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Laminar fMRI and computational theories of brain function

NEUROIMAGE 2019年 197卷 699-706页

作者： Stephan, K. E. Petzschner, F. H. Kasper, L. Bayer, J. Wellstein, K. V. Stefanics, G. Pruessmann, K. P. Heinzle, J. Univ Zurich Inst Biomed Engn Translat Neuromodeling Unit TNU CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland Swiss Fed Inst Technol CH-8032 Zurich Switzerland UCL Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London WC1N 3BG England Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Biomed Engn CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland Univ Zurich Lab Social & Neural Syst Res SNS Dept Econ CH-8006 Zurich Switzerland

Recently developed methods for functional MRI at the resolution of cortical layers (laminar fMRI) offer a novel window into neurophysiological mechanisms of cortical activity. Beyond physiology, laminar fMRI also offers an unprecedented opportunity to test influential theories of brain function. Specifically, hierarchical Bayesian theories of brain function, such as predictive coding, assign specific computational roles to different cortical layers. Combined with computational models, laminar fMRI offers a unique opportunity to test these proposals non-invasively in humans. This review provides a brief overview of predictive coding and related hierarchical Bayesian theories, summarises their predictions with regard to layered cortical computations, examines how these predictions could be tested by laminar fMRI, and considers methodological challenges. We conclude by discussing the potential of laminar fMRI for clinically useful computational assays of layer-specific information processing.

关键词： Cortical layers predictive coding Effective connectivity Neuromodeling Computational psychiatry Computational psychosomatics

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No evidence for abnormal priors in early vision in schizophrenia

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SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2019年 210卷 245-254页

作者： Kaliuzhna, Marlia Stein, Timo Rusch, Tessa Sekutowicz, Maria Sterzer, Philipp Seymour, Kiley J. Macquarie Univ ARC Ctr Excellence Cognit & Disorders Dept Cognit Sci Sydney NSW Australia Univ Geneva Dept Psychiat Clin & Expt Psychopathol Grp Geneva Switzerland Charite Univ Med Berlin Campus Charite Mitte Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Berlin Sch Mind & Brain Berlin Germany Univ Amsterdam Dept Psychol Amsterdam Netherlands Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf Inst Syst Neurosci Martinistr 52 D-20246 Hamburg Germany Western Sydney Univ Sch Social Sci & Psychol Penrith NSW Australia

The predictive coding account of psychosis postulates the abnormal formation of prior beliefs in schizophrenia, resulting in psychotic symptoms. One domain inwhich priors play a crucial role is visual perception. For instance, our perception of brightness, line length, and motion direction are not merely based on a veridical extraction of sensory input but are also determined by expectation (or prior) of the stimulus. Formation of such priors is thought to be governed by the statistical regularities within natural scenes. Recently, the use of such priors has been attributed to a specific set of well-documented visual illusions, supporting the idea that perception is biased toward what is statistically more probable within the environment. The predictive coding account of psychosis proposes that patients form abnormal representations of statistical regularities in natural scenes, leading to altered perceptual experiences. Here we use classical vision experiments involving a specific set of visual illusions to directly test this hypothesis. We find that perceptual judgments for both patients and control participants are biased in accordance with reported probability distributions of natural scenes. Thus, despite there being a suggested link between visual abnormalities and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, our results provide no support for the notion that altered formation of priors is a general feature of the disorder. These data call for a refinement in the predictions of quantitative models of psychosis. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Schizophrenia predictive coding Vision Natural scene statistics

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Brain oscillations and connectivity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): new approaches to methodology, measurement and modelling

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2016年 71卷 601-620页

作者： Kessler, K. Seymour, R. A. Rippon, G. Aston Univ Sch Life & Hlth Sci Aston Brain Ctr Birmingham B4 7ET W Midlands England

Although atypical social behaviour remains a key characterisation of ASD, the presence of sensory and perceptual abnormalities has been given a more central role in recent classification changes. An understanding of the origins of such aberrations could thus prove a fruitful focus for ASD research. Early neurocognitive models of ASD suggested that the study of high frequency activity in the brain as a measure of cortical connectivity might provide the key to understanding the neural correlates of sensory and perceptual deviations in ASD. As our review shows, the findings from subsequent research have been inconsistent, with a lack of agreement about the nature of any high frequency disturbances in ASD brains. Based on the application of new techniques using more sophisticated measures of brain synchronisation, direction of information flow, and invoking the coupling between high and low frequency bands, we propose a framework which could reconcile apparently conflicting findings in this area and would be consistent both with emerging neurocognitive models of autism and with the heterogeneity of the condition. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Autism Brain oscillations Gamma Brain connectivity predictive coding

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Partial information decomposition as a unified approach to the specification of neural goal functions

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BRAIN AND COGNITION 2017年 112卷 25-38页

作者： Wibral, Michael Priesemann, Viola Kay, Jim W. Lizier, Joseph T. Phillips, William A. Goethe Univ MEG Unit Brain Imaging Ctr Heinrich Hoffmann Str 10 D-60528 Frankfurt Germany Max Planck Inst Dynam & Self Org Dept Nonlinear Dynam Gottingen Germany Univ Glasgow Dept Stat Glasgow G12 8QQ Lanark Scotland Univ Sydney Sch Civil Engn Complex Syst Res Grp Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Univ Stirling Sch Nat Sci Stirling Scotland

In many neural systems anatomical motifs are present repeatedly, but despite their structural similarity they can serve very different tasks. A prime example for such a motif is the canonical microcircuit of six layered neo-cortex, which is repeated across cortical areas, and is involved in a number of different tasks (e.g. sensory, cognitive, or motor tasks). This observation has spawned interest in finding a common underlying principle, a 'goal function', of information processing implemented in this structure. By definition such a goal function, if universal, cannot be cast in processing-domain specific language (e.g. 'edge filtering', 'working memory'). Thus, to formulate such a principle, we have to use a domain-independent framework. Information theory offers such a framework. However, while the classical framework of information theory focuses on the relation between one input and one output (Shannon's mutual information), we argue that neural information processing crucially depends on the combination of multiple inputs to create the output of a processor. To account for this, we use a very recent extension of Shannon Information theory, called partial information decomposition (PID). PID allows to quantify the information that several inputs provide individually (unique information), redundantly (shared information) or only jointly (synergistic information) about the output. First, we review the framework of PID. Then we apply it to reevaluate and analyze several earlier proposals of information theoretic neural goal functions (predictive coding, infomax and coherent infomax, efficient coding). We find that PID allows to compare these goal functions in a common framework, and also provides a versatile approach to design new goal functions from first principles. Building on this, we design and analyze a novel goal function, called 'coding with synergy', which builds on combining external input and prior knowledge in a synergistic manner. We suggest that this

关键词： Information theory Unique information Shared information Synergy Redundancy predictive coding Neural coding Coherent infomax Neural goal function

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predictive Processing, Source Monitoring, and Psychosis

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 13 2017年第1期13卷 265-289页

作者： Griffin, Juliet D. Fletcher, Paul C. Univ Cambridge Dept Psychiat Cambridge CB2 0SZ England

A comprehensive understanding of psychosis requires models that link multiple levels of explanation: the neurobiological, the cognitive, the subjective, and the social. Until we can bridge several explanatory gaps, it is difficult to explain how neurobiological perturbations can manifest in bizarre beliefs or hallucinations, or how trauma or social adversity can perturb lower-level brain processes. We propose that the predictive processing framework has much to offer in this respect. We show how this framework may underpin and complement source monitoring theories of delusions and hallucinations and how, when considered in terms of a dynamic and hierarchical system, it may provide a compelling model of several key clinical features of psychosis. We see little conflict between source monitoring theories and predictive coding. The former act as a higher-level description of a set of capacities, and the latter aims to provide a deeper account of how these and other capacities may emerge.

关键词： predictive coding psychosis schizophrenia source monitoring

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Differential effects of non-dual and focused attention meditations on the formation of automatic perceptual habits in expert practitioners

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 2018年第0期119卷 92-100页

作者： Fucci, E. Abdoun, O. Caclin, A. Francis, A. Dunne, J. D. Ricard, M. Davidson, R. J. Lutz, A. Lyon 1 Univ Lyon Neurosci Res Ctr CNRS INSERMU1028UMR5292 Lyon France Univ Wisconsin Madison WI USA Univ Wisconsin Ctr Hlth Minds Madison WI 53705 USA Shechen Tennyi Dargyeling Monastery Kathmandu Nepal

Non-dual meditation aims to undo maladaptive cognitive and affective patterns by recognizing their constructed and transient nature. We previously found high-amplitude spontaneous gamma (25-40 Hz) oscillatory activity during such practice. Nonetheless, it is unclear how this meditation state differs from other practices, in terms of perceptual information processing. Here, we hypothesized that non-dual meditation can downregulate the automatic formation of perceptual habits. To investigate this hypothesis, we recorded EEG from expert Buddhist meditation practitioners and matched novices to measure two components of the auditory evoked response: the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and the Late Frontal Negativity (LFN), a potential observed at a latency sensitive to attentional engagement to the auditory environment, during the practices of Open Presence (OP) and Focused Attention (FA), as well as during a control state, in the context of a passive oddball paradigm. We found an increase in gamma oscillatory power during both meditation states in expert practitioners and an interaction between states and groups in the amplitude of the MMN. A further investigation identified the specific interplay between the MMN and the LFN as a possible marker to differentiate the two meditation states as a function of expertise. In experts, the MMN increased during FA, compared to OP, while the opposite pattern was observed at the LFN latency. We propose that the state of OP in experts is characterized by increased sensory monitoring and reduced perceptual inferences compared to FA. This study represents a first attempt to describe the impact of non-dual meditation states on the regulation of automatic brain predictive processes.

关键词： Attention Auditory oddball EEG Gamma Mindfulness predictive coding

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Direct Evidence for Prediction Signals in Frontal Cortex Independent of Prediction Error

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2019年第11期29卷 4530-4538页

作者： Duerschmid, Stefan Reichert, Christoph Hinrichs, Hermann Heinze, Hans-Jochen Kirsch, Heidi E. Knight, Robert T. Deouell, Leon Y. Leibniz Inst Neurobiol Dept Behav Neurol Brenneckestr 6 D-39120 Magdeburg Germany Otto Von Guericke Univ Dept Neurol Leipziger Str 44 D-39120 Magdeburg Germany Otto Von Guericke Univ Stereotact Neurosurg Leipziger Str 44 D-39120 Magdeburg Germany German Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis DZNE Leipziger Str 44 D-39120 Magdeburg Germany Otto Von Guericke Univ Forsch Campus STIMULATE Univ Pl 2 D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Otto Von Guericke Univ CBBS Univ Pl 2 D-39106 Magdeburg Germany Univ Calif San Francisco Dept Neurol 400 Parnassus Ave San Francisco CA 94122 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Helen Wills Neurosci Inst Berkeley CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Psychol Berkeley CA 94720 USA Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Edmond & Lily Safra Ctr Brain Sci IL-91904 Jerusalem Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Dept Psychol IL-91904 Jerusalem Israel

predictive coding (PC) has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms used by brains to interact with complex environments. PC theories posit top-down prediction signals, which are compared with actual outcomes, yielding in turn prediction error (PE) signals, which are used, bottom-up, to modify the ensuing predictions. However, disentangling prediction from PE signals has been challenging. Critically, while many studies found indirect evidence for PC in the form of PE signals, direct evidence for the prediction signal is mostly lacking. Here, we provide clear evidence, obtained from intracranial cortical recordings in human surgical patients, that the human lateral prefrontal cortex evinces prediction signals while anticipating an event. Patients listened to task-irrelevant sequences of repetitive tones including infrequent predictable or unpredictable pitch deviants. The broadband high-frequency amplitude (HFA) was decreased prior to the onset of expected relative to unexpected deviants in the frontal cortex only, and its amplitude was sensitive to the increasing likelihood of deviants following longer trains of standards in the unpredictable condition. Single-trial HFA predicted deviations and correlated with poststimulus response to deviations. These results provide direct evidence for frontal cortex prediction signals independent of PE signals.

关键词： frontal cortex high gamma activity predictive coding prestimulus activity temporal cortex

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Modality-Specific Perceptual Expectations Selectively Modulate Baseline Activity in Auditory, Somatosensory, and Visual Cortices

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2011年第12期21卷 2850-2862页

作者： Langner, Robert Kellermann, Thilo Boers, Frank Sturm, Walter Willmes, Klaus Eickhoff, Simon B. Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Dept Psychiat Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics D-52074 Aachen Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Neuropsychol Sect Dept Neurol Sch Med D-52074 Aachen Germany Res Ctr Julich Inst Neurosci & Med INM 2 INM 4 D-52425 Julich Germany

Valid expectations are known to improve target detection, but the preparatory attentional mechanisms underlying this perceptual facilitation remain an open issue. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show here that expecting auditory, tactile, or visual targets, in the absence of stimulation, selectively increased baseline activity in corresponding sensory cortices and decreased activity in irrelevant ones. Regardless of sensory modality, expectancy activated bilateral premotor and posterior parietal areas, supplementary motor area as well as right anterior insula and right middle frontal gyrus. The bilateral putamen was sensitive to the modality specificity of expectations during the unexpected omission of targets. Thus, across modalities, detection improvement arising from selectively directing attention to a sensory modality appears mediated through transient changes in pretarget activity. This flexible advance modulation of baseline activity in sensory cortices resolves ambiguities among previous studies unable to discriminate modality-specific preparatory activity from attentional modulation of stimulus processing. Our results agree with predictive-coding models, which suggest that these expectancy-related changes reflect top-down biases-presumably originating from the observed supramodal frontoparietal network-that modulate signal-detection sensitivity by differentially modifying background activity (i.e., noise level) in different input channels. The putamen appears to code omission-related Bayesian "surprise" that depends on the specificity of predictions.

关键词： fMRI intermodal attention multimodal stimulus anticipation predictive coding surprise

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TMS Over V5 Disrupts Motion Prediction

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2015年第4期25卷 1052-1059页

作者： Vetter, Petra Grosbras, Marie-Helene Muckli, Lars Univ Glasgow Coll Med Vet & Life Sci Inst Neurosci & Psychol Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging Glasgow G12 8QB Lanark Scotland

Given the vast amount of sensory information the brain has to deal with, predicting some of this information based on the current context is a resource-efficient strategy. The framework of predictive coding states that higher-level brain areas generate a predictive model to be communicated via feedback connections to early sensory areas. Here, we directly tested the necessity of a higher-level visual area, V5, in this predictive processing in the context of an apparent motion paradigm. We flashed targets on the apparent motion trace in-time or out-of-time with the predicted illusory motion token. As in previous studies, we found that predictable in-time targets were better detected than unpredictable out-of-time targets. However, when we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided, double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over left V5 at 13-53 ms before target onset, the detection advantage of in-time targets was eliminated;this was not the case when TMS was applied over the vertex. Our results are causal evidence that V5 is necessary for a prediction effect, which has been shown to modulate V1 activity (Alink et al. 2010). Thus, our findings suggest that information processing between V5 and V1 is crucial for visual motion prediction, providing experimental support for the predictive coding framework.

关键词： apparent motion double-pulse TMS hMT predictive coding V1

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What do predictive coders want?

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SYNTHESE 2018年第6期195卷 2541-2557页

作者： Klein, Colin Macquarie Univ Dept Philosophy Sydney NSW 2109 Australia

The so-called "dark room problem" makes vivd the challenges that purely predictive models face in accounting for motivation. I argue that the problem is a serious one. Proposals for solving the dark room problem via predictive coding architectures are either empirically inadequate or computationally intractable. The Free Energy principle might avoid the problem, but only at the cost of setting itself up as a highly idealized model, which is then literally false to the world. I draw at least one optimistic conclusion, however. Real-world, real-time systems may embody motivational states in a variety of ways consistent with idealized principles like FEP, including ways that are intuitively embodied and extended. This may allow predictive coding theorists to reconcile their account with embodied principles, even if it ultimately undermines loftier ambitions.

关键词： predictive coding Free energy principle Homeostasis Good regulator theorem Extended mind Explanation

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