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codeBender: Remote Software Protection Using Orthogonal Replacement

IEEE SOFTWARE 2011年第2期28卷 28-34页

作者： Ceccato, Mariano Tonella, Paolo Fdn Bruno Kessler Trento Italy

In a typical client-server scenario, a server provides valuable services to client applications that run remotely on untrusted client computers. Typical examples are video on demand, online games, voice-over-IP communications, and many others. However, client-side users often hold administrative privileges on their machines and could tamper with the client application to fulfill the service in violation of the service usage conditions or service agreements. Guaranteeing client-code security is one of the most difficult security problem to address. It's an instance of the malicious host problem, where an adversary in control of the client's host environment tries to tamper with the client code. The authors present codeBender, a tool that implements a novel client replacement strategy to counter the malicious host problem. The client code has limited validity and, when it expires, the server provides a new client that replaces the former one. The reverse-engineering efforts of adversaries are deterred by the complexity of analyzing frequently changing, always different (orthogonal) program code.

关键词： development tools hardware/software protection program transformation security and protection software/software engineering program translation Orthogonal program code Client Application remote software Servers

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Transforming binary code for low-power embedded processors

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IEEE MICRO 2004年第3期24卷 21-33页

作者： Petrov, P Orailoglu, A Univ Calif San Diego Dept Comp Sci & Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

TWO program code TRANSFORMATION METHODOLOGIES REDUCE THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF INSTRUCTION COMMUNICATION BUSES IN EMBEDDED PROCESSORS. AIMED AT DEEP-SUBMICRON PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES, THESE TECHNIQUES OFFER AN EFFICIENT S... 详细信息

关键词： LOW POWER program code embedded processor embedding Transforming Quality factor low power consumption Power consumption PROCESSOR binary code

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A UNIVERSAL program FOR FULLY programMABLE PACEMAKERS

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COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1983年第4期13卷 271-279页

作者： THAKOR, NV Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Northwestern University Evanston IL 60201 U.S.A.

Modern pacemakers can be programmed to change their operating parameters even after implantation. The trend is towards custom microprocessor-based all digital, and fully programmable devices. In view of the present and anticipated future complexity and diversity of the pacemakers, a versatile programming technique was developed. The program code consists of 1 byte of check-sum or pacemaker ID. One or more bytes of op-code (mode of operation), 1 or more bytes of operand (data or parameters), and 1 byte for synchronization. The full range of program parameters such as the width and the rate, and all modes of operation such as asynchronous and demand. Due to the flexibility of this programming technique it is suitable for all present and possible future generations of programmable pacemakers.

关键词： Pacemaker program code Parameters Transmission

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A high-efficient tables memory access saving algorithm for CAVLC decoding

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SIGNAL IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING 2015年第8期9卷 1805-1814页

作者： Wang, Jianhua Cheng, Lianglun Liu, Jun Sun, YunLong Guangdong Univ Technol Fac Automat Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Guangdong Univ Technol Fac Informat Engn Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China

Frequent table look-up can result in high memory access, and high memory access can cause increased power consumption in CAVLC decoding. Aiming to solve the problem of high table memory access during the process of CAVLC decoding for H.264/AVC due to frequent table look-up, thereby reducing the power consumption, a high-efficient table memory access saving algorithm is presented in this paper. The contribution of the proposed scheme is that we use program code to instead of the conventional table look-up method that requires a lot of memory access. In our scheme, we use program code to realize fully the expression of all the UVLT (Unstructured Variable Length Tables) in CAVLC decoding, as a result, all the decoded codewords in UVLT can be obtained easily through a program execution way instead of sequential table look-up. which can save a lot of memory access and power consumption due to without looking up UVLT in CAVLC decoding, The simulation results show that our proposed scheme can save 100 % memory access of table look-up for CAVLC decoding compared with TLSS method due to the use of program code, thereby saving much power consumption, without degrading video quality.

关键词： CAVLC decoding Table look-up Memory access program code

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Scalable and Accurate Detection of code Clones

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programMING AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE 2016年第1期42卷 27-33页

作者： Sargsyan, S. Kurmangaleev, Sh. Belevantsev, A. Avetisyan, A. Russian Acad Sci Inst Syst Programming Moscow 109004 Russia Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ Moscow 119991 Russia State Univ Moscow Inst Phys & Technol Dolgoprudnyi 141700 Moscow Oblast Russia

A detailed description of a method for detection of code clones is described. This method is based on the semantic analysis of programs and on new algorithms that make it scalable without affecting its accuracy. The proposed method involves two phases. In the first phase, the program dependence graph (PDG) is constructed while the program is compiled. LLVM is used as the compilation infrastructure. In the second phase, similar subgraphs of maximum size that represent code clones are detected. Before starting the search for similar subgraphs, the PDG is divided into subgraphs that will be considered as potential clones of each other. To ensure scalability of the search for similar subgraphs, the composition of algorithms is used. The first algorithm checks that a pair of graphs cannot have similar subgraphs of the desired size;this is done in a linear amount of time. If this algorithm fails, another ( approximate) algorithm is executed to find similar subgraphs of maximum size. After similar subgraphs have been found, the program code is additionally checked for the position of the code lines corresponding to the detected clone candidates. Tests showed that the developed tool is more accurate than similar tools, such as MOSS, CCFinder, and CloneDR. Results obtained for the projects Linux-2.6, Firefox Mozilla, LLVM/Clang, and OpenSSL are presented.

关键词： Clone Cells Mozilla Musci program code PHGDH gene TWO-PHASE algorithms Scalability limit dimensions lines of code Similar

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Automated symbolic calculations in nonequilibrium thermodynamics

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COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 2010年第12期181卷 2149-2157页

作者： Kroeger, Martin Huetter, Markus ETH Dept Mat CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland

We cast the Jacobi identity for continuous fields into a local form which eliminates the need to perform any partial integration to the expense of performing variational derivatives. This allows us to test the Jacobi identity definitely and efficiently and to provide equations between different components defining a potential Poisson bracket. We provide a simple Mathematica(TM) notebook which allows to perform this task conveniently, and which offers some additional functionalities of use within the framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics: reversible equations of change for fields, and the conservation of entropy during the reversible dynamics.

关键词： Jacobi identity Reversible dynamics Time-structure invariance Degeneracy conditions program code Poisson bracket

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A sensitivity-based method for direct Stochastic analysis of nonlinear forced response for bladed disks with friction interfaces

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JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME 2008年第2期130卷 191-199页

作者： Petrov, E. P. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med Dept Mech Engn Ctr Vibrat Engn London SW7 2AZ England

An efficient method is developed to calculate stochastic and uncertainty characteristics of forced response for nonlinear vibrations of bladed disks with friction and gap contact interfaces. Uncertainty ranges, statistical characteristics, and probability density functions for forced response levels are determined directly without any sampling procedure. The method uses approximations of the forced response level based on derived analytically and calculated extremely fast and accurately sensitivity coefficients of forced response with respect to friction contact interface parameters. The method effectiveness allows analysis of strongly nonlinear vibration of bladed disks using realistic large-scale finite element models. The method is implemented in a program code developed at Imperial College and numerical examples of application of the method for stochastic analysis of a realistic blisc with underplatform dampers are provided.

关键词： stochastic analysis program code disks friction application methods Blades cultivators forcing response LAMELLAR nonlinear vibration

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Are Procedures codes in Claims Data a Reliable Indicator of Intraoperative Splenic Injury Compared with Clinical Registry Data?

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2014年第2期219卷 237-U207页

作者： Stey, Anne M. Ko, Clifford Y. Hall, Bruce Lee Louie, Rachel Lawson, Elise H. Gibbons, Melinda M. Zingmond, David S. Russell, Marcia M. Mt Sinai Med Ctr Icahn Sch Med New York NY 10029 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles David Geffen Sch Med Los Angeles CA 90024 USA VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Syst Los Angeles CA USA Amer Coll Surg Chicago IL USA Washington Univ St Louis VA Med Ctr Dept Surg Olin Business Sch St Louis MO USA Washington Univ St Louis VA Med Ctr Ctr Hlth Policy St Louis MO USA BJC Healthcare St Louis St Louis MO USA

BACKGROUND: Identifying iatrogenic injuries using existing data sources is important for improved transparency in the occurrence of intraoperative events. There is evidence that procedure codes are reliably recorded in claims data. The objective of this study was to assess whether concurrent splenic procedure codes in patients undergoing colectomy procedures are reliably coded in claims data as compared with clinical registry data. STUDY DESIGN: Patients who underwent colectomy procedures in the absence of neoplastic diagnosis codes were identified from American College of Surgeons (ACS) NSQIP data linked with Medicare inpatient claims data file (2005 to 2008). A kappa statistic was used to assess coding concordance between ACS NSQIP and Medicare inpatient claims, with ACS NSQIP serving as the reference standard. RESULTS: A total of 11,367 colectomy patients were identified from 212 hospitals. There were 114 patients (1%) who had a concurrent splenic procedure code recorded in either ACS NSQIP or Medicare inpatient claims. There were 7 patients who had a splenic injury diagnosis code recorded in either data source. Agreement of splenic procedure codes between the data sources was substantial (kappa statistic 0.72;95% CI, 0.64-0.79). Medicare inpatient claims identified 81% of the splenic procedure codes recorded in ACS NSQIP, and 99% of the patients without a splenic procedure code. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to use Medicare claims data to identify splenic injuries occurring during colectomy procedures, as claims data have moderate sensitivity and excellent specificity for capturing concurrent splenic procedure codes compared with ACS NSQIP. (C) 2014 by the American College of Surgeons

关键词： Inpatients Medicare Colectomy program code DIAGNOSTIC code Spleen codes medical registries Data sources

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Defining a computer virus

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Database and Network Journal 2004年第5期35卷 3-3页

作者： Anon

No abstract available

关键词： program code Computer Security Computers hosts computer programs Analogy terminology piecing viruses

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Hospital Complications and Causes of 90-Day Readmissions After Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Devices

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY 2018年第3期122卷 420-430页

作者： Tripathi, Byomesh Arora, Shilpkumar Kumar, Varun Thakur, Kamia Lahewala, Sopan Patel, Nileshkumar Dave, Mihir Shah, Mahek Savani, Sejal Sharma, Purnima Bandyopadhyay, Dhrubajyoti Shantha, Ghanshyam Palamaner Subash Egbe, Alexander Chatterjee, Saurav Patel, Nimesh Kirit Gopalan, Radha Figueredo, Vincent M. Deshmukh, Abhishek Mt Sinai St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr New York NY 10025 USA Geisinger Hlth Syst Danville PA USA Jersey City Med Ctr Jersey City NJ USA Univ Miami Miller Sch Med Miami FL 33136 USA Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai New York NY 10029 USA Lehigh Valley Hosp Allentown PA USA Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin Iowa City IA 52242 USA St Francis Hosp & Med Ctr Hoffman Heart & Vasc Inst Hartford CT USA Virginia Commonwealth Univ Div Cardiol Richmond VA USA Albert Einstein Med Ctr Philadelphia PA 19141 USA Mayo Clin Rochester MN USA

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have emerged as an attractive option in patients with advance heart failure. Nationwide readmission database 2013 to 2014 was utilized to identify LVAD recipients using ICD-9 procedure code 37.66. The primary outcome was 90-day readmission. Readmission causes were identified using ICD-9 codes in primary diagnosis field. The secondary outcomes were LVAD associated with hospital complications. Hierarchic 2-level logistic models were used to evaluate study outcomes. We identified 4,693 LVAD recipients (mean age 57 years, 76.2% males). Of which 53.9% were readmitted in first 90 days of discharge. Cardiac causes (33.3%), bleeding (21.3%), and infections (12.4%) were leading etiologies of 90-day readmissions. Significant predictors (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, p value) of readmission were disposition to nursing facilities (1.33, 1.09 to 1.63, p = 0.01) and longer length of stay (1.01, 1.00 to 1.01, p <0.01). Although private insurance (0.75, 0.66 to 0.86, p <0.01), and self-pay (0.58, 0.42 to 0.81, p <0.01) predicted lower readmissions. Cardiac complications (36.3%), major bleeding (29.8%), and postoperative infections (10.4%) were most common LVAD-related complications. In conclusion, high early readmission rate was observed among LVAD recipients with Cardiac complications, bleeding complications, and infections were driving force for major complications and most of readmissions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： cardiac complications Recipients program code Implantation Hemorrhage Left Ventricular Assist Device ICD-9 Complication Length of Stay

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