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predictive processing simplified: The infotropic machine

BRAIN AND COGNITION 2017年 112卷 13-24页

作者： Thornton, Chris Univ Sussex Ctr Res Cognit Sci Brighton BN1 9QJ E Sussex England

On a traditional view of cognition, we see the agent acquiring stimuli, interpreting these in some way, and producing behavior in response. An increasingly popular alternative is the predictive processing framework. This sees the agent as continually generating predictions about the world, and responding productively to any errors made. Partly because of its heritage in the Bayesian brain theory, predictive processing has generally been seen as an inherently Bayesian process. The 'hierarchical prediction machine' which mediates it is envisaged to be a specifically Bayesian device. But as this paper shows, a specification for this machine can also be derived directly from information theory, using the metric of predictive payoff as an organizing concept. Hierarchical prediction machines can be built along purely information-theoretic lines, without referencing Bayesian theory in any way;this simplifies the account to some degree. The present paper describes what is involved and presents a series of working models. An experiment involving the conversion of a Braitenberg vehicle to use a controller of this type is also described.(C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： predictive processing predictive coding Hierarchical prediction machine Bayesian brain Information theory Cognitive informatics

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Higher-order auditory areas in congenital deafness: Top-down interactions and corticocortical decoupling

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HEARING RESEARCH 2017年 343卷 50-63页

作者： Kral, Andrej Yusuf, Prasandhya A. Land, Ruediger Hannover Med Sch Inst AudioNeuroTechnol ENT Clin Hannover Germany Hannover Med Sch Dept Expt Otol ENT Clin Hannover Germany Univ Texas Dallas Sch Behav & Brain Sci Richardson TX 75083 USA

The theory of predictive coding assumes that higher-order representations influence lower-order representations by generating predictions about sensory input. In congenital deafness, one identified dysfunction is a reduced activation of deep layers in the auditory cortex. Since these layers play a central role for processing top-down influences, congenital deafness might interfere with the integration of top down and bottom-up information flow. Studies in humans suggest more deficits in higher-order than in primary cortical areas in congenital deafness. That opens up the question how well neurons in higher order areas can be activated by the input through the deprived auditory pathway after restoration of hearing with cochlear implants. Further it is unclear whether their interconnections to lower order areas are impaired by absence of hearing. Corticocortical anatomical fiber tracts and general auditory responsiveness in both primary and higher-order areas are generally preserved in absence of auditory experience. However, the existing data suggest a dichotomy between preservation of anatomical cortical connectivity in congenital deafness and functional deficits in corticocortical coupling. Further, cross modal reorganization observed in congenital deafness in specific cortical areas appears to be established by functional synaptic changes and rests on anatomically preserved, genetically-predetermined and molecularly patterned circuitry connecting the sensory systems. Current data indicate a reduced corticocortical functional coupling between cortical auditory areas in congenital deafness, both in bottom-up and top-down information stream. Consequently, congenital deafness is likely to result in a deficit in predictive coding that affects learning ability after late cochlear implantation. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Deafness Sensory deprivation Top-down predictive coding Prediction error Cross-modal plasticity

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The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration

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NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS 2017年 75卷 274-296页

作者： Smith, Ryan Thayer, Julian F. Khalsa, Sahib S. Lane, Richard D. Univ Arizona Dept Psychiat 1501 N Campbell AvePOB 245002Room 7304B Tucson AZ 85724 USA Ohio State Univ Dept Psychol Columbus OH 43210 USA Laureate Inst Brain Res Tulsa OK USA Univ Tulsa Oxley Coll Hlth Sci Tulsa OK 74104 USA

The neurovisceral integration (NVI) model was originally proposed to account for observed relationships between peripheral physiology, cognitive performance, and emotional/physical health. This model has also garnered a considerable amount of empirical support, largely from studies examining cardiac vagal control. However, recent advances in functional neuroanatomy, and in computational neuroscience, have yet to be incorporated into the NVI model. Here we present an updated/expanded version of the NVI model that incorporates these advances. Based on a review of studies of structural/functional anatomy, we first describe an eight-level hierarchy of nervous system structures, and the contribution that each level plausibly makes to vagal control. Second, we review recent work on a class of computational models of brain function known as "predictive coding" models. We illustrate how the computational dynamics of these models, when implemented within our proposed vagal control hierarchy, can increase understanding of the relationship between vagal control and both cognitive performance and emotional/physical health. We conclude by discussing novel implications of this updated NVI model for future research. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Neurovisceral integration Cardiac vagal control Heart rate variability Interoception Emotion predictive coding Cognitive control

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Exogenously-driven perceptual alternation of a bistable image: From the perspective of the visual change detection process

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NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 2017年第0期653卷 92-96页

作者： Urakawa, Tomokazu Aragaki, Tomoya Araki, Osamu Tokyo Univ Sci Dept Appl Phys Fac Sci Katsushika Ku 6-3-1 Niijyuku Tokyo 1258585 Japan

Based on the predictive coding framework, the present behavioral study focused on the automatic visual change detection process, which yields a concomitant prediction error, as one of the visual processes relevant to the exogenously-driven perceptual alternation of a bistable image. According to this perspective, we speculated that the automatic visual change detection process with an enhanced prediction error is relevant to the greater induction of exogenously-driven perceptual alternation and attempted to test this hypothesis. A modified version of the oddball paradigm was used based on previous electroencephalographic studies on visual change detection, in which the deviant and standard defined by the bar's orientation were symmetrically presented around a continuously presented Necker cube (a bistable image). By manipulating inter-stimulus intervals and the number of standard repetitions, we set three experimental blocks: HM, IM, and LM blocks, in which the strength of the prediction error to the deviant relative to the standard was expected to gradually decrease in that order. The results obtained showed that the deviant significantly increased perceptual alternation of the Necker cube over that by the standard from before to after the presentation of the deviant. Furthermore, the differential proportion of the deviant relative to the standard significantly decreased from the HM block to the IM and LM blocks. These results are consistent with our hypothesis, supporting the involvement of the automatic visual change detection process in the induction of exogenously-driven perceptual alternation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bistable Perceptual alternation predictive coding Visual change detection vMMN

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From mirror-touch synesthesia to models of vicarious experience: A reply to commentaries

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COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2017年第4期8卷 224-227页

作者： Ward, Jamie Banissy, Michael J. Univ Sussex Sch Psychol Brighton BN1 9QH E Sussex England Goldsmiths Univ London Dept Psychol London England

In this reply to the eight commentaries to our article, we discuss three important challenges. First, we discuss the relationship of mirror-touch to other forms of synesthesia. We note that synesthetic experiences are generally not mistaken as veridical but this does not mean that they lack percept-like qualities. We acknowledge that neither Threshold Theory nor Self-Other Theory offer a direct account of other forms of synesthesia, although we discuss how the latter could. Second, we discuss alternative explanations. Notably predictive coding offers a different way of framing our current theory, and extending it to related phenomena. Finally, we discuss how mirror-touch synesthesia may relate to other atypical experiences of body ownership such as the rubber hand illusion, and somatoparaphrenia.

关键词： Mirror systems touch pain synesthesia self-other predictive coding

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Defending the liberal-content view of perceptual experience: direct social perception of emotions and person impressions

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SYNTHESE 2017年第3期194卷 761-785页

作者： Newen, Albert Ruhr Univ Bochum Inst Philosophy 2 Univ Str 150a D-44780 Bochum Germany

The debate about direct perception encompasses different topics, one of which concerns the richness of the contents of perceptual experiences. Can we directly perceive only low-level properties, like edges, colors etc. (the sparse-content view), or can we perceive high-level properties and entities as well (the liberal-content view)? The aim of the paper is to defend the claim that the content of our perceptual experience can include emotions and also person impressions. Using these examples, an argument is developed to defend a liberal-content view for core examples of social cognition. This view is developed and contrasted with accounts which claim that in the case of registering another person's emotion while seeing them, we have to describe the relevant content not as the content of a perceptual experience, but of a perceptual belief. The paper defends the view that perceptual experiences can have a rich content yet remain separable from beliefs formed on the basis of the experience. How liberal and enriched the content of a perceptual experience is will depend upon the expertise a person has developed in the field. This is supported by the argument that perceptual experiences can be systematically enriched by perceiving affordances of objects, by pattern recognition or by top-down processes, as analyzed by processes of cognitive penetration or predictive coding.

关键词： Direct perception Rich content Liberal content Emotion Person impression Cognitive penetration predictive coding Pattern recognition

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Heartfelt Self: Cardio-Visual Integration Affects Self-Face Recognition and Interoceptive Cortical Processing

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2017年第11期27卷 5144-5155页

作者： Sel, Alejandra Azevedo, Ruben T. Tsakiris, Manos Royal Holloway Univ London Dept Psychol Lab Act & Body Egham TW20 0EX Surrey England Univ Oxford Dept Expt Psychol Oxford OX1 3UD England Univ London Sch Adv Studies Warburg Inst Woburn Sq London WC1H 0AB England

The sense of body-ownership relies on the representation of both interoceptive and exteroceptive signals coming from one's body. However, it remains unknown how the integration of bodily signals coming from "outside" and "inside" the body is instantiated in the brain. Here, we used a modified version of the Enfacement Illusion to investigate whether the integration of visual and cardiac information can alter self-face recognition (Experiment 1) and neural responses to heartbeats (Experiment 2). We projected a pulsing shade, that was synchronous or asynchronous with the participant's heartbeat, onto a picture depicting the participant's face morphed with the face of an unfamiliar other. Results revealed that synchronous (vs. asynchronous) cardio-visual stimulation led to increased self-identification with the other's face (Experiment 1), while during stimulation, synchronicity modulated the amplitude of the Heartbeat Evoked Potential, an electrophysiological index of cortical interoceptive processing (Experiment 2). Importantly, the magnitude of the illusion-related effects was dependent on, and increased linearly, with the participants' Interoceptive Accuracy. These results provide the first direct neural evidence for the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals in bodily self-awareness.

关键词： body ownership heartbeat evoked potential interoception predictive coding self recognition

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High-Level Prediction Signals in a Low-Level Area of the Macaque Face-Processing Hierarchy

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NEURON 2017年第1期96卷 89-+页

作者： Schwiedrzik, Caspar M. Freiwald, Winrich A. Rockefeller Univ Lab Neural Syst New York NY 10065 USA European Neurosci Inst Neural Circuits & Cognit Lab D-37077 Gottingen Germany Univ Med Ctr Goettingen D-37075 Gottingen Germany German Primate Ctr Cognit Neurosci Lab D-37077 Gottingen Germany

Theories like predictive coding propose that lower-order brain areas compare their inputs to predictions derived from higher-order representations and signal their deviation as a prediction error. Here, we investigate whether the macaque face-processing system, a three-level hierarchy in the ventral stream, employs such a coding strategy. We show that after statistical learning of specific face sequences, the lower-level face area ML computes the deviation of actual from predicted stimuli. But these signals do not reflect the tuning characteristic of ML. Rather, they exhibit identity specificity and view invariance, the tuning properties of higher-level face areas AL and AM. Thus, learning appears to endow lower-level areas with the capability to test predictions at a higher level of abstraction than what is afforded by the feedforward sweep. These results provide evidence for computational architectures like predictive coding and suggest a new quality of functional organization of information-processing hierarchies beyond pure feedforward schemes.

关键词： predictive coding statistical learning face processing inferotemporal cortex electrophysiology psychophysics Macaque monkey human functional magnetic resonance imaging

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Embodiment and Schizophrenia: A Review of Implications and Applications

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SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 2017年第4期43卷 745-753页

作者： Tschacher, Wolfgang Giersch, Anne Friston, Karl Univ Bern Univ Klin Psychiat & Psychotherapie Bolligenstr 111 CH-3060 Bern Switzerland CHRU Strasbourg Dept Psychiat FMTS INSERMU1114 Strasbourg France UCL Inst Neurol Wellcome Trust Ctr Neuroimaging London England

In recent decades, embodiment has become an influential concept in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Embodiment denotes the study of the reciprocal (causal) relationships between mind and body, with the mind not only affecting the body but also vice versa. Embodied cognition comes to the fore in sensorimotor coupling, predictive coding, and nonverbal behavior. Additionally, the embodiment of the mind constitutes the basis of social interaction and communication, as evident in research on nonverbal synchrony and mimicry. These theoretical and empirical developments portend a range of implications for schizophrenia research and treatment. Sensorimotor dysfunctions are closely associated with affective and psychotic psychopathology, leading to altered timing in the processing of stimuli and to disordered appraisals of the environment. Problems of social cognition may be newly viewed as disordered embodied communication. The embodiment perspective suggests novel treatment strategies through psychotherapy and body-oriented interventions, and may ultimately provide biomarkers for diagnosis.

关键词： predictive coding nonverbal synchrony psychotherapy mind-body relationship sensorimotor processes Bayesian statistics

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Primary Auditory Cortex is Required for Anticipatory Motor Response

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2017年第6期27卷 3254-3271页

作者： Li, Jingcheng Liao, Xiang Zhang, Jianxiong Wang, Meng Yang, Nian Zhang, Jun Lv, Guanghui Li, Haohong Lu, Jian Ding, Ran Li, Xingyi Guang, Yu Yang, Zhiqi Qin, Han Jin, Wenjun Zhang, Kuan He, Chao Jia, Hongbo Zeng, Shaoqun Hu, Zhian Nelken, Israel Chen, Xiaowei Third Mil Med Univ Brain Res Ctr Chongqing 400038 Peoples R China Third Mil Med Univ State Key Lab Trauma Burns & Combined Injury Chongqing 400038 Peoples R China Third Mil Med Univ Dept Physiol Chongqing 400038 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Britton Chance Ctr Biomed Photon Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Suzhou Inst Biomed Engn & Technol Brain Res Instrument Innovat Ctr Suzhou 215163 Jiangsu Peoples R China Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Silberman Inst Life Sci Dept Neurobiol IL-9190401 Jerusalem Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Edmond & Lily Safra Ctr Brain Sci IL-9190401 Jerusalem Israel Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Biol Sci CAS Ctr Excellence Brain Sci & Intelligence Techn Shanghai 200031 Peoples R China

The ability of the brain to predict future events based on the pattern of recent sensory experience is critical for guiding animal's behavior. Neocortical circuits for ongoing processing of sensory stimuli are extensively studied, but their contributions to the anticipation of upcoming sensory stimuli remain less understood. We, therefore, used in vivo cellular imaging and fiber photometry to record mouse primary auditory cortex to elucidate its role in processing anticipated stimulation. We found neuronal ensembles in layers 2/3, 4, and 5 which were activated in relationship to anticipated sound events following rhythmic stimulation. These neuronal activities correlated with the occurrence of anticipatory motor responses in an auditory learning task. Optogenetic manipulation experiments revealed an essential role of such neuronal activities in producing the anticipatory behavior. These results strongly suggest that the neural circuits of primary sensory cortex are critical for coding predictive information and transforming it into anticipatory motor behavior.

关键词： anticipatory motor response predictive coding primary auditory cortex rhythmic sound stimulation 2-photon imaging

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