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Disrupted Corollary Discharge in Schizophrenia: Evidence From the Oculomotor System

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY-COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019年第9期4卷 773-781页

作者： Thakkar, Katharine N. Rolfs, Martin Michigan State Univ Dept Psychol E Lansing MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ Div Psychiat & Behav Med E Lansing MI 48824 USA Humboldt Univ Dept Psychol Berlin Germany Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Berlin Germany

Corollary discharge (CD) signals are motor-related signals that exert an influence on sensory processing. They allow mobile organisms to predict the sensory consequences of their imminent actions. Among the many functions of CD is to provide a means by which we can distinguish sensory experiences caused by our own actions from those with external causes. In this way, they contribute to a subjective sense of agency. A disruption in the sense of agency is central to many of the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, and abnormalities in CD signaling have been theorized to underpin particularly those agency-related psychotic symptoms of the illness. Characterizing abnormal CD associated with eye movements in schizophrenia and their resulting influence on visual processing and subsequent action plans may have advantages over other sensory and motor systems. That is because the most robust psychophysiological and neurophysiological data regarding the dynamics and influence of CD as well as the neural circuitry implicated in CD generation and transmission comes from the study of eye movements in humans and nonhuman primates. We review studies of oculomotor CD signaling in the schizophrenia spectrum and possible neurobiological correlates of CD disturbances. We conclude by speculating on the ways in which oculomotor CD dysfunction, specifically, may invoke specific experiences, clinical symptoms, and cognitive impairments. These speculations lay the groundwork for empirical study, and we conclude by outlining potentially fruitful research directions.

关键词： Corollary discharge Efference copy Eye movements predictive coding Saccade Schizophrenia

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Multiple Description coding Based on Convolutional Auto-Encoder

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IEEE ACCESS 2019年 7卷 26013-26021页

作者： Li, Hongfei Meng, Lili Zhang, Jia Tan, Yanyan Ren, Yuwei Zhang, Huaxiang Shandong Normal Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Jinan 250014 Shandong Peoples R China Shandong Normal Univ Inst Data Sci & Technol Jinan 250014 Shandong Peoples R China

Deep learning, such as convolutional neural networks, has been achieved great success in image processing, computer vision task, and image compression, and has achieved better performance. This paper designs a multiple description coding frameworks based on symmetric convolutional auto-encoder, which can achieve high-quality image reconstruction. First, the image is input into the convolutional auto-encoder, and the extracted features are obtained. Then, the extracted features are encoded by the multiple description coding and split into two descriptions for transmission to the decoder. We can get the side information by the side decoder and the central information by the central decoder. Finally, the side information and the central information are deconvolved by convolutional auto-encoder. The experimental results validate that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： Convolutional auto-encoder (CAE) multiple description coding (MDC) predictive coding quality metric

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Extended Control Cycle in Ritual Behavior and Narrative Scenarios

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TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW 2021年第3期30卷 121-149页

作者： Deaca, Mircea Valeriu Univ Bucharest Fac Hist Dept Ancient Hist Archaeol & Hist Art Bucharest Romania Univ Bucharest Fac Letters Bucharest Romania

The paper argues that rituals and symbolic cultural artifacts are external models of the world. The key idea is that human agents do not have direct or unmediated access to the external world. Humans can sense and act upon intermediary processes such as cultural artifacts and rituals and construct a model of the target external world. In biological terms a Markov blanket mediates sense-making exchanges between the agent organism and the environment. In the cultural niche, humans, via rituals, model themselves modeling the world. In this structure of several nested Markov blankets the individual is included in a larger blanket. Hence, cultural practice offers a model of the world and a model of the self in the world. The cultural practice allows the creation of a cultural body/self for the agent. Rituals mediate the relationship between the organism and the world. They also simulate the "incorporation" of the world and the self via the dynamic process of control. By action and sensory perception, the agent includes the external states in its area of control of the blanket. The agent and the cultural practice are coupled in a bi-directional control cycle. The agent controls the ritual and the ritual, once included in the field of control of a new encompassing blanket, changes the structure of the agent which becomes a new entity/self. Rituals targeting the individual designate the personal transformation (e.g. birth, transition from child to adult, marriage, and death) and rituals of collective transformation (spring festivals that mark the passage from one year to another) target the evolution of the world in time. Rituals formulate (in a descriptive manner) hidden realities and, at the same time (in a performative manner), bring them into existence as external realities that can be described and controlled via what is commonly labeled as magical thinking. Rituals, conceived as explanatory models, simultaneously provide evidence for a self nested in a cultural niche

关键词： ritual emergence embodiment predictive coding Bayesian inference

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Perceptual History Acts in World-Centred Coordinates

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I-PERCEPTION 2021年第5期12卷 20416695211029301页

作者： Mikellidou, Kyriaki Cicchini, Guido Marco Burr, David C. Univ Cyprus Dept Psychol Nicosia Cyprus Ctr Appl Neurosci Nicosia Cyprus Univ Florence Dept Neurosci Florence Italy CNR Inst Neurosci Pisa Italy Univ Sydney Sch Psychol Sydney NSW Australia

Serial dependence effects have been observed using a variety of stimuli and tasks, revealing that the recent past can bias current percepts, leading to increased similarity between two. The aim of this study is to determine whether this temporal integration occurs in egocentric or allocentric coordinates. We asked participants to perform an orientation reproduction task using grating stimuli while the head was kept at a fixed position, or after a 40 degrees yaw rotation between trials, from left (-20 degrees) to right (+20 degrees), putting the egocentric and allocentric cues in conflict. Under these conditions, allocentric cues prevailed.

关键词： serial dependence coordinate frames head movement predictive coding perception

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Feature-specific prediction errors for visual mismatch

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NEUROIMAGE 2019年 196卷 142-151页

作者： Stefanics, Gabor Stephan, Klaas Enno Heinzle, Jakob Univ Zurich Inst Biomed Engn TNU Wilfriedstr 6 CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol Wilfriedstr 6 CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich Dept Econ Lab Social & Neural Syst Res Blumlisalpstr 10 CH-8006 Zurich Switzerland Max Planck Inst Metab Res Cologne Germany

predictive coding (PC) theory posits that our brain employs a predictive model of the environment to infer the causes of its sensory inputs. A fundamental but untested prediction of this theory is that the same stimulus should elicit distinct precision weighted prediction errors (pwPEs) when different (feature-specific) predictions are violated, even in the absence of attention. Here, we tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a multi-feature roving visual mismatch paradigm where rare changes in either color (red, green), or emotional expression (happy, fearful) of faces elicited pwPE responses in human participants. Using a computational model of learning and inference, we simulated pwPE and prediction trajectories of a Bayes-optimal observer and used these to analyze changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses to changes in color and emotional expression of faces while participants engaged in a distractor task. Controlling for visual attention by eye-tracking, we found pwPE responses to unexpected color changes in the fusiform gyrus. Conversely, unexpected changes of facial emotions elicited pwPE responses in cortico-thalamo-cerebellar structures associated with emotion and theory of mind processing. Predictions pertaining to emotions activated fusiform, occipital and temporal areas. Our results are consistent with a general role of PC across perception, from low-level to complex and socially relevant object features, and suggest that monitoring of the social environment occurs continuously and automatically, even in the absence of attention.

关键词： predictive coding Precision weighted prediction error Color perception Emotion recognition Perception Perceptual inference

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Uncertainty and Surprise Jointly Predict Musical Pleasure and Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Auditory Cortex Activity

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CURRENT BIOLOGY 2019年第23期29卷 4084-+页

作者： Cheung, Vincent K. M. Harrison, Peter M. C. Meyer, Lars Pearce, Marcus T. Haynes, John-Dylan Koelsch, Stefan Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Dept Neuropsychol Stephanstr D-04103 Leipzig Germany Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Mile End Rd London E1 4NS England Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci Res Grp Language Cycles Stephanstr D-04103 Leipzig Germany Aarhus Univ Dept Clin Med Palle Juul Jensens Blvd DK-8200 Aarhus N Denmark Charite Univ Med Berlin Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Charitepl 1 D-10117 Berlin Germany Free Univ Berlin Humboldt Univ Berlin Berlin Inst Hlth Charitepl 1 D-10117 Berlin Germany Univ Bergen Dept Biol & Med Psychol N-5009 Bergen Norway

Listening to music often evokes intense emotions [1, 2]. Recent research suggests that musical pleasure comes from positive reward prediction errors, which arise when what is heard proves to be better than expected [3]. Central to this view is the engagement of the nucleus accumbens-a brain region that processes reward expectations-to pleasurable music and surprising musical events [4-8]. However, expectancy violations along multiple musical dimensions (e.g., harmony and melody) have failed to implicate the nucleus accumbens [9-11], and it is unknown how music reward value is assigned [12]. Whether changes in musical expectancy elicit pleasure has thus remained elusive [11]. Here, we demonstrate that pleasure varies nonlinearly as a function of the listener's uncertainty when anticipating a musical event, and the surprise it evokes when it deviates from expectations. Taking Western tonal harmony as a model of musical syntax, we used a machine-learning model [13] to mathematically quantify the uncertainty and surprise of 80,000 chords in US Billboard pop songs. Behaviorally, we found that chords elicited high pleasure ratings when they deviated substantially from what the listener had expected (low uncertainty, high surprise) or, conversely, when they conformed to expectations in an uninformative context (high uncertainty, low surprise). Neurally, we found using fMRI that activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, and auditory cortex reflected this interaction, while the nucleus accumbens only reflected uncertainty. These findings challenge current neurocognitive models of music-evoked pleasure and highlight the synergistic interplay between prospective and retrospective states of expectation in the musical experience.

关键词： aesthetics amygdala emotions fMRI information theory nucleus accumbens prediction predictive coding reward syntax

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Analyzing the Optimality of predictive Transform coding Using Graph-Based Models

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2013年第1期20卷 106-109页

作者： Zhang, Cha Florencio, Dinei Microsoft Res Redmond WA 98052 USA

In this letter, we provide a theoretical analysis of optimal predictive transform coding based on the Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) model. It is shown that the eigen-analysis of the precision matrix of the GMRF model is optimal in decorrelating the signal. The resulting graph transform degenerates to the well-known 2-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) for a particular 2-D first order GMRF, although it is not a unique optimal solution. Furthermore, we present an optimal scheme to perform predictive transform coding based on conditional probabilities of a GMRF model. Such an analysis can be applied to both motion prediction and intra-frame predictive coding, and may lead to improvements in coding efficiency in the future.

关键词： Gaussian Markov random field graph-based models predictive coding transform coding

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Repetition priming effects for famous faces through dynamic causal modelling of latency-corrected event-related brain potentials

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2019年第10期49卷 1330-1347页

作者： Kashyap, Rajan Bhattacharjee, Sagarika Sommer, Werner Zhou, Changsong Hong Kong Baptist Univ Dept Phys Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Peoples R China Hong Kong Baptist Univ Inst Computat & Theoret Studies Ctr Nonlinear Studies Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Peoples R China Hong Kong Baptist Univ Inst Computat & Theoret Studies Beijing Hong Kong Singapore Joint Ctr Nonlinear & Kowloon Tong Hong Kong Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn ASTAR NUS Clin Imaging & Res Ctr Singapore Inst Neurotechnol Singapore Singapore Natl Univ Singapore Memory Networks Program Singapore Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Dept Psychol Singapore Singapore Humboldt Univ Dept Psychol Berlin Germany Beijing Computat Sci Res Ctr Beijing Peoples R China

Repetition priming, that is, the repeated processing of a stimulus, facilitates performance. However, the neural underpinnings of repetition priming for famous faces in terms of effective connectivity are not known. Here we investigated this problem using dynamic causal modelling of latency-corrected event-related brain potentials (RERPs). Source waveforms of RERP-derived sources in the Occipital Lobe, Fusiform Gyrus, Mediotemporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex and Anterotemporal Lobe of each hemisphere entered into models with only forward (F) or also with backward (FB) connections. Based on the framework of predictive coding formulated for repetition suppression, modulations of F and FB connections were expected for sources that displayed priming effects in their source waveforms. Hence, neural sources in each hemisphere were fitted with either F or FB connections. Inter-hemispheric connections were considered between homologous areas and were allowed to be modulated in an incremental manner resulting in a model space that comprised of 24 models. Bayesian model averaging across models revealed effective bidirectional connectivity between the Fusiform Gyrus (face perception) and Prefrontal Cortex (decision-making) in both hemispheres to be modulated by priming. In the left hemisphere, there is also a substantial involvement from the Mediotemporal Lobe, indicating the facilitation of automatic retrieval of the famous person's name. Furthermore, there is evidence that the priming is supported by connections from the right to the left Fusiform Gyri possibly in the service of inter-hemispheric cooperation. Altogether, the study indicates that along with top-down modulations, efficient processing within and across the two hemispheres is crucial for famous face priming.

关键词： dynamical causal modelling event-related potential face priming predictive coding residue iteration decomposition

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Historical pitfalls and new directions in the neuroscience of emotion

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NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 2019年第0期693卷 9-18页

作者： Barrett, Lisa Feldman Satpute, Ajay B. Northeastern Univ Dept Psychol 360 Huntington Ave Boston MA 02115 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging Charlestown MA USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Psychiat Charlestown MA USA Harvard Med Sch Charlestown MA USA Pomona Coll Dept Psychol Claremont CA 91711 USA Pomona Coll Dept Neurosci Claremont CA 91711 USA

In this article, we offer a brief history summarizing the last century of neuroscientific study of emotion, highlighting dominant themes that run through various schools of thought. We then summarize the current state of the field, followed by six key points for scientific progress that are inspired by a multi-level constructivist theory of emotion. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Emotion Affect fmri Construction Active inference predictive coding Allostasis Interoception Theory of constructed emotion

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An information-theoretic perspective on the costs of cognition

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2019年第0期123卷 5-18页

作者： Zenon, Alexandre Solopchuk, Oleg Pezzulo, Giovanni Univ Bordeaux Inst Neurosci Cognit & Integrat Aquitaine Bordeaux France Catholic Univ Louvain Inst Neurosci Brussels Belgium CNR Inst Cognit Sci & Technol Via San Martino Battaglia 44 I-00185 Rome Italy

In statistics and machine learning, model accuracy is traded off with complexity, which can be viewed as the amount of information extracted from the data. Here, we discuss how cognitive costs can be expressed in terms of similar information costs, i.e. as a function of the amount of information required to update a person's prior knowledge (or internal model) to effectively solve a task. We then examine the theoretical consequences that ensue from this assumption. This framework naturally explains why some tasks - for example, unfamiliar or dual tasks - are costly and permits to quantify these costs using information-theoretic measures. Finally, we discuss brain implementation of this principle and show that subjective cognitive costs can originate either from local or global capacity limitations on information processing or from increased rate of metabolic alterations. These views shed light on the potential adaptive value of cost-avoidance mechanisms.

关键词： Cognitive effort Information theory Active inference predictive coding Efficient coding Computational neuroscience

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