Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a surgical procedure for alleviating motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD). The pattern of DBS (e.g., the electrode pairs used and the intensit...
详细信息
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a surgical procedure for alleviating motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD). The pattern of DBS (e.g., the electrode pairs used and the intensity of stimulation) is usually optimized by trial and error based on a subjective evaluation of motor function. We tested the hypotheses that DBS releases glutamate in selected basal ganglia nuclei and that the creation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nigrostriatal lesions alters glutamate release during DBS in those basal ganglia nuclei. We studied the relationship between a pseudo-random binarysequence of DBS and glutamate levels in the STN itself or in the globus pallidus (GP) in anesthetized, control, and 6-OHDA-treated rats. We characterized the stimulus-response relationships between DBS and glutamate levels using a transfer function estimated using System Identification. Stimulation of the STN elevated glutamate levels in the GP and in the STN. Although the 6-OHDA treatment did not affect glutamate dynamics in the STN during DBS in the STN, the transfer function between DBS in the STN and glutamate levels in the GP was significantly altered by the presence or absence of 6-OHDA-induced lesions. Thus, glutamate responses in the GP in the 6-OHDA-treated animals (but not in the STN) depended on dopaminergic inputs. For this reason, measuring glutamate levels in the GP may provide a useful feedback target in a closed-loop DBS device in patients with PD since the dynamics of glutamate release in the GP during DBS seem to reflect the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc.
Estimating the impedance of lithium-ion cells is of increasing interest, especially on-board electric vehicles to enlarge their diagnostic capabilities. Therefore, an innovative approach for cell impedance measurement...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728189499
Estimating the impedance of lithium-ion cells is of increasing interest, especially on-board electric vehicles to enlarge their diagnostic capabilities. Therefore, an innovative approach for cell impedance measurements is presented in the context of intelligent battery management systems. Hereby, the load current excitation injected by the electric powertrain is switched by power MOSFETs. This quasi-active impedance spectroscopy can be performed with a reconfigurable battery system to shape the excitation signal without further hardware. A broadband data processing algorithm that handles both pulsing and non-pulsing data in the frequency domain is introduced. It generates impedance data of high quality while reducing the computational efforts compared to previous implementations. To evaluate the proposed methods under real world driving conditions, an experimental setup that emulates the application within a traction battery system is constructed. The obtained measurement results are in great accordance with those of reference laboratory equipment.
In many test setups there are more channels to be tested than there are signal generating channels. The complexity of this test scenario increases when fiber optic cabling is introduced into the setup. Using a Pseudo-...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728128320
In many test setups there are more channels to be tested than there are signal generating channels. The complexity of this test scenario increases when fiber optic cabling is introduced into the setup. Using a Pseudo-random binarysequence (PRBS) Pattern Generator/Receiver, a test can be constructed to help isolate faults, test for cable swaps, and to verify the system as a whole, including cabling or a UUT. Fiber optic cables are susceptible to dust, oil reside and other foreign fibers. Repetitive disconnecting and reconnecting cables can be damaging to a fiber optic cable, its fiber end, and the alignment of the light stream can be altered. The addition of an optical switching allows multiple ports to be tested without disconnecting any cables. The use of an optical switch allows for automatic test equipment testing at a ratio greater than 1:1, more output ports can be tested than there are driving input ports. In addition to the data signal being received, parametric testing provides useful diagnostic data into the state of the system cables and each connection. Parametric data can also provide useful information when debugging to help determine if a fiber optic cable is dirty, broken or disconnected. For example, measuring the transmitting power level separate from the receiving power level can provide information into health of the test path. Knowing the expected loss budget in a test setup can provide a Go/No-Go test result. In a production test, if a No-Go result is received, a signal path can be rerouted through the fiber optic switch automatically and the signal can continue through the system or UUT without any user interaction need and without disassembling any cable bundles. Armed with this diagnostic data, the user is better equipped to test and maintain fiber optic matrixes and integrated fiber optic systems.
In two experiments, experimentally naive rats were trained in concurrent variable-interval schedules in which the reinforcer ratios changed daily according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. In Experiment 1, relative ...
详细信息
In two experiments, experimentally naive rats were trained in concurrent variable-interval schedules in which the reinforcer ratios changed daily according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. In Experiment 1, relative response rates showed clear sensitivity to current-session reinforcer ratios, but not to previous sessions' reinforcer ratios. Within sessions, sensitivity to the current session's reinforcement rates increased steadily, and by session end, response ratios approached matching to the current-session reinforcer ratios. Across sessions, sensitivity to the current session's reinforcer ratio decreased with continued exposure to the pseudorandom binary sequence, contrary to expectations based on previous studies demonstrating learning sets. Using a second group of naive rats, Experiment 2 replicated the main results from Experiment 1 and showed that although there were increases over sessions in both changeover rate and response rate during the changeover delay, neither could explain the accompanying reductions in sensitivity. We consider the role of reinforcement history, showing that our results can be simulated using two separate representations, one local and one nonlocal, but a more complex approach will be needed to bring together these results and other history effects such as learning sets and spontaneous recovery.
An inductorless 13 Gbit/s analogue equaliser with an additional low-frequency equalisation (LFEQ) to counter the low-frequency channel losses is presented. An active feedback topology for the proposed equaliser togeth...
详细信息
An inductorless 13 Gbit/s analogue equaliser with an additional low-frequency equalisation (LFEQ) to counter the low-frequency channel losses is presented. An active feedback topology for the proposed equaliser together with negative capacitance circuit is used to extend the bandwidth to compensate a 15 dB channel loss at Nyquist. The LFEQ improves the measured data jitter of the conventional equaliser from 0.41 to 0.12 UI, for a pseudorandom binary sequence of 2(31) - 1. The proposed prototype was implemented in 65 nm CMOS, occupying active area of merely 0.058 mm(2). It exhibits a power efficiency of 1.07 mW/Gitb/s under a supply voltage of 1.2 V and a BER < 10(-12).
The paper describes correlation properties comparative analysis of pseudorandom binary sequences such as M-sequences,Gold codes, Hadamard ordered Golay sequences and LTE standard ZC sequences. In particular, the resea...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9783319463018;9783319463001
The paper describes correlation properties comparative analysis of pseudorandom binary sequences such as M-sequences,Gold codes, Hadamard ordered Golay sequences and LTE standard ZC sequences. In particular, the research considers primary synchronization signal (PSS) and random access preamble. Generation processes and the special features of ZC sequence based signals used in LTE standard are shown. Autocorrelation and cross correlation functions of appropriate signals are presented, correlation coefficients are evaluated.
In this paper, we study the statistical properties of pseudorandom number sequence (PRS) generators (PRNGs) based on strong cryptographic algorithms. We propose a method for assessing the quality of PRS generators and...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781538693605
In this paper, we study the statistical properties of pseudorandom number sequence (PRS) generators (PRNGs) based on strong cryptographic algorithms. We propose a method for assessing the quality of PRS generators and a criterion based on the quality/ speed ratio to compare output of PRNGs. It uses the results of statistical testing of generated PRSs and allows to evaluate similarity degree of sequences produced by PRNGs to true random sequences. We apply the method to study statistical properties of pseudorandomsequences produced by several generators based on popular cryptographic algorithms.
Deteriorated aerobic response to moderate exercise might precede the manifestation of clinical symptoms of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of the current study was to verify that the use of current wearable tec...
详细信息
Deteriorated aerobic response to moderate exercise might precede the manifestation of clinical symptoms of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of the current study was to verify that the use of current wearable technologies for analysis of pulmonary oxygen uptake ((V) over dotO(2)) dynamics during a pseudorandom ternary sequence (PRTS) over-ground walking protocol is a suitable procedure for the investigation of the aerobic response in more realistic settings. A wearable accelerometer located at the hip assessed the magnitude of the input changes delivered to the aerobic system. Eight adults (24 +/- 4 yr old, 174 +/- 7 cm, and 71.4 +/- 7.4 kg) performed two identical PRTS over-ground walking protocols. In addition, they performed on the cycle ergometer two identical pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) protocols and one incremental protocol for maximal ((V) over dotO(2)) determination. In the frequency domain, mean normalized gain amplitude (MNG in %) quantified ((V) over dotO(2)) dynamics. The MNG during PRTS was correlated (r = -0.80, P = 0.01) with the ((V) over dotO(2)) time constant (tau) obtained during cycling. The MNG estimated during PRBS was similar to the MNG estimated during PRTS (r = 0.80, P = 0.01). The maximal ((V) over dotO(2)) correlated with the MNG obtained during the PRBS (r = 0.79, P = 0.01) and PRTS (r = 0.78, P = 0.02) protocols. In conclusion, PRTS over-ground walking protocol can be used to evaluate the aerobic system dynamics by the simultaneous measurement of ((V) over dotO(2)) and hip acceleration. In addition, the aerobic response dynamics from PRBS and PRTS were correlated to maximal ((V) over dotO(2)). This study has shown that wearable technologies in combination with assessment of MNG, a novel indicator of system dynamics, open new possibilities to monitor cardiorespiratory health under conditions that better simulate activities of daily living than cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed in a medical environment.
This paper presents a low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) clock and data recovery (CDR) integrated circuit (IC) with dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique. When DVS is adopted, the power efficie...
详细信息
This paper presents a low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) clock and data recovery (CDR) integrated circuit (IC) with dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique. When DVS is adopted, the power efficiency can be improved by selecting the low supply voltage as possible for a given bit rate. However, the supply voltage generated from a switching regulator such as a buck converter has the ripple voltage at the switching frequency so that the CDR performance may be degraded accordingly. Thus, in this study, the analysis on the relationship among the ripple voltage, the switching frequency and the jitter tolerance (JTOL) is carried out and the appropriate ripple voltage and switching frequency of the buck converter are chosen based on the analysis. Moreover, low supply voltage circuit techniques are carefully utilised for the design of the low-power CDR IC. The CDR IC, implemented in a 0.11 mu m CMOS process, shows the power efficiency of 0.97 mW/Gb/s at 4 Gb/s including the buck converter. When 4 Gb/s 2(31)-1 pseudorandom binary sequence is used, the measured bit error rate is better than 10(-12), the measured JTOL is 0.3 UIpp and the measured jitter of the recovered clock is 6.1 ps(rms).
In the paper the gamma sequences based on perfect binary arrays presented. Such structures can be applied to encryption of big data streams in real time. The designed gamma sequences meet the requirements of FIPS 140-1.
ISBN:
(纸本)9781509022267
In the paper the gamma sequences based on perfect binary arrays presented. Such structures can be applied to encryption of big data streams in real time. The designed gamma sequences meet the requirements of FIPS 140-1.
暂无评论