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Structural and contextual priors affect visual search in children with and without autism

AUTISM RESEARCH 2021年第7期14卷 1484-1495页

作者： Van de Cruys, Sander Lemmens, Lisa Sapey-Triomphe, Laurie-Anne Chetverikov, Andrey Noens, Ilse Wagemans, Johan Katholieke Univ Leuven Lab Expt Psychol Leuven Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Leuven Autism Res LAuRes Leuven Belgium Donders Inst Brain Cognit & Behav Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging Visual Computat Lab Nijmegen Netherlands Katholieke Univ Leuven Parenting & Special Educ Res Unit Fac Psychol & Educ Sci Leuven Belgium

Bayesian predictive coding theories of autism spectrum disorder propose that impaired acquisition or a broader shape of prior probability distributions lies at the core of the condition. However, we still know very little about how probability distributions are learned and encoded by children, let alone children with autism. Here, we take advantage of a recently developed distribution learning paradigm to characterize how children with and without autism acquire information about probability distributions. Twenty-four autistic and 25-matched neurotypical children searched for an odd-one-out target among a set of distractor lines with orientations sampled from a Gaussian distribution repeated across multiple trials to allow for learning of the parameters (mean and variance) of the distribution. We could measure the width (variance) of the participant's encoded distribution by introducing a target-distractor role-reversal while varying the similarity between target and previous distractor mean. Both groups performed similarly on the visual search task and learned the distractor distribution to a similar extent. However, the variance learned was much broader than the one presented, consistent with less informative priors in children irrespective of autism diagnosis. These findings have important implications for Bayesian accounts of perception throughout development, and Bayesian accounts of autism specifically. Lay summary Recent theories about the underlying cognitive mechanisms of autism propose that the way autistic individuals estimate variability or uncertainty in their perceptual environment may differ from how typical individuals do so. Children had to search an oddly tilted line in a set of lines pointing in different directions, and based on their response times we examined how they learned about the variability in a set of objects. We found that autistic children learn variability as well as typical children, but both groups learn with less precision than ty

关键词： autism spectrum disorder Bayesian brain ensemble perception perceptual learning predictive coding summary statistics visual search

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"Stopping for knowledge" : The sense of beauty in the perception-action cycle

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2020年 118卷 723-738页

作者： Sarasso, P. Neppi-Modona, M. Sacco, K. Ronga, I. Univ Turin Dept Psychol BIP BraIn Plast & Behav Changes Res Grp Turin Italy

According to a millennial-old philosophical debate, aesthetic emotions have been connected to knowledge acquisition. Recent scientific evidence, collected across different disciplinary domains, confirms this link, but also reveals that motor inhibition plays a crucial role in the process. In this review, we discuss multidisciplinary results and propose an original account of aesthetic appreciation (the stopping for knowledge hypothesis) framed within the predictive coding theory. We discuss evidence showing that aesthetic emotions emerge in correspondence with an inhibition of motor behavior (i.e., minimizing action), promoting a simultaneous perceptual processing enhancement, at the level of sensory cortices (i.e., optimizing learning). Accordingly, we suggest that aesthetic appreciation may represent a hedonic feedback over learning progresses, motivating the individual to inhibit motor routines to seek further knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, the neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies we review reveal the presence of a strong association between aesthetic appreciation and the activation of the dopaminergic reward-related circuits. Finally, we propose a number of possible applications of the stopping for knowledge hypothesis in the clinical and education domains.

关键词： Aesthetic appreciation Neuroaesthetics Learning Attention Processing enhancement motor inhibition Intrinsic motivation predictive coding

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Overcoming Rest-Task Divide-Abnormal Temporospatial Dynamics and Its Cognition in Schizophrenia

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SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 2021年第3期47卷 751-765页

作者： Northoff, Georg Gomez-Pilar, Javier Zhejiang Univ Hosp 7 Sch Med Mental Hlth Ctr Tianmu Rd 305 Hangzhou 310013 Zhejiang Peoples R China Univ Ottawa Inst Mental Hlth Res Mind Brain Imaging & Neuroeth Royal Ottawa Healthcare Grp 1145 Carling AveRoom 6467 Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4 Canada Univ Valladolid Biomed Engn Grp Paseo Belen 15 Valladolid Spain Ctr Invest Biomod Red Bioingn Biomat & Nanomed Valladolid Spain

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder exhibiting alterations in spontaneous and task-related cerebral activity whose relation (termed "state dependence") remains unclear. For unraveling their relationship, we review recent electroencephalographic (and a few functional magnetic resonance imaging) studies in schizophrenia that assess and compare both rest/prestimulus and task states, ie, rest/ prestimulus-task modulation. Results report reduced neural differentiation of task-related activity from rest/prestimulus activity across different regions, neural measures, cognitive domains, and imaging modalities. Together, the findings show reduced rest/prestimulus-task modulation, which is mediated by abnormal temporospatial dynamics of the spontaneous activity. Abnormal temporospatial dynamics, in turn, may lead to abnormal prediction, ie, predictive coding, which mediates cognitive changes and psychopathological symptoms, including confusion of internally and externally oriented cognition. In conclusion, reduced rest/prestimulus-task modulation in schizophrenia provides novel insight into the neuronal mechanisms that connect task-related changes to cognitive abnormalities and psychopathological symptoms.

关键词： state dependence rest-task modulation temporospatial dynamics common currency predictive coding

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Dynamic representations and generative models of brain function

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BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN 2001年第3期54卷 275-285页

作者： Friston, KJ Price, CJ Inst Neurol Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol London WC1N 3BG England

The main point made in this article is;that the representational capacity and inherent function of any neuron, neuronal population or cortical area is dynamic and! context-sensitive. This adaptive rand contextual specialisation is mediated by functional integration or interactions among brain systems with a special emphasis on backwards or top-down connections. The critical notion is that neuronal responses, in any given cortical area, can represent different things at different times, Our argument is developed under the perspective of generative models of functional brain architectures, where higher-level systems provide a prediction of the inputs to lower-level regions. Conflict between the two is resolved by changes in the higher-level representations, driven by the resulting error in lower regions, until the mismatch is 'cancelled', In this model the specialisation of any region is determined both by bottom-up driving inputs and by top-down predictions. Specialisation is therefore not an intrinsic property of any region but depends on both forward and backward connections with other areas. Because these other areas have access to the context in which the inputs are generated they are in a position to modulate the selectivity or specialisation of lower areas. The implications for 'classical' models (e,g., classical receptive fields in electrophysiology, classical specialisation in neuroimaging and connectionism in cognitive models) are severe and suggest these models provide incomplete accounts of real brain architectures, Generative models represent a far more plausible framework for understanding selective neurophysiological responses and how representations are constructed in the brain. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.

关键词： representations predictive coding effective connectivity

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How social is the cerebellum? Exploring the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on the prediction of social and physical events

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BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 2021年第3期226卷 671-684页

作者： Oldrati, Viola Ferrari, Elisabetta Butti, Niccolo Cattaneo, Zaira Borgatti, Renato Urgesi, Cosimo Finisguerra, Alessandra IRCCS E Medea Inst Sci Neurooncol & Neuropsychol Rehabil Unit Bosisio Parini Lecco Italy IRCCS E Medea Sci Inst Neuropsychiat & Neurorehabil Unit Bosisio Parini Lecco Italy Univ Milano Bicocca Dept Psychol Milan Italy IRCCS Mondino Fdn Pavia Italy Univ Udine Lab Cognit Neurosci Dept Languages & Literatures Commun Educ & Soc Udine Italy IRCCS E Medea Sci Inst Udine Italy

Congenital or acquired cerebellum alterations are associated with a complex pattern of motor, cognitive and social disorders. These disturbances may reflect the involvement of the cerebellum in generating and updating the internal models that sub-serve-the prediction of sensory events. Here, we tested whether the cerebellar involvement in using contextual expectations to interpret ambiguous sensory sceneries is specific for social actions or also extends to physical events. We applied anodic, cathodic and sham cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) to modulate the performance of an adult sample in two tasks requiring the prediction of social actions or moving shapes. For both tasks, in an earlier implicit-learning phase (familiarization), we manipulated the probability of co-occurrence between a particular action/shape and contextual elements, which could provide either strongly or moderately informative expectations. The use of these expectations was then tested when participants had to predict the unfolding of temporally occluded videos, in situations of perceptual uncertainty (testing). Results showed that in the testing, but not in the familiarization phase, cathodic as compared to anodic and sham ctDCS hindered participants' sensitivity in predicting actions embedded in strongly, but not moderately, informative contexts. Conversely, anodic as compared to sham ctDCS boosted the prediction of actions embedded in moderately, but not strongly, informative contexts. We observed no ctDCS effects for the shape prediction task, thus pointing to a specific involvement of the cerebellum in forming expectations related to social events. Our results encourage the exploration of rehabilitative effects of ctDCS in patients with social perception deficits.

关键词： Cerebellum tDCS predictive coding Social cognition Action prediction Priors

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Emergence of a Hierarchical Brain During Infancy Reflected by Stepwise Functional Connectivity

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2017年第5期38卷 2666-2682页

作者： Pendl, Suzanne L. Salzwedel, Andrew P. Goldman, Barbara D. Barrett, Lisa F. Lin, Weili Gilmore, John H. Gao, Wei Cedars Sinai Med Ctr Biomed Imaging Res Inst Dept Biomed Sci & Imaging Los Angeles CA 90048 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Psychol & Neurosci Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA FPG Child Dev Inst Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Northeastern Univ Dept Psychol Boston MA 02115 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Psychiat Charlestown MA 02129 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging Charlestown MA 02129 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Radiol Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Biomed Res Imaging Ctr Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Psychiat Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

The hierarchical nature of the brain's functional organization has long been recognized, but when and how this architecture emerges during development remains largely unknown. Here the development of the brain's hierarchical organization was characterized using a modified stepwise functional connectivity approach based on resting-state fMRI in a fully longitudinal sample of infants (N=28, with scans after birth, and at 1 and 2 years) and adults. Results obtained by placing seeds in early sensory cortices revealed novel hierarchical patterns of adult brain organization ultimately converging in limbic, paralimbic, basal ganglia, and frontoparietal brain regions. These findings are remarkably consistent with predictive coding accounts of neural processing that place these regions at the top of predictive coding hierarchies. Infants gradually developed toward this architecture in a region-and step-dependent manner, and displayed many of the same regions as adults in top hierarchical positions, starting from 1 year of age. The findings further revealed patterns of inter-sensory connectivity likely reflecting the emergence and development of multisensory processing strategies during infancy, the strengths of which were correlated with early cognitive development scores. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： early brain development hierarchical brain organization stepwise functional connectivity sensory integration predictive coding

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Reconstructing the upward path to structural realism

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2017年第3期7卷 393-409页

作者： Beni, Majid Davoody Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Management Sci & Technol 424 Hafez St Tehran 331315875 Iran

In his Analysis of Matter, Russell advocated an epistemic form of Epistemic Structural Realism (ESR) which held that our knowledge of the external world is structural. This approach has been criticised by M.H.A. Newman (Mind, (146), 137-148, 1928) and Stathis Psillos (Philosophy of Science, 68(S3), S13-S24, 2001). The paper aims to reconstruct Russell's version of ESR, and defend its experimental and philosophical plausibility. The basic assumption is that without getting a viable experimental handle on the linkage between the structure of perceptions and causal structure of the stimuli, the so called upward path to SR couldn't be defended conclusively. In this vein, the paper explores the resources of the recent experimental theories of perception (these include the theory of brain's difference-based coding, and the theory of prediction error minimization). These help establishing a structuralist account of the perception, and provide an account for the causal linkage between the structure of perceptions and the structure of the stimuli. I argue that it is possible to settle for objectivity of this linkage according to the criteria of comprehensiveness, simplicity, and above all rationality, in a way that meets the standards of the scientific realists.

关键词： Structural realism Nemwan's objection Theory of perception Sparse coding predictive coding Inference to the best explanation Scientific realism

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Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception

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ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2020年第1期1464卷 242-268页

作者： Walsh, Kevin S. McGovern, David P. Clark, Andy O'Connell, Redmond G. Trinity Coll Dublin Inst Neurosci Dublin D2 Ireland Trinity Coll Dublin Sch Psychol Rm 3-23Lloyd Bldg Dublin D2 Ireland Dublin City Univ Sch Psychol Dublin Ireland Univ Sussex Dept Philosophy Brighton E Sussex England Univ Sussex Dept Informat Brighton E Sussex England

For many years, the dominant theoretical framework guiding research into the neural origins of perceptual experience has been provided by hierarchical feedforward models, in which sensory inputs are passed through a series of increasingly complex feature detectors. However, the long-standing orthodoxy of these accounts has recently been challenged by a radically different set of theories that contend that perception arises from a purely inferential process supported by two distinct classes of neurons: those that transmit predictions about sensory states and those that signal sensory information that deviates from those predictions. Although these predictive processing (PP) models have become increasingly influential in cognitive neuroscience, they are also criticized for lacking the empirical support to justify their status. This limited evidence base partly reflects the considerable methodological challenges that are presented when trying to test the unique predictions of these models. However, a confluence of technological and theoretical advances has prompted a recent surge in human and nonhuman neurophysiological research seeking to fill this empirical gap. Here, we will review this new research and evaluate the degree to which its findings support the key claims of PP.

关键词： predictive processing perception neurophysiology perceptual inference predictive coding

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Emotional context facilitates cortical prediction error responses

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2015年第9期36卷 3641-3652页

作者： Vogel, Bob O. Shen, Christina Neuhaus, Andres H. Charite Dept Psychiat D-12203 Berlin Germany

In the predictive coding framework, mismatch negativity (MMN) is regarded a correlate of the prediction error that occurs when top-down predictions conflict with bottom-up sensory inputs. Expression-related MMN is a relatively novel construct thought to reflect a prediction error specific to emotional processing, which, however, has not yet been tested directly. Our paradigm includes both neutral and emotional deviants, thereby allowing for investigating whether expression-related MMN is emotion-specific or unspecifically arises from violations of a given sequence. Twenty healthy participants completed a visual sequence oddball task where they were presented with (1) sequence deviants, (2) emotional sequence deviants, and (3) emotional deviants. Mismatch components were assessed at ventral occipitotemporal scalp sites and analyzed regarding their amplitudes, spatiotemporal profiles, and neuronal sources. Expression-related MMN could be clearly separated from its neutral counterpart in all investigated aspects. Specifically, expression-related MMN showed enhanced amplitude, shorter latency, and different neuronal sources. Our results, therefore, provide converging evidence for a quantitative specificity of expression-related MMN and seems to provide an opportunity to study prediction error during preattentive emotional processing. Our neurophysiological evidence ultimately suggests that a basic cognitive operator, the prediction error, is enhanced at the cortical level by processing of emotionally salient stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3641-3652, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： predictive coding emotion mismatch negativity expression face

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The mismatch negativity: A review of underlying mechanisms

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CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2009年第3期120卷 453-463页

作者： Garrido, Marta I. Kilner, James M. Stephan, Klaas E. Friston, Karl J. UCL Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London WC1E 6BT England

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a brain response to violations of a rule, established by a sequence of sensory stimuli (typically in the auditory domain) [Naatanen R. Attention and brain function. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum: 1992]. The MMN reflects the brain's ability to perform automatic comparisons between consecutive stimuli and provides an electrophysiological index of sensory learning and perceptual accuracy. Although the MMN has been studied extensively, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the MMN are not well understood. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the generation of the MMN: amongst these accounts, the "adaptation hypothesis" and the "model adjustment hypothesis" have received the most attention. This paper presents a review of studies that focus on neuronal mechanisms underlying the MMN generation, discusses the two major explanatory hypotheses, and proposes predictive coding as a general framework that attempts to unify both. (C) 2008 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mismatch negativity (MMN) Event-related potential (ERP) Mechanistic models Cortical networks predictive coding

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