted Corollary Discharge in Schizophrenia: Evidence From the Oculomotor System

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY-COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019年第9期4卷 773-781页

作者： Thakkar, Katharine N. Rolfs, Martin Michigan State Univ Dept Psychol E Lansing MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ Div Psychiat & Behav Med E Lansing MI 48824 USA Humboldt Univ Dept Psychol Berlin Germany Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Berlin Germany

Corollary discharge (CD) signals are motor-related signals that exert an influence on sensory processing. They allow mobile organisms to predict the sensory consequences of their imminent actions. Among the many functions of CD is to provide a means by which we can distinguish sensory experiences caused by our own actions from those with external causes. In this way, they contribute to a subjective sense of agency. A disruption in the sense of agency is central to many of the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, and abnormalities in CD signaling have been theorized to underpin particularly those agency-related psychotic symptoms of the illness. Characterizing abnormal CD associated with eye movements in schizophrenia and their resulting influence on visual processing and subsequent action plans may have advantages over other sensory and motor systems. That is because the most robust psychophysiological and neurophysiological data regarding the dynamics and influence of CD as well as the neural circuitry implicated in CD generation and transmission comes from the study of eye movements in humans and nonhuman primates. We review studies of oculomotor CD signaling in the schizophrenia spectrum and possible neurobiological correlates of CD disturbances. We conclude by speculating on the ways in which oculomotor CD dysfunction, specifically, may invoke specific experiences, clinical symptoms, and cognitive impairments. These speculations lay the groundwork for empirical study, and we conclude by outlining potentially fruitful research directions.

关键词： Corollary discharge Efference copy Eye movements predictive coding Saccade Schizophrenia

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Network Activity Underlying the Illusory Self-Attribution of a Dummy Arm

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2015年第6期36卷 2284-2304页

作者： Limanowski, Jakub Blankenburg, Felix Free Univ Berlin Neurocomputat & Neuroimaging Unit Dept Educ & Psychol D-14195 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Berlin Sch Mind & Brain D-10099 Berlin Germany

Neuroimaging has demonstrated that the illusory self-attribution of body parts engages frontal and intraparietal brain areas, and recent evidence further suggests an involvement of visual body-selective regions in the occipitotemporal cortex. However, little is known about the principles of information exchange within this network. Here, using automated congruent versus incongruent visuotactile stimulation of distinct anatomical locations on the participant's right arm and a realistic dummy counterpart in an fMRI scanner, we induced an illusory self-attribution of the dummy arm. The illusion consistently activated a left-hemispheric network comprising ventral premotor cortex (PMv), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and body-selective regions of the lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOC). Importantly, during the illusion, the functional coupling of the PMv and the IPS with the LOC increased substantially, and dynamic causal modeling revealed a significant enhancement of connections from the LOC and the secondary somatosensory cortex to the IPS. These results comply with the idea that the brain's inference mechanisms rely on the hierarchical propagation of prediction error. During illusory self-attribution, unpredicted ambiguous sensory input about one's body configuration may result in the generation of such prediction errors in visual and somatosensory areas, which may be conveyed to parietal integrative areas. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2284-2304, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： extrastriate body area body ownership intraparietal sulcus peripersonal space predictive coding rubber hand illusion self-attribution

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NEUROIMAGE 2020年 215卷 116840-116840页

作者： Dercksen, Tjerk T. Widmann, Andreas Schroeger, Erich Wetzel, Nicole Leibniz Inst Neurobiol Brenneckestr 6 D-39118 Magdeburg Germany Univ Leipzig Neumarkt 9-19 D-04109 Leipzig Germany Ctr Behav Brain Sci Univ Pl 2 D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Appl Sci Magdeburg Stendal Osterburgerstr 25 D-39576 Stendal Germany

When an auditory stimulus is predicted but unexpectedly omitted, an omission response can be observed in the EEG. This endogenous response to the absence of a stimulus demonstrates the important role of prediction in perception. SanMiguel et al. (2013a) showed that in order to observe an omission response, a specific prediction concerning the identity of an upcoming stimulus is necessary. They used button presses coupled to either a single sound (predictable identity), or a random sound (unpredictable identity). In the event-related potentials, a sequence of omission responses consisting of oN1, oN2, and oP3 was observed in the single condition but not in the random condition. Given the importance of omission studies to understand the role of prediction in perception, we replicated this study. We enhanced statistical power by doubling the sample size and adjusting data pre-processing, and applied temporal principal component analysis and replication Bayes statistics. Results in the single sound condition were successfully replicated. Principal component analysis additionally revealed attenuated oN1 and oP3 omission responses in the random sound condition. These results suggest the existence of both specific and unspecific predictions along the sound processing hierarchy, where precision weighting possibly influences the strength of prediction error. Results are discussed in the framework of predictive coding and are congruent with everyday life, where uncertainty often requires broader or more general predictions.

关键词： ERP Omission Auditory predictive coding Precision weighting Prediction

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An Integrative Model of Subcortical Auditory Plasticity

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BRAIN TOPOGRAPHY 2014年第4期27卷 539-552页

作者： Chandrasekaran, Bharath Skoe, Erika Kraus, Nina Univ Texas Austin Inst Neurosci Ctr Perceptual Syst Dept Commun Sci & Disorders Austin TX 78712 USA Univ Connecticut Dept Psychol Dept Speech Language & Hearing Sci Storrs CT USA Univ Connecticut Cognit Sci Program Storrs CT USA Northwestern Univ Dept Commun Sci Auditory Neurosci Lab Evanston IL USA Northwestern Univ Dept Neurobiol Physiol & Otolaryngol Evanston IL USA

In direct conflict with the concept of auditory brainstem nuclei as passive relay stations for behaviorally-relevant signals, recent studies have demonstrated plasticity of the auditory signal in the brainstem. In this paper we provide an overview of the forms of plasticity evidenced in subcortical auditory regions. We posit an integrative model of auditory plasticity, which argues for a continuous, online modulation of bottom-up signals via corticofugal pathways, based on an algorithm that anticipates and updates incoming stimulus regularities. We discuss the negative implications of plasticity in clinical dysfunction and propose novel methods of eliciting brainstem responses that could specify the biological nature of auditory processing deficits.

关键词： predictive coding ABR Stimulus-specific adaptation Auditory Plasticity

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Different learning aberrations relate to delusion-like beliefs with different contents

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BRAIN 2024年第8期147卷 2854-2866页

作者： Rossi-Goldthorpe, Rosa Silverstein, Steven M. Gold, James M. Schiffman, Jason Waltz, James A. Williams, Trevor F. Powers, Albert R. Woods, Scott W. Zinbarg, Richard E. Mittal, Vijay A. Ellman, Lauren M. Strauss, Gregory P. Walker, Elaine F. Levin, Jason A. Castiello, Santiago Kenney, Joshua Corlett, Philip R. Yale Univ Wu Tsai Inst Interdept Neurosci Program New Haven CT 06511 USA Yale Univ Dept Psychiat 100 Coll St New Haven CT 06511 USA Univ Rochester Med Ctr Dept Psychiat Rochester NY 14623 USA Univ Rochester Med Ctr Dept Neurosci Rochester NY 14623 USA Univ Rochester Med Ctr Dept Opthalmol Rochester NY 14623 USA Univ Maryland Sch Med Dept Psychiat Baltimore MD 21228 USA Univ Calif Irvine Dept Psychol Sci Irvine CA 92617 USA Northwestern Univ Dept Psychol Evanston IL 60208 USA Temple Univ Dept Psychol & Neurosci Philadelphia PA 19122 USA Univ Georgia Dept Psychol Athens GA 30602 USA Emory Univ Dept Psychol Atlanta GA 30322 USA Yale Univ Wu Tsai Inst New Haven CT 06511 USA Yale Univ Dept Psychol New Haven CT 06511 USA

The prediction error account of delusions has had success. However, its explanation of delusions with different contents has been lacking. Persecutory delusions and paranoia are the common unfounded beliefs that others have harmful intentions towards us. Other delusions include believing that one's thoughts or actions are under external control or that events in the world have specific personal *** compare learning in two different cognitive tasks, probabilistic reversal learning and Kamin blocking, that have relationships to paranoid and non-paranoid delusion-like beliefs, *** find that clinical high-risk status alone does not result in different behavioural results in the probabilistic reversal learning task but that an individual's level of paranoia is associated with excessive switching behaviour. During the Kamin blocking task, paranoid individuals learned inappropriately about the blocked cue. However, they also had decreased learning about the control cue, suggesting more general learning impairments. Non-paranoid delusion-like belief conviction (but not paranoia) was associated with aberrant learning about the blocked cue but intact learning about the control cue, suggesting specific impairments in learning related to cue combination. We fit task-specific computational models separately to behavioural data to explore how latent parameters vary within individuals between tasks and how they can explain symptom-specific effects. We find that paranoia is associated with low learning rates in the probabilistic reversal learning task and the blocking task. Non-paranoid delusion-like belief conviction is instead related to parameters controlling the degree and direction of similarity between cue updating during simultaneous cue *** results suggest that paranoia and other delusion-like beliefs involve dissociable deficits in learning and belief updating, which, given the transdiagnostic status of paranoia, might have differential ut

关键词： delusions prediction error volatility predictive coding belief-updating psychosis

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Interval timing in a hierarchical violation-of-expectation task: Dissociable effects of local and global predictions

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ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2022年第6期84卷 1982-1993页

作者： Warda, Shamini Khan, Azizuddin Indian Inst Technol Dept Human & Social Sci Psychophysiol Lab Mumbai 400076 Maharashtra India

Predictability associated with an event influences its perceived time. The two forms of predictions that are often discussed and have a dissociable influence on perceived time are repetition and expectation. However, predictions based on expectation can be seen at multiple levels, potentially leading to an inconsistency in the pattern in which expectation influences perceived time. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how different levels of predictions impact perceived time. In two separate experiments utilizing visual and auditory stimuli, we used a hierarchical violation-of-expectation paradigm that can dissociate two types of predictions based on local and global rules. Results from analysis of variance computed with local and global predictions revealed a pattern of local and global predictions having a distinct influence on perceived time. More specifically, while the local predictions that consider the immediate stimulus exposure reduced the perceived time, the global predictions that consider the overall regularities of a given context increased the perceived time. These results integrate well with the recent theoretical models rooted in a predictive coding framework that emphasizes the opposing effects of the first order and second order predictions on perceived time.

关键词： Levels of prediction Perceived time predictive coding Prediction violations

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