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An Investigation into Pre-service Teachers’ Experiences While Transitioning from Scratch programming to procedural programming

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Journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 2020年第2期24卷 266-278页

The use of Scratch programming in introducing text-based programming to novices at all levels of education has gained prominence in computer science but is still hardly known among pre-service teachers. With affordances of Scratch in learning text-based programming, we present an experience report on how we supported our first-year pre-service teachers’ learning of procedural programming concepts with Scratch for the first time. The study follows an action research strategy conducted over two cycles with 58 pre-service teachers who were purposively sampled. Findings revealed that Scratch supported the learning of procedural programming by our first-year pre-service teachers to some extent. We, therefore, recommend that pre-service teachers be exposed to more exercises while focusing on challenging concepts such as algorithms, use of variables, repetition and control structures.

关键词： action research pre-service teachers procedural programming teaching and learning process framework (TLPF) Scratch programming

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Transformation of C programming Language Memory Model into Object-Oriented Representation of EO Language

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AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2023年第7期57卷 803-816页

作者： Legalov, A. I. Bugayenko, Y. G. Chuykin, N. K. Shipitsin, M. V. Riabtsev, Y. I. Kamenskiy, A. N. Natl Res Univ Higher Sch Econ Moscow 101000 Russia Huawei Russian Res Inst Moscow 121099 Russia ITMO Univ St Petersburg 197101 Russia

The paper analyzes the possibilities of transforming C programming language constructs into objects of EO programming language. The key challenge of the method is the transpilation from a system programming language into a language of a higher level of abstraction, which does not allow direct manipulations with computer memory. Almost all application and domain-oriented programming languages disable such direct access to memory. Operations that need to be supported in this case include the use of dereferenced pointers, the imposition of data of different types in the same memory area, and different interpretation of the same data which is located in the same memory address space. A decision was made to create additional EO-objects that directly simulate the interaction with computer memory as in C language. These objects encapsulate unreliable data operations which use pointers. An abstract memory object was proposed for simulating the capabilities of C language to provide interaction with computer memory. The memory object is essentially an array of bytes. It is possible to write into memory and read from memory at a given index. The number of bytes read or written depends on which object is being used. The transformation of various C language constructs into EO code is considered at the level of the compilation unit. To study the variants and analyze the results a transpiler was developed that provides necessary transformations. It is implemented on the basis of Clang, which forms an abstract syntax tree. This tree is processed using LibTooling and LibASTMatchers libraries. As a result of compiling a C program, code in EO language is generated. The considered approach turns out to be appropriate for solving different problems. One of such problems is static code analysis. Such solutions make it possible to isolate low-level code fragments into separate program objects, focusing on their study and possible transformations into more reliable code.

关键词： program transformation procedural programming object-oriented programming transpilation compilation programming languages

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Taking first year college students' programming skills from the visual to the procedural

Taking first year college students' programming skills from ...

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作者： Tijani Fatimah Yetunde University of Pretoria

学位级别：博士

This study investigated first year college students' programming skills, from the visual to the procedural. The main research question sought to investigate how the integration of a visual programming environment (Scratch) could support the design of a new teaching and learning process framework towards the teaching of procedural (QBASIC) programming in Nigeria. In a quest to answer this central question, four secondary research questions guided the study which was situated in an interpretative philosophy and supported by a multi-method qualitative design. Using hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry, two cycles of practical action research (AR) strategy, involving five stages, were used. Data were collected through open ended and structured classroom observations, interviews, artefacts, instruments and documents. While the whole class was observed, the lived experiences of thirteen students were obtained. Data were thematically analysed based on the hermeneutic cycle principles. In the first AR cycle, the teaching and learning process framework (TLPF 1 ) guided teaching and learning. Outcomes from the first AR cycle influenced the design of the TLPF 2. Findings from the study revealed that the teaching intervention using the TLPF 1 and TLPF 2 promoted student learning and engagement in diverse forms. Scratch supported and enabled students to learn procedural (QBASIC) programming concepts whilst, simultaneously, enhancing their interest and motivation in this field. Understanding gained in Scratch helped students to build a correct mental representation of the Block model for procedural programming, with exception of the relations. The study also established that students learned programming through different means including: accommodation and disequilibrium, social interaction, self-regulation and problem-solving techniques. Students, therefore, suggested that Scratch programming be included in the computer science curriculum for colleges of education in Nigeria. How

关键词： block model hermeneutic phenomenology practical action research procedural programming programming skills teaching and learning process framework visual programming

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On the Effectiveness of Bug Predictors with procedural Systems: A Quantitative Study 20th

On the Effectiveness of Bug Predictors with Procedural Syste...

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20th International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering (FASE) Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software (ETAPS)

作者： Araujo, Cristiano Werner Nunes, Ingrid Nunes, Daltro Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Inst Informat Porto Alegre RS Brazil TU Dortmund Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783662544945;9783662544938

Many bug predictors have been proposed, and their main target is object-oriented systems. Although object-orientation is currently the choice for most of the software applications, the procedural paradigm is still being used in many-sometimes crucial-applications, such as operating systems and embedded systems. Consequently, they also deserve attention. We present a study in which we investigated the effectiveness of existing bug prediction approaches with procedural systems. Such approaches use as input static code metrics. We evaluated to what extent they are applicable to our context, and compared their effectiveness using standard metrics, with adaptations when needed. We assessed five approaches, using eight procedural software systems, including open-source and industrial projects. We concluded that lines of code is the metric that plays the key role in our context, and approaches that use of a large set of metrics can introduce noise in the prediction model. In addition, the best results were obtained with open-source systems.

关键词： Bug prediction procedural programming Static code metrics

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Bug prediction in procedural software systems

Bug prediction in procedural software systems

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作者： Araújo, Cristiano Werner

Information regarding bug fixes has been explored to build bug predictors, which provide support for the verification of software systems, by identifying fault-prone elements, such as files. A wide range of static and change metrics have been used as features to build such predictors. Many bug predictors have been proposed, and their main target is objectoriented systems. Although object-orientation is currently the choice for most of the software applications, the procedural paradigm is still being used in many—sometimes crucial—applications, such as operating systems and embedded systems. Consequently, they also deserve attention. This dissertation extends work on bug prediction by evaluating and tailoring bug predictors to procedural software systems. We provide three key contributions: (i) comparison of bug prediction approaches in context of procedural software systems, (ii) proposal of the use of software quality features as prediction features in the studied context, and (iii) evaluation of the proposed features in association with the best approach found in (i). Our work thus provides foundations for improving the bug prediction performance in the context of procedural software systems. ...

关键词： Bug prediction Seguranca : Software Verificacao : Software Static code metrics procedural programming Dissertação

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Designing and deploying programming courses: Strategies, tools, difficulties and pedagogy

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EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2016年第3期21卷 559-588页

作者： Xinogalos, Stelios Univ Macedonia Sch Informat Sci Dept Appl Informat Egnatia 156 StPOB 1591 Thessaloniki 54006 Greece

Designing and deploying programming courses is undoubtedly a challenging task. In this paper, an attempt to analyze important aspects of a sequence of two courses on imperative-procedural and object-oriented programming in a non-CS majors Department is made. This analysis is based on a questionnaire filled in by fifty students in a voluntary basis. The issues of the programming courses that are investigated refer to: the strategy selected for the introduction to programming;the sequence of the programming techniques and languages taught and the transition from the one to the other;students' difficulties with programming in general and with imperative-procedural and object-oriented programming in specific;the teaching and learning design of both courses;and the material that students rely on for learning programming. Based on the analysis of students' replies on the questionnaire, related work and the instructor's experience on teaching the courses, conclusions are drawn regarding all the aforementioned aspects of designing and deploying programming courses. The main contribution of the paper is the fact that all the important and interrelated aspects of a sequence of two programming courses are investigated in conjunction, providing realistic implications and guidelines for improving the quality and effectiveness of existing programming courses and designing and deploying new courses. The main results refer to the usage of a pseudo-language for an introduction to programming, the transition from procedural to object-oriented programming, the intrinsic difficulties of learning programming, and practices for a more successful teaching and learning design of programming courses.

关键词： programming course design Teaching and learning programming procedural programming Object-oriented programming Pedagogy

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Design of Expert Systems for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Control

Design of Expert Systems for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle C...

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MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference

作者： Teubler, Torsten Hellbrueck, Horst Lubeck Univ Appl Sci Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci CoSA Ctr Excellence Lubeck Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509015375

The development process of an intelligent autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is based on experiential knowledge leading to uncertainty in the software development for the intelligent AUV control. In this work we suggest an expert system to implement the AUV control software because expert systems handle uncertainty during the development process better than conventional, procedural programming languages. Furthermore, we provide design principles for the system architecture and the expert system. Finally, we present preliminary evaluation results on our designated computer hardware for the AUV we develop in a joint research project.

关键词： Expert System Autonomous underwater vehicles PROCESS DEVELOPMENT computer software Software design research project Computer hardware Building systems design theory procedural programming

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Improvement of the Success Rate of Automatic Generation of procedural Programs with Variable Initialization Using Genetic programming 3

Improvement of the Success Rate of Automatic Generation of P...

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3rd IIAI International Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI)

作者： Horii, Fuuki Hochin, Teruhisa Nomiya, Hiroki Kyoto Inst Technol Grad Sch Sci & Technol Kyoto 606 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781479941735

Genetic programming (GP), a method of evolutionary computation, is used in producing a variety of programs. In order to generate a procedural program, handling variables is required. It increases the number of combinations of generated programs. This paper proposes a method including the automatic initialization of variables and decreasing the number of combinations of them. For this propose, two major revisions are introduced. One is the introduction of new parameters, the maximum depth and the minimum depth of the height of a program tree. These make programs easy to have a specific structure. The other is the addition of genetic operations. These are for avoiding convergence of programs. Owing to these revisions, it is possible to improve the success rate of the generation of program that includes all of requirement.

关键词： program generation genetic programming procedural programming genetic operation

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The design of the SIMPLE programming language 11

The design of the SIMPLE programming language

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11th Web Information System and Application Conference

作者： Wu, Di Chen, Lin Yu, Bin Xu, Baowen Nanjing Univ State Key Lab Novel Software Technol Nanjing Jiangsu Peoples R China PLA Commun Stn Unit 95028 Wuhan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479957279

Thousands of programming languages have been designed to meet different demands of application. Among the languages, many have been proposed merely for research exploration, while others have been developed for industrial software productions. Whatever the languages are targeted for, they are vehicles for implementing solutions in software engineering. Therefore, it is vital criteria to evaluate a language by principles of software engineering. But to our best knowledge, modern languages, especially the newly designed ones, are mostly designed to address domain-specific requirements, instead of focusing on the basic principles of software engineering. Thus, we develop a general-purpose language, SIMPLE, which supports the concise concepts adhering to the fundamental software engineering principles. To this end, simplicity, readability, reliability, security, scalability, and efficiency are established as goals of the language and various modular language features are provided. In this paper, we introduce the design of SIMPLE and discuss how its language features comply with the software engineering principles.

关键词： programming Language Language Design Language Constructs procedural programming Object Oriented programming Functional programming Generic programming

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Beginning programming with Python for dummies 1

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丛书名： For dummies

2014年

作者： John Paul Mueller

ISBN: (数字)9781118891490

ISBN: (纸本)1118891457;9781118891452;9781118891476;9781118891490

Learn Python--the fun and easy way--and get in the programming game today! Python is one of the fastest growing programming languages, and no wonder. It requires three to five times less time than developing in Java, is a great building block for learning both procedural and object-oriented programming concepts, and is an ideal language for data analysis. Beginning programming with Python For Dummies is the perfect guide to this dynamic and powerful programming language--even if you've never coded before! Author John Paul Mueller draws on his vast programming knowledge and experience to guide you step-by-step through the syntax and logic of programming with Python and provides several real-world programming examples to give you hands-on experience trying out what you've learned. Provides a solid understanding of basic computer programming concepts and helps familiarize you with syntax and logic Explains the fundamentals of procedural and object-oriented programming Shows how Python is being used for data analysis and other applications Includes short, practical programming samples to apply your skills to real-world programming scenarios Whether you've never written a line of code or are just trying to pick up Python, there's nothing to fear with the fun and friendly Beginning programming with Python For Dummies leading the way.

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