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Synchronized Shared Memory and Black-box procedural abstraction: Toward a Formal Semantics of Blech

ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING SYSTEMS 2024年第5期23卷 1-45页

作者： Gretz, Friedrich Grosch, Franz-Josef Mendler, Michael Scheele, Stephan Bosch Corp Res Stuttgart Germany Univ Bamberg Weberei 5 D-96047 Bamberg Germany Robert Bosch GmbH Dependable Cyber Phys Syst Engn CR ADX4 1 Postfach 10 60 50 D-70049 Stuttgart Germany Robert Bosch GmbH Software Engn CR ADX1 1 Postfach 10 60 50 D-70049 Stuttgart Germany

Traditional imperative synchronous programming languages heavily rely on a strict separation between data memory and communication signals. Signals can be shared between computational units but cannot be overwritten within a synchronous reaction cycle. Memory can be destructively updated but cannot be shared between concurrent threads. This incoherence makes traditional imperative synchronous languages cumbersome for the programmer. The recent definition of sequentially constructive synchronous languages offers an improvement. It removes the separation between data memory and communication signals and unifies both through the notion of clock synchronized shared memory. However, it still depends on global causality analyses, which precludes black-box procedural abstraction. This complicates reuse and composition of software components. This article shows how black-box procedural abstraction can be accommodated inside the sequentially constructive model of computation. We present the Sequentially Constructive procedural Language (SCoPL) and its semantic theory of policy-constructive synchronous processes. SCoPL supports black-box procedural abstractions using policy interfaces to ensure that procedure calls are memory-safe and wait-free and their scheduling is determinate and causal. At the same time, a policy interface constrains the level of freedom for the implementation and subsequent refactoring of a procedure. As a result, policies enable separate compilation and composition of procedures. We present our extensions abstractly as a formal semantics for SCoPL and motivate it concretely in the context of the open-source, embedded, real-time language Blech.

关键词： Synchronous programming language clock-synchronised shared memory procedural abstraction determinism

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Visualization of procedural abstraction

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ELECTRONIC NOTES IN THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE 2009年第C期224卷 27-39页

作者： Schaeckeler, Stefan Shang, Weijia Davis, Ruth Santa Clara Univ Dept Comp Engn Santa Clara CA 95053 USA

Visualizing impacts of an optimization pass helps to reason about, and to gain insight into, the inner workings of the optimization pass. In this paper, we visualize the impacts of two procedural abstraction passes. For this, we modified two procedural abstraction post pass optimizers to visualize for each the difference in machine code before and after optimization by drawing abstracted fragments in the original program. We then explain how the generated visualizations aid in better understanding the optimization passes.

关键词： Visualization of computational processes Program visualization Program understanding Compiler understanding Code compaction procedural abstraction Post pass optimization

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Designing a Programming Game to Improve Children's procedural abstraction Skills in Scratch

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JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH 2020年第7期58卷 1372-1411页

作者： P. Rose, Simon Habgood, M. P. Jacob Jay, Tim Sheffield Hallam Univ Comp Sci Sheffield S Yorkshire England Sheffield Hallam Univ Game Dev Sheffield S Yorkshire England Sheffield Hallam Univ Studies Simons PhD Sheffield S Yorkshire England Loughborough Univ Math Educ Ctr Math Cognit Loughborough Leics England

The recent shift in compulsory education from ICT-focused computing curricula to informatics, digital literacy and computer science, has resulted in children being taught computing using block-based programming tools such as Scratch, with teaching that is often limited by school resources and teacher expertise. Even without these limitations, Scratch users often produce code with 'code smells' such as duplicate blocks and long scripts which impact how they understand and debug projects. These code smells can be removed using procedural abstraction, an important concept in computer science rarely taught to this age group. This article describes the design of a novel educational block-based programming game, Pirate Plunder, which concentrates on how procedural abstraction is introduced and reinforced. The article then reports an extended evaluation to measure the game's efficacy with children aged 10 and 11, finding that children who played the game were then able to use procedural abstraction in Scratch. The article then uses game analytics to explore why the game was effective and gives three recommendations for educational game design based on this research: using learning trajectories and restrictive success conditions to introduce complex content, increasing learner investment through customisable avatars and suggestions for improving the evaluations of educational games.

关键词： block-based programming game-based learning game design Pirate Plunder procedural abstraction computer science education computational thinking

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Synchronized Shared Memory and procedural abstraction: Towards a Formal Semantics of Blech

Synchronized Shared Memory and Procedural Abstraction: Towar...

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Forum for Specification and Design Languages (FDL)

作者： Gretz, F. Grosch, F-J Mendler, M. Scheele, S. Bosch Corp Res Palo Alto CA 94304 USA Bamberg Univ Bamberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728189284

Traditional imperative synchronous programming languages heavily rely on a strict separation between data memory and communication signals. Signals can be shared between computational units but cannot be overwritten within a synchronous reaction cycle. Memory can be destructively updated but cannot be shared between concurrent threads. This incoherence makes traditional imperative synchronous languages cumbersome for the programmer. The recent definition of sequentially constructive synchronous languages offers an improvement. It removes the separation between data memory and communication signals and unifies both through the notion of clock synchronised shared memory. However, it still depends on global causality analyses which precludes procedural abstraction. This complicates reuse and composition of software components. This paper shows how procedural abstraction can be accommodated inside the sequentially constructive model of computation. We present the Sequentially Constructive procedural Language (SCPL) and its semantic theory of policy-constructive synchronous processes. SCPL supports procedural abstractions using policy interfaces to ensure that procedure calls are memory safe, wait-free and their scheduling is determinate and causal. At the same time, a policy interface constrains the level of freedom for the implementation and subsequent refactoring of a procedure. As a result, policies enable separate compilation and composition of procedures. We present our extensions abstractly as a formal semantics for SCPL and motivate it concretely in the context of the open-source, embedded, real-time language Blech.

关键词： synchronous programming clock-synchronised shared memory procedural abstraction operational semantics

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Visualization of Computational Processes of procedural abstraction Optimization Passes

Visualization of Computational Processes of Procedural Abstr...

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Int Joint Conference of 10th IEEE Int Conf on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) / 8th IEEE Int Conf on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS) / 6th Int Conf on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology (FCST)

作者： Schaeckeler, Stefan Jayadevaprakash, Nityananda Cisco Syst Inc San Jose CA 95134 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769546001

Visualizing computational processes of optimization passes helps to reason about, and to gain insight into, the inner workings of the optimization passes. In this paper, we visualize the computational processes of two procedural abstraction passes. We modified two procedural abstraction post pass optimizers to visualize for each the difference in machine code before and after optimization by drawing abstracted fragments in the original code. We then explain how the generated visualizations aid in better understanding the optimization passes and eventually improve them.

关键词： Compiler code generation code size reduction compiler understanding compiler visualization procedural abstraction visualization of computational processes

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Position: Reusing in the Small: Promoting procedural abstraction in Scratch Communal Learning 3

Position: Reusing in the Small: Promoting Procedural Abstrac...

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IEEE Blocks and Beyond Workshop (B&B)

作者： Techapalokul, Peeratham Tilevich, Eli Virginia Tech Dept Comp Sci Software Innovat Lab Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728148496

One of the most important concepts for budding programmers to master is procedural abstraction. Defined as placing coherent, possibly reusable, functionalities within their own encapsulated program units (e.g., procedures, functions, methods, custom blocks), this concept requires a tangible increase in programming proficiency to master. First and foremost, procedural abstraction is a means of conquering complexitythe ability to convincingly divide the program functionality into distinct coherent parts that are easy to understand and use. In addition, as invocable units of functionality, procedures provide ready-made components that encapsulate the hidden details of their implementation. One of the biggest advantages of Scratch is its seamless support for communal learning, realized as the ability to share and remix projects with ease. However, programmers remix Scratch projects in their entirety, carrying out the corresponding reuse and extension activities at the project level of granularity. In this position paper, we argue in favor of extending Scratch with the ability to reuse individual procedures, implemented as custom blocks. This ability has the great potential benefit of instilling the value of procedural abstraction in the minds of beginner programmers. We discuss how a reuse facility for custom blocks can be added to Scratch by identifying the corresponding design objectives, challenges, and opportunities.

关键词： block-based programming procedural abstraction reusability code quality Scratch introductory computing

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A SPECIFICATION METHOD FOR SPECIFYING DATA AND procedural abstractionS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1982年第5期8卷 449-459页

作者： CLAYBROOK, BG SPERRY RES CTR SUDBURYMA 01776

A specification method is described which was designed mainly for specifying data abstractions. However, the method is also appropriate for specifying procedural abstractions. The specification method is based on the abstract model approach to specifying abstractions. Several data abstractions and procedural abstractions are specified, and a proof of implementation accuracy is presented for one of the data abstractions. An attempt is made to demonstrate that formal specifications can be written, comprehended, and utilized by programmers without the necessity of strong mathematical abilities. In addition, a detailed comparison of data abstraction specification methods is presented.

关键词： procedural abstraction Data abstraction Formal Specification Implementation Correctness

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Clone detection via structural abstraction

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2009年第4期17卷 309-330页

作者： Evans, William S. Fraser, Christopher W. Ma, Fei Univ British Columbia Dept Comp Sci Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Microsoft Corp Redmond WA 98052 USA

This paper describes the design, implementation, and application of a new algorithm to detect cloned code. It operates on the abstract syntax trees formed by many compilers as an intermediate representation. It extends prior work by identifying clones even when arbitrary subtrees have been changed. These subtrees may represent structural rather than simply lexical code differences. In several hundred thousand lines of Java and C# code, 20-50% of the clones that we find involve these structural changes, which are not accounted for by previous methods. Our method also identifies cloning in declarations, so it is somewhat more general than conventional procedural abstraction.

关键词： Clone detection procedural abstraction Refactoring

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INITIAL REPORT ON A LISP PROGRAMMERS APPRENTICE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1978年第6期4卷 456-467页

作者： RICH, C SHROBE, HE Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology

When they were first introduced, computers were difficult to program and were limited in computing ability. Since then, hardware improvements have increased their computational power and this has been used to make them easier to program. A complexity barrier has been encountered by modern computers not only because of the size of programs, but also because of the increasing number of interactions between modules. Solutions to the current crisis in software engineering are being studied using several approaches. Formal mathematics is one approach. The computer has been used to reduce the difficulty of programming, by means of new programming languages and language processors. Editors, indexers and spelling correctors have been applied to existing languages. The ultimate solution is automatic programming done by the computer itself. A computer system called a programmer's apprentice could understand a user's program and cooperate with him more effectively in design, implementation and maintenance of the program.

关键词： Software Engineering Computer Aided Design Data abstraction Lisp Perturbation Analysis procedural abstraction Program Verification Programmers Apprentice Programming Methodology Side Effects Software Design Software Development

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Towards lightweight fault localization in procedural programs

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19th International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems

作者： Peischl, Bernhard Soomro, Safeeullah Wotawa, Franz Graz Univ Technol Inst Software Technol A-8010 Graz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)3540354530

In this paper we present a novel extension of a lightweight model for fault localization that allows for modeling procedural programs. The procedural programming paradigm is often used in (safety-critical) control software where a program's verification and subsequent fault localization is of utmost importance. In this article we present results from our recent case study relying on this kind of programs. Notably, our lightweight model is always able to localize the misbehavior's real cause.

关键词： model-based software debugging software debugging control software procedural abstraction

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