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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - AN EXAMPLE OF MISUSE

SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 1981年第6期11卷 533-539页

作者： FISHER, PS SLONIM, J NDX CORP TORONTOONTARIOCANADA

Managers of programmers and designers are sometimes wont to adopt the new and shiny. This paper describes a situation in which managers at several levels grasped for the ‘new and shiny’ in the form of software engineering. This approach was not without its hidden dangers, especially when established guidelines were ignored or violated. The results of an experience with a large software project are reported. This project dealt with a sophisticated inventory control system. The effects on the project of ignorance and the violation of rules are described. Several measures of the final product are reported. Observations of the authors conclude the paper.

关键词： Project management programmer team program complexity Software porting Misapplication of software engineering

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NUMBER OF FAULTS PER LINE OF CODE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1982年第4期8卷 437-439页

作者： LIPOW, M TRW Electron. and Def. Sector Redondo Beach CA 90278 USA

Previous studies have developed estimates of fault rate, but the studies have not attempted to show any relationship between fault rate and the size or type of program. The number of faults or ''bugs'' per line of code is estimated on the basis of Halstead's software science relationships. It is shown that the number is an increasing function of the number of lines of code in a program, which is a result in agreement with intuition and some current theories of complexity. The form of this function is examined, and an easy-to-use approximation is developed. An application to a moderately large software project is demonstrated in which the predicted number of faults for program modules of various sizes agrees relatively well with the actual numbers of faults discovered.

关键词： Software Science Fault Prediction Fault Rate program complexity

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An Analysis of Some Commercial PL/I programs

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IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 1976年第2期SE-2卷 113-120页

作者： Elshoff, James L. Computer Science Department General Motors Research Laboratories Warren MI 48090 United States

The source code for 120 production PL/I programs from several General Motors’ commercial computing installations has been collected. The programs have been scanned both manually arid automatically. Some data from the scanning process are presented and interpreted. The programs are considered with respect to five attributes: 1) the size of the programs, 2) the readability of the programs, 3) the complexity of the programs, 4) the discipline followed by the programmers, and 5) the use of the programming language. Each area is reviewed with pertinent data presented whenever it is available. This report should be of interest to anyone involved with programming. The report helps explicitly identify some areas of programming in which a better job could be done. Although the programs analyzed are written in PL/I, those persons from installations using other languages, particularly Cobol, have indicated that the information presented is typical. Copyright © 1976 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Computer program analysis program complexity program readability program size programmer discipline programming language usage software economics

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Architectural Impacts of Emerging Transistors 12

Architectural Impacts of Emerging Transistors

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12th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (IEEE NEWCAS)

作者： Horvath, A. Hu, X. S. Nahas, J. Niemier, M. Palit, I. Perricone, R. Sedighi, B. Univ Notre Dame Dept Comp Sci & Engn Notre Dame IN 46556 USA Pazmany Peter Catholic Univ Fac Informat Technol Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9781479948857

At present there is much effort to determine if emerging information processing devices could have a positive impact on the performance of non-Boolean/non-von Neumann computer architectures. We explore this topic here by specifically considering how emerging transistor technologies might impact cellular neural networks (CNNs). For CNNs, prior work suggests that new transistor structures could be employed to better facilitate non-binary outputs - that in turn reduce the number of template/programming operations as well as the hardware paths needed to solve a given problem. Here, we present analysis that considers how the above approach could impact the performance/energy of the cells that comprise the CNN. We also consider how characteristics of other emerging transistor technologies could positively impact CNNs - particularly with respect to reduced program complexity.

关键词： Benchmark testing Computer architecture Graphene Logic gates Performance evaluation Transistors Voltage control Transistor Device Component Computer Architecture Benchmark testing Voltage regulation Logic gates Performance Evaluation graphene program complexity

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Virtual Floating-point Units for Low-power Embedded Processors

Virtual Floating-point Units for Low-power Embedded Processo...

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23rd IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP)

作者： Gilani, Syed Zohaib Kim, Nam Sung Schulte, Michael Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53715 USA AMD Res Madison WI 53715 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769547688

Floating-point (FP) arithmetic is becoming increasingly common in many embedded applications. Typically these applications execute in battery-powered, energy-constrained environments. Due to their tight area and power constraints, however, embedded processors often do not incorporate dedicated FP hardware. Instead, they only support fixed-point (FxP) arithmetic at the expense of considerably increased programming complexity and longer runtimes. In this paper, we propose low-overhead approaches to support FP arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, fused multiply-add) without incurring the high area and power penalties of dedicated FP hardware. Our approaches utilize the existing FxP execution resources in processors plus a small amount of additional hardware to support FP operations. Compared to a baseline processor with dedicated FP hardware, a processor with our approaches can reduce the area and power consumption by 24% and 31%, respectively. We also demonstrate that a processor using our approaches improves energy efficiency and performance by nearly 30%.

关键词： PROCESSOR PTGFR gene SDHA gene Fission products FLOATING POINTS Multiplication Computer hardware program complexity Power consumption Energy efficiency

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Understanding and Measuring Nesting 38

Understanding and Measuring Nesting

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IEEE 38th Annual International Computers, Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)

作者： Alrasheed, Hend Melton, Austin Kent State Univ Dept Comp Sci Kent OH 44242 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479935741

Nesting is a fundamental and very commonly used programming construct. In many cases, the wise use of nesting contributes significantly to a programming team's elegantly designing a solution to a difficult problem. However, the ease with which nesting constructs may be created and the essentially unlimited depth and breadth to which they may exist also enable a programming team to create structures which may be extremely difficult to understand and maintain. In this paper, we examine nesting and nesting metrics. In particular, we discuss nesting and complexity;we give a new definition for the scope of a selection statement;we define simple and precise metrics for nesting depth and breadth;and we present a new nesting concept, the nesting tree.

关键词： nesting program complexity control flow graph selection statement selection block or node scope of a selection node

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DRS: A Developer Risk Metric for Better Predicting Software Fault-Proneness 2

DRS: A Developer Risk Metric for Better Predicting Software ...

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Second International Conference on Trustworthy Systems and Their Applications

作者： Lee, Shou-Yu Li, Yihao Univ Texas Dallas Dept Comp Sci Richardson TX 75083 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467395816

Previous studies have reported that the performance of a developer can greatly impact the quality of the software he/she has worked on. Such performance can be measured using two developer risk metrics during a particular development period. One is the ratio of the number of bug-introduce commits to the total number of commits made by a developer (i.e., the DQ metric). The other is the proportion of faulty software modules out of all modules modified by the developer (i.e., the BR metric). However, all bug-introduce commits, no matter its severity, are treated equally by both DQ and BR metrics. Moreover, the complexity of a software module that a developer is working on may also have a potential impact on his/her performance but is not considered by either DQ or BR. To resolve these two problems, we propose Developer Risk Score (DRS), which takes both program complexity and the severity of bug-introduce commits into account, to evaluate the performance of a developer. Nine software risk metrics based on DRS are further derived to predict the fault proneness of a given software module. Results from our case studies show that (1) DRS-based software risk metrics are generally more correlated with the number of bugs in a software module and the cumulative severity score of bug-introduce commits for a module than DQ-and BR-based metrics;and (2) models using DRS-based metrics are generally more effective in predicting software fault-proneness than those using DQ-and BR-based metrics.

关键词： Developer risk metric sofware risk metric program complexity bug severity fault-proneness prediction

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Quality of software that does not exist

Quality of software that does not exist

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20th International Conference on Computers and Their Applications

作者： Burgin, M Debnath, N Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1880843544

In this paper, metrics for software development are analyzed in the context of the theory of algorithms and the software life cycle. Characteristics of software development processes and of emerging software are considered as software quality attributes. This study is aimed at the development of efficient software metrics that reflect properties of software design and development, allowing one to better organize this process. On the base of the theory of algorithmic complexity and the theory of programs in the sense of Halstead, we develop a unified approach to measurement of software development metrics.

关键词： software quality software development software design software metrics program complexity

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Scope of Selection Nodes in Object Oriented programs 40

Scope of Selection Nodes in Object Oriented Programs

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40th Annual IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conference Symposium (COMPSAC) / Symposium on Software Engineering Technology and Applications (SETA)

作者： Alrasheed, Hend Melton, Austin Kent State Univ Dept Comp Sci Kent OH 44242 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467388450

Many complexity measures have been introduced to capture different aspects of code complexity. A factor that (in most cases) increases the difficulty of code is the excessive use of nesting constructs. In this work, we examine the difficulty created by nesting constructs in object oriented programs. We concentrate on measuring the scope of predicate (selection) statements within a method and between different methods by employing a new model named the control call inheritance graph (CCI). Unlike classic control flow graphs, the CCI graph captures the flow of control between the different statements of a method, between the different statements of different methods, and the flow created by inheritance relationships among different classes.

关键词： nesting object oriented program program complexity control flow graph selection statement selection node scope of a selection node

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Software metrics from the algorithmic perspective 18

Software metrics from the algorithmic perspective

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18th International Conference on Computers and Their Applications

作者： Debnath, N Burgin, M Winona State Univ Dept Comp Sci Winona MN 55987 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1880843463

In this paper, software metrics and processes of program development, verification and maintenance are analyzed in the context of the theory of algorithms. This study is aimed to support the development of high quality production-grade software. The process of program design as a transition from a problem to a program is studied. Analysis of the situation shows that there are different meanings of a problem solution. We formalize these meanings with the aim of better structuring and optimization of the program design process. On the base of algorithmic complexity and of the theory of programs in the sense of Halstead, we analyze qualities of programs represented by software metrics. A classification of software metrics is developed.

关键词： problem program software problem complexity program complexity software metrics

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