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Multistable Perception and the Role of the Frontoparietal Cortex in Perceptual Inference

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 69 2018年第1期69卷 77-103页

作者： Brascamp, Jan Sterzer, Philipp Blake, Randolph Knapen, Tomas Michigan State Univ Dept Psychol E Lansing MI 48824 USA Charite Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy Campus Charite Mitte D-10117 Berlin Germany Vanderbilt Univ Dept Psychol Nashville TN 37240 USA Vanderbilt Univ Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr Nashville TN 37240 USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Dept Cognit Psychol NL-1081 BT Amsterdam Netherlands

A given pattern of optical stimulation can arise from countless possible real-world sources, creating a dilemma for vision: What in the world actually gives rise to the current pattern? This dilemma was pointed out centuries ago by the astronomer and mathematician Ibn Al-Haytham and was forcefully restated 150 years ago when von Helmholtz characterized perception as unconscious inference. To buttress his contention, von Helmholtz cited multistable perception: recurring changes in perception despite unchanging sensory input. Recent neuroscientific studies have exploited multistable perception to identify brain areas uniquely activated in association with these perceptual changes, but the specific roles of those activations remain controversial. This article provides an overview of theoretical models of multistable perception, a review of recent neuroimaging and brain stimulation studies focused on mechanisms associated with these perceptual changes, and a synthesis of available evidence within the context of current notions about Bayesian inference that find their historical roots in von Helmholtz's work.

关键词： multistable perception binocular rivalry perceptual inference predictive coding functional magnetic resonance imaging transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Conscious agent networks: Formal analysis and application to cognition

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COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2018年 47卷 186-213页

作者： Fields, Chris Hoffman, Donald D. Prakash, Chetan Singh, Manish 21 Rue Lavandieres F-11160 Caunes Minervois France Univ Calif Irvine Dept Cognit Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA Calif State Univ San Bernardino Dept Math San Bernardino CA 92407 USA Rutgers State Univ Dept Psychol New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA Rutgers State Univ Ctr Cognit Sci New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA

Networks of "conscious agents" (CAs) as defined by Hoffman and Prakash (2014) are shown to provide a robust and intuitive representation of perceptual and cognitive processes in the context of the Interface Theory of Perception (Hoffman, Singh and Prakash, 2015). The behavior of the simplest CA networks is analyzed exhaustively. The construction of short-and long-term memories and the implementation of attention, categorization and case-based planning are demonstrated. These results show that robust perception and cognition can be modelled independently of any ontological assumptions about the world in which an agent is embedded. Any agent-world interaction can, in particular, also be represented as an agent-agent interaction. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Active inference Complex networks Computation Learning Memory Planning predictive coding Self representation Reference frame Turing completeness

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Sickness behavior is not all about the immune response: Possible roles of expectations and prediction errors in the worry of being sick

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BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 2018年 74卷 213-221页

作者： Lasselin, Julie Petrovic, Predrag Olsson, Mats J. Goranson, Sofie Paues Lekander, Mats Jensen, Karin B. Axelsson, John Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Neurosci Psychol Div Stockholm Sweden Stockholm Univ Stress Res Inst S-10691 Stockholm Sweden Univ Hosp Essen Inst Med Psychol & Behav Immunobiol Essen Germany Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Neurosci Neuro Div Stockholm Sweden Karolinska Inst Osher Ctr Integrat Med Stockholm Sweden Karolinska Inst Dept Clin Sci Danderyd Hosp Stockholm Sweden

Background People react very differently when sick, and there are only poor correlations between the intensity of the immune response and sickness behavior. Yet, alternative predictors of the individual differences in sickness are under-investigated. Based on the predictive coding model of placebo responses, where health outcomes are function of bottom-up sensory information and top-down expectancies, we hypothesized that individual differences in behavioral changes during sickness could be explained by individual top-down expectancies and prediction errors. Methods: Twenty-two healthy participants were made sick by intravenously administering lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg body weight). Their expectations of becoming sick were assessed before the injection. Results: Participants having lower expectations of becoming sick before the injection reacted with more emotional distress (i.e., more negative affect and lower emotional arousal) than those with high expectations of becoming sick, despite having similar overall sickness behavior (i.e., a combined factor including fatigue, pain, nausea and social withdrawal). In keeping with a predictive coding model, the "prediction error signal", i.e., the discrepancy between the immune signal and sickness expectancy, predicted emotional distress (reduction in emotional arousal in particular). Conclusion: The current findings suggest that the emotional component of sickness behavior is, at least partly, shaped by top-down expectations. Helping patients having a realistic expectation of symptoms during treatment of an illness may thus reduce aggravated emotional responses, and ultimately improve patients' quality of life and treatment compliance.

关键词： Sickness behavior Expectation Prediction error Negative mood Emotions Inflammation Lipopolysaccharide Placebo response predictive coding

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Late deviance detection in rats is reduced, while early deviance detection is augmented by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801

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SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2018年 191卷 43-50页

作者： Harms, L. Fulham, W. R. Todd, J. Meehan, C. Schall, U. Hodgson, D. M. Michie, P. T. Univ Newcastle Sch Psychol Callaghan NSW Australia Prior Ctr Brain & Mental Hlth Res Callaghan NSW Australia Hunter Med Res Inst Newcastle NSW Australia Schizophrenia Res Inst Randwick NSW Australia Univ Newcastle Sch Med & Publ Hlth Callaghan NSW Australia

One of the most robust electrophysiological features of schizophrenia is reduced mismatch negativity, a component of the event related potential (ERP) induced by rare and unexpected stimuli in an otherwise regular pattern. Emerging evidence suggests that mismatch negativity (MMN) is not the only ERP index of deviance detection in the mammalian brain and that sensitivity to deviant sounds in a regular background can be observed at earlier latencies in both the human and rodent brain. Pharmacological studies in humans and rodents have previously found that MMN reductions similar to those seen in schizophrenia can be elicited by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, an observation in agreement with the hypothesised role of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis. However, it is not known how NMDA receptor antagonism affects early deviance detection responses. Here, we show that NMDA antagonism impacts both early and late deviance detection responses. By recording EEG in awake, freely-moving rats in a drug-free condition and after varying doses of NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, we found the hypothesised reduction of deviance detection for a late, negative potential (N55). However, the amplitude of an early component, P13, as well as deviance detection evident in the same component, were increased by NMDA receptor antagonism. These findings indicate that late deviance detection in rats is similar to human MMN, but the surprising effect of MK-801 in increasing ERP amplitudes as well as deviance detection at earlier latencies suggests that future studies in humans should examine ERPs over early latencies in schizophrenia and after NMDA antagonism. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mismatch negativity (MMN) MK-801 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor Rat Schizophrenia predictive coding

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Predictability of what or where reduces brain activity, but a bottleneck occurs when both are predictable

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NEUROIMAGE 2018年 167卷 224-236页

作者： Davis, Ben Hasson, Uri Univ Trento Ctr Mind Brain Sci CIMeC Rovereto TN Italy

Detecting regularities in the sensory environment licenses predictions that enable adaptive behaviour. However, it is unclear whether predictions about object category, location, or both dimensions are mediated by overlapping systems, and relatedly, whether constructing predictions about both category and location is associated with processing bottlenecks. To examine this issue, in an fMRI study, we presented participants with image-series in which non-deterministic transition probabilities enabled predictions about either the location of the next image, its semantic category, both dimensions, or neither (the latter forming a "no-regularity" random baseline condition). Speaking to a common system, all three predictable conditions resulted in reduced BOLD activity in four clusters: left rostral anterior cingulate cortex;bilateral putamen, caudate and thalamus;right precentral gyrus, and left visual cortex. Pointing to a processing bottleneck, in some regions, a significant interaction between the two factors was found whereby category-predictable series were associated with lower activity -but only when location regularity was absent. Finally, category regularity decreased activation in areas of the ventral visual stream and semantic areas of lateral temporal cortex, and location regularity decreased activation in a dorsal fronto-parietal cluster, long implicated in the endogenous control of spatial attention. Our findings confirm and expand a role for dACC/dmPFC and striatum in monitoring or responding to uncertainty in the environment and point to a limited capacity bottleneck when multiple predictions are concurrently licensed.

关键词： Uncertainty Prediction Statistical learning predictive coding Disorder Entropy

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EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2018年第5期236卷 1519-1530页

作者： Rosburg, Timm Weigl, Michael Thiel, Ronja Mager, Ralph Univ Basel Univ Psychiat Clin Dept Forens Psychiat Wilhelm Klein Str 27 CH-4002 Basel Switzerland Saarland Univ Dept Psychol Expt Neuropsychol Unit Campus A2-4 D-66123 Saarbrucken Germany

Mismatch negativity (MMN) represents an event-related potential (ERP) component which is elicited by deviant sound events in an otherwise regular, repetitive stimulation. The MMN amplitude typically decreases when two identical deviants are presented in direct succession, but it remains stable when the two deviants vary from the standard in different features. Less is known about such repetition effects on another ERP component, the P3a, which usually follows the MMN. In the current study, we investigated how the P3a was affected by identical and non-identical repetitions of sound deviants. The ERP analysis revealed that the P3a amplitudes were strongly diminished when the repeated deviants were identical, but the P3a remained stable when the repeated deviants varied. The findings suggest that not only the deviance detection system, as reflected in the MMN, but also subsequent attention switch systems, as reflected in the P3a, operate independently across different sound features.

关键词： Attention Event-related potentials Mismatch negativity Prefrontal cortex predictive coding

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Multilevel Split Regression Wavelet Analysis for Lossless Compression of Remote Sensing Data

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IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS 2018年第10期15卷 1540-1544页

作者： Alvarez-Cortes, Sara Bartrina-Rapesta, Joan Serra-Sagrista, Joan Univ Autonoma Barcelona Dept Informat & Commun Engn E-08193 Barcelona Spain

Spectral redundancy is a key element to be exploited in compression of remote sensing data. Combined with an entropy encoder, it can achieve competitive lossless coding performance. One of the latest techniques to decorrelate the spectral signal is the regression wavelet analysis (RWA). RWA applies a wavelet transform in the spectral domain and estimates the detail coefficients through the approximation coefficients using linear regression. RWA was originally coupled with JPEG 2000. This letter introduces a novel coding approach, where RWA is coupled with the predictor of CCSDS-123.0-B-1 standard and a lightweight contextual arithmetic coder. In addition, we also propose a smart strategy to select the number of RWA decomposition levels that maximize the coding performance. Experimental results indicate that, on average, the obtained coding gains vary between 0.1 and 1.35 bits-per-pixel-per-component compared with the other state-of-the-art coding techniques.

关键词： Lossless coding predictive coding spectral decorrelation

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A neuro-cognitive process model of emotional intelligence

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018年第0期139卷 131-151页

作者： Smith, Ryan Killgore, William D. S. Alkozei, Anna Lane, Richard D. Univ Arizona Dept Psychiat Tucson AZ USA Laureate Inst Brain Res 6655 South Yale Ave Tulsa OK 74136 USA

The construct of emotional intelligence (EI) broadly reflects the idea that individuals differ in their disposition/ability to adaptively generate, recognize, understand, and regulate the emotions of self and others. However, while the neural processes underlying such differences have begun to receive investigation, no brain-based model of EI has yet been proposed to help guide the design and interpretation of neuroimaging research in this area. In this article, we propose a neural model of EI to fill this need. This model incorporates recent insights from emotion theory, computational neuroscience, and large-scale network models of brain function. It also highlights several domain general processes - including those underlying conceptualization, automatic attention, habit formation, and cognitive control - that offer plausible targets for improving EI with training. Our model offers considerable promise in advancing understanding of intelligent emotional functioning and in guiding future neuroscience research on EI.

关键词： Emotional intelligence Neural systems Emotion perception Emotion regulation Emotional awareness predictive coding Active inference

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Initial Uncertainty Impacts Statistical Learning in Sound Sequence Processing

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NEUROSCIENCE 2018年 389卷 41-53页

作者： Todd, Juanita Provost, Alexander Whitson, Lisa Mullens, Daniel Univ Newcastle Sch Psychol Newcastle NSW Australia

This paper features two studies confirming a lasting impact of first learning on how subsequent experience is weighted in early relevance-filtering processes. In both studies participants were exposed to sequences of sound that contained a regular pattern on two different timescales. Regular patterning in sound is readily detected by the auditory system and used to form "prediction models" that define the most likely properties of sound to be encountered in a given context. The presence and strength of these prediction models is inferred from changes in automatically elicited components of auditory evoked potentials. Both studies employed sound sequences that contained both a local and longer-termpattern. The local pattern was defined by a regular repeating pure tone occasionally interrupted by a rare deviating tone (p=0.125) that was physically different (a 30 ms vs. 60 ms duration difference in one condition and a 1000 Hz vs. 1500 Hz frequency difference in the other). The longer-term pattern was defined by the rate at which the two tones alternated probabilities (i.e., the tone that was first rare became common and the tone that was firstcommon became rare). There was no task related to the tones and participants were asked to ignore them while focussing attention on a movie with subtitles. Auditory-evoked potentials revealed long lasting modulatory influences based on whether the tone was initially encountered as rare and unpredictable or common and predictable. The results are interpreted as evidence that probability (or indeed predictability) assigns a differential information-value to the two tones that in turn affects the extent to which prediction models are updated and imposed. These effects are exposed for both common and rare occurrences of the tones. The studies contribute to a body of work that reveals that probabilistic information is not faithfully represented in these early evoked potentials and instead exposes that predictability (or conversely unc

关键词： Auditory evoked potentials Sequential learning predictive coding Mismatch negativity Primacy bias

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The function and failure of sensory predictions

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ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2018年第1期1426卷 199-220页

作者： Bansal, Sonia Ford, Judith M. Spering, Miriam Univ Maryland Maryland Psychiat Res Ctr 55 Wade Ave Catonsville MD 21228 USA Univ Calif San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA Vet Affairs Med Ctr San Francisco CA 94121 USA Univ British Columbia Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Vancouver BC Canada

Humans and other primates are equipped with neural mechanisms that allow them to automatically make predictions about future events, facilitating processing of expected sensations and actions. Prediction-driven control and monitoring of perceptual and motor acts are vital to normal cognitive functioning. This review provides an overview of corollary discharge mechanisms involved in predictions across sensory modalities and discusses consequences of predictive coding for cognition and behavior. Converging evidence now links impairments in corollary discharge mechanisms to neuropsychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. We review studies supporting a prediction-failure hypothesis of perceptual and cognitive disturbances. We also outline neural correlates underlying prediction function and failure, highlighting similarities across the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems. In linking basic psychophysical and psychophysiological evidence of visual, auditory, and somatosensory prediction failures to neuropsychiatric symptoms, our review furthers our understanding of disease mechanisms.

关键词： corollary discharge efference copy predictive coding schizophrenia hallucination

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