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A generic collusion attack optimization strategy for traditional spread-spectrum and quantization index modulation fingerprinting

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2015年第17期74卷 6967-6988页

作者： Feng, Hui Gan, Langxiong Ling, Hefei Zou, Fuhao Lu, Zhengding Wuhan Univ Technol Sch Transportat Key Lab High Performance Ship Technol Minist Educ Wuhan 430070 Hubei Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Technol Sch Nav Hubei Key Lab Inland Shipping Technol Wuhan 430070 Hubei Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Coll Comp Sci Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China

Collusion attack is known to be a cost-effective attack against digital fingerprinting. Under the constraint that the fingerprint embedding algorithm and the host signal are unavailable to the adversaries, it is not very easy to perform efficient collusion attack. To solve this problem, we propose a generic collusion attack optimization (GCAO) strategy for traditional spread-spectrum (SS) and quantization index modulation (QIM) fingerprinting. First, we analyze the differential signal of two fingerprinted copies of the same content generated by popular fingerprint embedding algorithms, including both traditional SS-based embedder and QIM-based embedder. Based on the analysis of the differential signal, we construct a fingerprint forensic detector that identifies which embedder is applied and what the embedding parameters are adopted. Then, we improve the earlier proposed SANO collusion attack. Two components outlined above constitute a generic collusion attack optimization strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed forensic detector provides trustworthy performance: the detector can correctly identify the fingerprint embedding algorithm, and the probabilities of estimating the fingerprint length and position are higher than 86 % and 87 % for SS-based embedding and 84 % and 80 % for QIM-based embedding, respectively. The further experimental results illustrate that the proposed GCAO attack provides a better tradeoff between the probability of being undetected and the quality of the attacked copy.

关键词： Digital fingerprinting Collusion attack Optimization Spread-spectrum quantization index modulation

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Audio watermarking based on quantization index modulation using combined perceptual masking

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2012年第3期59卷 921-939页

作者： Singh, Jyotsna Garg, Parul De, Alok Nath Netaji Subhas Inst Technol Div Elect & Commun Engn New Delhi 110075 India ST Ericsson India SMIEEE Greater Noida 201308 UP India

In this paper, a robust audio watermarking scheme for MPEG-1/ Audio Layer II compressed domain is proposed. The scheme is implemented by modifying the subband coefficients using adaptive quantization index modulation. The watermarking procedure exploits perceptual frequency and temporal masking of the human auditory system (HAS) of MPEG coder to satisfy the requirements of robustness, security and transparency. This reduces the computational complexity of proposed scheme. The paper investigates the use of elevated masking threshold to improve detection and achieve higher robustness against re-encoding and awgn attacks. Experimental results show that high capacity of 6,840 bps with ODG -0.5 without altering the MPEG/audio bitrate.

关键词： Digital audio watermarking Masking threshold quantization index modulation Subbands

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High-performance JPEG steganography using quantization index modulation in DCT domain

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PATTERN RECOGNITION LETTERS 2006年第5期27卷 455-461页

作者： Noda, H Niimi, M Kawaguchi, E Kyushu Inst Technol Dept Syst Innovat & Informat Iizuka Fukuoka 8208502 Japan Keio Univ Minato Ku Tokyo 1088345 Japan

This paper presents two JPEG steganographic methods using quantization index modulation (QIM) in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain. The two methods approximately preserve the histogram of quantized DCT coefficients, aiming at secure JPEG steganography against histogram-based attacks. In comparison with F5 as a representative JPEG steganography, the proposed methods show high performance with regard to embedding rate, PSNR of stego image, and particularly histogram preservation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： steganography information hiding information security quantization index modulation JPEG DCT histogram matching

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Steganalysis of joint codeword quantization index modulation steganography based on codeword Bayesian network

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2018年 313卷 316-323页

作者： Yang, Jie Li, Songbin Zhejiang A&F Univ Jiyang Coll Zhuji 311800 Peoples R China Shantou Univ Dept Comp Sci & Technol Shantou 515063 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Haikou Lab Inst Acoust Haikou 570105 Hainan Peoples R China

quantization index modulation Steganography (QIMS) is an important category of steganography methods for low-bit-rate compressed speech. Early QIMS utilized independent codewords for embedding. Recently, new Joint Codeword QIMS (JC-QIMS) methods have been proposed. Such methods have higher embedding efficiency and steganography security than Independent Codeword QIMS (IC-QIMS) methods. Current steganalysis methods can detect IC-QIMS effectively, but the detection accuracy for JC-QIMS is unsatisfactory, especially at low embedding rates. To improve this accuracy, a novel steganalysis method based on a newly developed Codeword Bayesian Network (CBN) is proposed. The CBN is constructed based on the probability distribution and the steganography-sensitive transition relationships of codewords. The network parameters are learned by utilizing the Dirichlet distribution as the prior distribution. Extensive experiments are conducted with multiple embedding rates, multiple speech lengths and different network complexities. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-ofthe-art QIM steganalysis method against JC-QIMS. In particular, our algorithm achieves good detection results even at relatively low embedding rates. Moreover, it is proved that our method is also effective for the steganalysis of IC-QIMS. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Low-bit-rate compressed speech Steganography Steganalysis quantization index modulation Bayesian network

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Robust information hiding in low-resolution videos with quantization index modulation in DCT-CS domain

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第14期77卷 18827-18847页

作者： Zhao, Huimin Dai, Qingyun Ren, J. C. Wei, Wenguo Xiao, Yinyin Li, Chunying Guangdong Polytech Normal Univ Sch Comp Sci Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Guangzhou Key Lab Digital Content Proc & Secur Te Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Guangdong Polytech Normal Univ Sch Elect & Informat Guangzhou Guangdong Peoples R China Univ Strathclyde Dept Elect & Elect Engn Glasgow Lanark Scotland

Video information hiding and transmission over noisy channels leads to errors on video and degradation of the visual quality notably. In this paper, a video signal fusion scheme is proposed to combine sensed host signal and the hidden signal with quantization index modulation (QIM) technology in the compressive sensing (CS) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain. With quantization based signal fusion, a realistic solution is provided to the receiver, which can improve the reconstruction video quality without requiring significant extra channel resource. The extensive experiments have shown that the proposed scheme can effectively achieve the better trade-off between robustness and statistical invisibility for video information hiding communication. This will be extremely important for low-resolution video analytics and protection in big data era.

关键词： Video information hiding Statistical transparency Compressive sensing quantization index modulation Image fusion

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A blind audio watermarking technique based on a parametric quantization index modulation

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2018年第19期77卷 25681-25708页

作者： Terchi, Younes Bouguezel, Saad Univ Ferhat Abbas Setif 1 Fac Technol Dept Elect Lab Croissance & Caracterisat Nouveaux Semicond Setif 19000 Algeria

In this paper, we propose an efficient transform-based blind audio watermarking technique by introducing a parametric quantization index modulation (QIM). Theoretical expressions for the signal to watermark ratio and probability of error are derived and then used in an optimization technique based on the Lagrange multipliers method to find the optimal values for the parameters of the parametric QIM that ensure the imperceptibility while maximizing the robustness under an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) attack. Moreover, a fast scheme for the implementation of the proposed watermarking technique is developed and an efficient procedure is suggested to find the interval for the best selection of the watermark embedding positions that provide a good trade-off between the effects of high and low pass filtering attacks. The parameters of the resulting optimal parametric QIM coupled with the embedding positions constitute a highly robust secret key for the proposed watermarking technique. We also carry out several experiments to show the usefulness of the theoretical analysis presented in the paper and compare the proposed technique with other existing QIM-based watermarking techniques by considering known attacks such as AWGN, re-quantization, resampling, low/high pass filtering, amplitude scaling and common lossy compressions.

关键词： Blind audio watermarking Method of Lagrange multipliers Particle swarm optimization quantization index modulation

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An Image Steganography Algorithm Based on quantization index modulation Resisting Scaling Attacks and Statistical Detection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2018年第7期56卷 151-167页

作者： Yue Zhang Dengpan Ye Junjun Gan Zhenyu Li Qingfeng Cheng State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing Zhengzhou 450001China Computer School of Wuhan University Wuhan 430072China Department of Computer Science University of YorkYork YO105GHUK

In view of the fact that the current adaptive steganography algorithms are difficult to resist scaling attacks and that a method resisting scaling attack is only for the nearest neighbor interpolation method,this paper proposes an image steganography algorithm based on quantization index modulation resisting both scaling attacks and statistical *** the spatial image,this paper uses the watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation to extract the embedded *** construct the embedding distortion function of the new embedded domain based on S-UNIWARD steganography,and use the minimum distortion coding to realize the embedding of the secret ***,according to the embedding modification amplitude of secret messages in the new embedded domain,the quantization index modulation algorithm is applied to realize the final embedding of secret messages in the original embedded *** experimental results show that the algorithm proposed is robust to the three common interpolation attacks including the nearest neighbor interpolation,the bilinear interpolation and the bicubic *** the average correct extraction rate of embedded messages increases from 50%to over 93% after 0.5 times-fold scaling attack using the bicubic interpolation method,compared with the classical steganography algorithm *** the algorithm proposed has higher detection resistance than the original watermarking algorithm based on quantization index modulation.

关键词： Image steganography anti-scaling attack anti-statistical detection quantization index modulation

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Comparison of Forbidden Zone Data Hiding and quantization index modulation

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DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 2012年第1期22卷 181-189页

作者： Esen, Ersin Alatan, A. Aydin ODTU TUBITAK UZAY TR-06531 Ankara Turkey METU Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Rensselaer Polytech Inst Ctr Image Proc Res Troy NY USA New Jersey Inst Technol New Jersey Ctr Multimedia Res Newark NJ 07102 USA

Developing practical data hiding schemes that approach theoretical steganographic capacity limits is still a challenging research area. In this aspect, this problem is approached from a different perspective by proposing a novel method that relies on the newly introduced forbidden zone concept, which is defined as the host signal range, where no alterations are allowed. The proposed method, Forbidden Zone Data Hiding (FZDH), combines the forbidden zone with binning schemes and it is formulated both in general and simple parametric forms. This novel scheme is compared against the canonical binning-based data hiding schemes, such as QIM and DC-QIM, empirically, as well as in a theoretical framework. The results indicate that FZDH outperforms QIM, whereas performing competitive with DC-QIM. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data hiding Digital watermarking quantization index modulation Distortion Compensated quantization index modulation Scalar Costa Scheme Forbidden zone

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Difference angle quantization index modulation scheme for image watermarking

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SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2015年 34卷 52-60页

作者： Cai, Nian Zhu, Nannan Weng, Shaowei Ling, Bingo Wing-Kuen Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Informat Engn Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose a new angle quantization index modulation (AQIM) method, called the difference AQIM (DAQIM) method. The proposed method aims to improve the watermarking performance against gain attacks. Unlike the original AQIM method (Ourique et al., Angle QIM: a novel watermark embedding scheme robust against amplitude scaling distortions, in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. 2, 2005, pp. 797-800), the DAQIM method quantizes the difference of the two angles instead of the angles themselves. The main advantage of the DAQIM method is to disperse the interference to the watermark signal from one angle to more angles. Thus, the watermark has a higher ability to resist attacks. We perform a theoretical analysis of the document-to-watermark ratio (DWR) based on our proposed method. We show that our proposed method can obtain a lower embedding distortion compared to the AQIM and the gradient direction watermarking (GDWM) (Nezhadarya et al., IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., 6(4), 2011,1200-1213), methods under the same robustness and payload conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms common existing methods in terms of the robustness against various attacks such as the JPEG quantization noise, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), cropping effect and mean filtering. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gain attack Difference angle quantization index modulation Document-to-watermark ratio Robust watermarking

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A Blind, Semi-Fragile 3D mesh Watermarking Algorithm Using Minimum Distortion Angle quantization index modulation (3D-MDAQIM)

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ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019年第4期44卷 3867-3882页

作者： Borah, Sagarika Borah, Bhogeswar Tezpur Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Tezpur India

This work proposes a semi-fragile, blind watermarking scheme in spatial domain to substantiate the authenticity of 3D models. The 3D mesh is first traversed with a topology-oriented strategy which also decides the verification units. Every verification unit comprises of a set of embedding eligible vertices and one verification code embeddable vertex. Watermark embedding is carried out by first applying dither modulation to the spherical angular values theta () and phi (phi) of the embedding eligible vertices. During the process of dithering, the angular values are quantized with 3D-MDAQIM using quantization step sizes and phi that incurs minimum distortion. A theoretical analysis is conducted to present the imperceptibility assessment. In order to verify the integrity of the 3D model, verification bits are computed from the local geometry of the mesh and embedded to the respective embeddable vertices using message digit substitution scheme. Further more, experimental results show that the proposed method yields minimal distortion with regional attack localization capability. This work performs better than the state-of-the-art semi-fragile mesh watermarking algorithms in terms of embedding capacity, robustness toward content-preserving attacks and distortion control.

关键词： 3D mesh Mesh watermarking Fragile watermarking Mesh verification quantization index modulation Authentication Chaotic map

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