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Temporal and identity prediction in visual-auditory events: Electrophysiological evidence from stimulus omissions

BRAIN RESEARCH 2017年第0期1661卷 79-87页

作者： van Laarhoven, Thijs Stekelenburg, Jeroen J. Vroomen, Jean Tilburg Univ Dept Cognit Neuropsychol POB 90153 NL-5000 LE Tilburg Netherlands

A rare omission of a sound that is predictable by anticipatory visual information induces an early negative omission response (oN1) in the EEG during the period of silence where the sound was expected. It was previously suggested that the oN1 was primarily driven by the identity of the anticipated sound. Here, we examined the role of temporal prediction in conjunction with identity prediction of the anticipated sound in the evocation of the auditory oN1. With incongruent audiovisual stimuli (a video of a handclap that is consistently combined with the sound of a car horn) we demonstrate in Experiment 1 that a natural match in identity between the visual and auditory stimulus is not required for inducing the oN1, and that the perceptual system can adapt predictions to unnatural stimulus events. In Experiment 2 we varied either the auditory onset (relative to the visual onset) or the identity of the sound across trials in order to hamper temporal and identity predictions. Relative to the natural stimulus with correct auditory timing and matching audiovisual identity, the oN1 was abolished when either the timing or the identity of the sound could not be predicted reliably from the video. Our study demonstrates the flexibility of the perceptual system in predictive processing (Experiment 1) and also shows that precise predictions of timing and content are both essential elements for inducing an oN1 (Experiment 2). (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stimulus omission predictive coding Event-related potentials Visual-auditory

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A social Bayesian brain: How social knowledge can shape visual perception

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BRAIN AND COGNITION 2017年 112卷 69-77页

作者： Otten, Marte Seth, Anil K. Pinto, Yair Univ Sussex Sackler Ctr Consciousness Sci Brighton BN1901 E Sussex England Univ Amsterdam Brain & Cognit NL-1012 WX Amsterdam Netherlands

A growing body of research suggests that social contextual factors such as desires and goals, affective states and stereotypes can shape early perceptual processes. We suggest that a generative Bayesian approach towards perception provides a powerful theoretical framework to accommodate how such high-level social factors can influence low-level perceptual processes in their earliest stages. We review experimental findings that show how social factors shape the perception and evaluation of people, behaviour, and socially relevant objects or information. Subsequently, we summarize the generative view of perception within the `Bayesian brain', and show how such a framework can account for the pervasive effects of top-down social knowledge on social cognition. Finally, we sketch the theoretical and experimental implications of social predictive perception, indicating new directions for research on the effects and neurocognitive underpinnings of social cognition.(C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Social cognition Bayesian brain predictive coding Expectations Social biases Stereotypes Perception Cognition

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Reconstructing the upward path to structural realism

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2017年第3期7卷 393-409页

作者： Beni, Majid Davoody Amirkabir Univ Technol Dept Management Sci & Technol 424 Hafez St Tehran 331315875 Iran

In his Analysis of Matter, Russell advocated an epistemic form of Epistemic Structural Realism (ESR) which held that our knowledge of the external world is structural. This approach has been criticised by M.H.A. Newman (Mind, (146), 137-148, 1928) and Stathis Psillos (Philosophy of Science, 68(S3), S13-S24, 2001). The paper aims to reconstruct Russell's version of ESR, and defend its experimental and philosophical plausibility. The basic assumption is that without getting a viable experimental handle on the linkage between the structure of perceptions and causal structure of the stimuli, the so called upward path to SR couldn't be defended conclusively. In this vein, the paper explores the resources of the recent experimental theories of perception (these include the theory of brain's difference-based coding, and the theory of prediction error minimization). These help establishing a structuralist account of the perception, and provide an account for the causal linkage between the structure of perceptions and the structure of the stimuli. I argue that it is possible to settle for objectivity of this linkage according to the criteria of comprehensiveness, simplicity, and above all rationality, in a way that meets the standards of the scientific realists.

关键词： Structural realism Nemwan's objection Theory of perception Sparse coding predictive coding Inference to the best explanation Scientific realism

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Emergence of a Hierarchical Brain During Infancy Reflected by Stepwise Functional Connectivity

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2017年第5期38卷 2666-2682页

作者： Pendl, Suzanne L. Salzwedel, Andrew P. Goldman, Barbara D. Barrett, Lisa F. Lin, Weili Gilmore, John H. Gao, Wei Cedars Sinai Med Ctr Biomed Imaging Res Inst Dept Biomed Sci & Imaging Los Angeles CA 90048 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Psychol & Neurosci Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA FPG Child Dev Inst Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Northeastern Univ Dept Psychol Boston MA 02115 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Psychiat Charlestown MA 02129 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging Charlestown MA 02129 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Radiol Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Biomed Res Imaging Ctr Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill Dept Psychiat Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

The hierarchical nature of the brain's functional organization has long been recognized, but when and how this architecture emerges during development remains largely unknown. Here the development of the brain's hierarchical organization was characterized using a modified stepwise functional connectivity approach based on resting-state fMRI in a fully longitudinal sample of infants (N=28, with scans after birth, and at 1 and 2 years) and adults. Results obtained by placing seeds in early sensory cortices revealed novel hierarchical patterns of adult brain organization ultimately converging in limbic, paralimbic, basal ganglia, and frontoparietal brain regions. These findings are remarkably consistent with predictive coding accounts of neural processing that place these regions at the top of predictive coding hierarchies. Infants gradually developed toward this architecture in a region-and step-dependent manner, and displayed many of the same regions as adults in top hierarchical positions, starting from 1 year of age. The findings further revealed patterns of inter-sensory connectivity likely reflecting the emergence and development of multisensory processing strategies during infancy, the strengths of which were correlated with early cognitive development scores. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： early brain development hierarchical brain organization stepwise functional connectivity sensory integration predictive coding

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Prior expectations induce prestimulus sensory templates

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2017年第39期114卷 10473-10478页

作者： Kok, Peter Mostert, Pim de Lange, Floris P. Radboud Univ Nijmegen Donders Inst Brain Cognit & Behav NL-6525 EN Nijmegen Netherlands Princeton Univ Princeton Neurosci Inst Princeton NJ 08544 USA Yale Univ Dept Psychol New Haven CT 06511 USA

Perception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to prestimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn, affect the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre-from poststimulus processes. Here, we combined human magnetoencephalography (MEG) with multivariate decoding techniques to probe the representational content of neural signals in a time-resolved manner. We observed a representation of expected stimuli in the neural signal shortly before they were presented, showing that expectations indeed induce a preactivation of stimulus templates. The strength of these prestimulus expectation templates correlated with participants' behavioral improvement when the expected feature was task-relevant. These results suggest a mechanism for how predictive perception can be neurally implemented.

关键词： prediction perceptual inference predictive coding feature-based expectation feature-based attention

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Enhanced predictive Signalling in Schizophrenia

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HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING 2017年第4期38卷 1767-1779页

作者： Schmack, Katharina Rothkirch, Marcus Priller, Josef Sterzer, Philipp Charite Dept Psychiat D-10117 Berlin Germany Berlin Inst Hlth Berlin Germany Cluster Excellence NeuroCure Dept Neuropsychiat Berlin Germany DZNE Berlin Germany Charite Berlin Ctr Adv Neuroimaging Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Grad Sch Mind & Brain Berlin Germany

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions and hallucinations are thought to arise from an alteration in predictive mechanisms of the brain. Here, we empirically tested the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with an enhanced signalling of higher-level predictions that shape perception into conformity with acquired beliefs. Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and twenty-eight healthy controls matched for age and gender took part in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment that assessed the effect of an experimental manipulation of cognitive beliefs on the perception of an ambiguous visual motion stimulus. At the behavioural level, there was a generally weaker effect of experimentally induced beliefs on perception in schizophrenia patients compared with controls, but a positive correlation between the effect of beliefs on perception and the severity of positive symptoms. At the neural level, belief-related connectivity between a region encoding beliefs in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and a region encoding visual motion in the visual cortex (V5) was higher in patients compared with controls, indicating a stronger impact of cognitive beliefs on visual processing in schizophrenia. We suggest that schizophrenia might be associated with a generally weaker acquisition of externally generated beliefs and a compensatory increase in the effect of beliefs on sensory processing. Our current results are in line with the notion that enhanced signalling of higher-level predictions that shape perception into conformity with acquired beliefs might underlie positive symptoms in schizophrenia. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： schizophrenia visual perception functional magnetic resonance imaging predictive coding psychosis hallucinations delusions placebo effect

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Interrelation of attention and prediction in visual processing: Effects of task-relevance and stimulus probability

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017年第0期125卷 76-90页

作者： Marzecova, Anna Widmann, Andreas SanMiguel, Iria Kotz, Sonja A. Schroeger, Erich Univ Leipzig Inst Psychol D-04109 Leipzig Germany Max Planck Inst Human Cognit & Brain Sci D-04103 Leipzig Germany Univ Barcelona Dept Clin Psychol & Psychobiol BrainlabCognit Neurosci Res Grp Barcelona Spain Univ Barcelona Inst Neurosci Barcelona Spain Maastricht Univ Fac Psychol & Neurosci Dept Neuropsychol Psychopharmacol Maastricht Netherlands

The potentially interactive influence of attention and prediction was investigated by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) in a spatial cueing task with attention (task-relevant) and prediction (probabilistic) cues. We identified distinct processing stages of this interactive influence. Firstly, in line with the attentional gain hypothesis, a larger amplitude response of the contralateral N1, and Ndl for attended gratings was observed. Secondly, conforming to the attenuation-by-prediction hypothesis, a smaller negativity in the time window directly following the peak of the N1 component for predicted compared to unpredicted gratings was observed. In line with the hypothesis that attention and prediction interface, unpredicted/unattended stimuli elicited a larger negativity at central-parietal sites, presumably reflecting an increased prediction error signal. Thirdly, larger P3 responses to unpredicted stimuli pointed to the updating of an internal model. Attention and prediction can be considered as differentiated mechanisms that may interact at different processing stages to optimise perception. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Prediction Attention Visual perception predictive coding ERP Sensory gain vMMN

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Partial information decomposition as a unified approach to the specification of neural goal functions

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BRAIN AND COGNITION 2017年 112卷 25-38页

作者： Wibral, Michael Priesemann, Viola Kay, Jim W. Lizier, Joseph T. Phillips, William A. Goethe Univ MEG Unit Brain Imaging Ctr Heinrich Hoffmann Str 10 D-60528 Frankfurt Germany Max Planck Inst Dynam & Self Org Dept Nonlinear Dynam Gottingen Germany Univ Glasgow Dept Stat Glasgow G12 8QQ Lanark Scotland Univ Sydney Sch Civil Engn Complex Syst Res Grp Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Univ Stirling Sch Nat Sci Stirling Scotland

In many neural systems anatomical motifs are present repeatedly, but despite their structural similarity they can serve very different tasks. A prime example for such a motif is the canonical microcircuit of six layered neo-cortex, which is repeated across cortical areas, and is involved in a number of different tasks (e.g. sensory, cognitive, or motor tasks). This observation has spawned interest in finding a common underlying principle, a 'goal function', of information processing implemented in this structure. By definition such a goal function, if universal, cannot be cast in processing-domain specific language (e.g. 'edge filtering', 'working memory'). Thus, to formulate such a principle, we have to use a domain-independent framework. Information theory offers such a framework. However, while the classical framework of information theory focuses on the relation between one input and one output (Shannon's mutual information), we argue that neural information processing crucially depends on the combination of multiple inputs to create the output of a processor. To account for this, we use a very recent extension of Shannon Information theory, called partial information decomposition (PID). PID allows to quantify the information that several inputs provide individually (unique information), redundantly (shared information) or only jointly (synergistic information) about the output. First, we review the framework of PID. Then we apply it to reevaluate and analyze several earlier proposals of information theoretic neural goal functions (predictive coding, infomax and coherent infomax, efficient coding). We find that PID allows to compare these goal functions in a common framework, and also provides a versatile approach to design new goal functions from first principles. Building on this, we design and analyze a novel goal function, called 'coding with synergy', which builds on combining external input and prior knowledge in a synergistic manner. We suggest that this

关键词： Information theory Unique information Shared information Synergy Redundancy predictive coding Neural coding Coherent infomax Neural goal function

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predictive Processing, Source Monitoring, and Psychosis

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL 13 2017年第1期13卷 265-289页

作者： Griffin, Juliet D. Fletcher, Paul C. Univ Cambridge Dept Psychiat Cambridge CB2 0SZ England

A comprehensive understanding of psychosis requires models that link multiple levels of explanation: the neurobiological, the cognitive, the subjective, and the social. Until we can bridge several explanatory gaps, it is difficult to explain how neurobiological perturbations can manifest in bizarre beliefs or hallucinations, or how trauma or social adversity can perturb lower-level brain processes. We propose that the predictive processing framework has much to offer in this respect. We show how this framework may underpin and complement source monitoring theories of delusions and hallucinations and how, when considered in terms of a dynamic and hierarchical system, it may provide a compelling model of several key clinical features of psychosis. We see little conflict between source monitoring theories and predictive coding. The former act as a higher-level description of a set of capacities, and the latter aims to provide a deeper account of how these and other capacities may emerge.

关键词： predictive coding psychosis schizophrenia source monitoring

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Recent Visual Experience Shapes Visual Processing in Rats through Stimulus-Specific Adaptation and Response Enhancement

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CURRENT BIOLOGY 2017年第6期27卷 914-919页

作者： Vinken, Kasper Vogels, Rufin Op de Beeck, Hans Katholieke Univ Leuven Lab Biol Psychol Tiensestr 102 B-3000 Leuven Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Lab Neuro & Psychophysiol O&N 2 Herestr 49Box 1021 B-3000 Leuven Belgium

From an ecological point of view, it is generally suggested that the main goal of vision in rats and mice is navigation and (aerial) predator evasion [1-3]. The latter requires fast and accurate detection of a change in the visual environment. An outstanding question is whether there are mechanisms in the rodent visual system that would support and facilitate visual change detection. An experimental protocol frequently used to investigate change detection in humans is the oddball paradigm, in which a rare, unexpected stimulus is presented in a train of stimulus repetitions [4]. A popular "predictive coding" theory of cortical responses states that neural responses should decrease for expected sensory input and increase for unexpected input [5, 6]. Despite evidence for response suppression and enhancement in noninvasive scalp recordings in humans with this paradigm [7, 8], it has proven challenging to observe both phenomena in invasive action potential recordings in other animals [9-11]. During a visual oddball experiment, we recorded multi -unit spiking activity in rat primary visual cortex (V1) and latero-intermediate area (LI), which is a higher area of the rodent ventral visual stream. In rat V1, there was only evidence for response suppression related to stimulus -specific adaptation, and not for response enhancement. However, higher up in area LI, spiking activity showed clear surprise based response enhancement in addition to stimulus -specific adaptation. These results show that neural responses along the rat ventral visual stream become increasingly sensitive to changes in the visual environment, suggesting a system specialized in the detection of unexpected events.

关键词： rat visual cortex change detection oddball adaptation repetition suppression surprise response response enhancement predictive coding mismatch negativity

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