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HybRAID: A High-Performance Hybrid RAID Storage Architecture for Write-Intensive Applications in All-Flash Storage Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2024年第12期35卷 2608-2623页

作者： Karimi, Maryam Salkhordeh, Reza Brinkmann, Andre Asadi, Hossein Sharif Univ Technol Dept Comp Engn Tehran *** Iran Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz Dept Comp Sci D-55122 Mainz Germany

With the ever-increasing demand for higher I/O performance and reliability in data-intensive applications, solid-state drives (SSDs) typically configured as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) are broadly used in enterprise all-flash storage systems. While a mirrored RAID offers higher performance in random access workloads, parity-based RAIDs (e.g., RAID5) provide higher performance in sequential accesses with less cost overhead. Previous studies try to address the poor performance of parity-based RAIDs in small writes (i.e., writes into a single disk) by offering various schemes, including caching or logging small writes. However, such techniques impose a significant performance and/or reliability overheads and are seldom used in the industry. In addition, our empirical analysis shows that partial stripe writes, i.e., writing into a fraction of a full array in parity-based RAIDs, can significantly degrade the I/O performance, which has not been addressed in the previous work. In this paper, we first offer an empirical study which reveals partial stripe writes reduce the performance of parity-based RAIDs by up to 6.85x compared to full stripe writes (i.e., writes into entire disks). Then, we propose a high-performance hybrid RAID storage architecture, called HybRAID, which is optimized for write-intensive applications. HybRAID exploits the advantages of mirror- and parity-based RAIDs to improve the write performance. HybRAID directs a) aligned full stripe writes to parity-based RAID tier and b) small/partial stripe writes to the RAID1 tier. We propose an online migration scheme, which aims to move small/partial writes from parity-based RAID to RAID1, based on access frequency of updates. As a complement, we further offer offline migration, whose aim is to make room in the fast tier for future references. Experimental results over enterprise SSDs show that HybRAID improves the performance of write-intensive applications by 3.3x and 2.6x, as well as enhancing

关键词： Costs Computer architecture arrays Writing Solid state drives Servers Reliability engineering Solid-state drives performance redundant array of independent disks all-flash storage systems

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SSRAID: A Stripe-Queued and Stripe-Threaded Merging I/O Strategy to Improve Write Performance of Serial Interface SSD RAID

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2024年第10期35卷 1841-1853页

作者： Li, Peixuan Xie, Ping Cao, Qiang Qinghai Normal Univ State Key Lab Tibetan Intelligent Informat Proc & Sch Comp Xining 810016 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Wuhan Natl Lab Optoelect Key Lab Informat Storage Syst Sch Comp Sci & TechnolMinist Educ Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

RAID (redundant array of independent disks) has been widely used to enhance read and write performance of existing storage systems. Existing software RAID do not fully utilize write performance of Serial interface SSDs (Solid State Drive). The most popular software RAID currently is Linux Multiple-disks (MD), and the latest software RAID is StRAID. We observe that both of these software RAID methods lead to thread contention in multi-threaded mode, especially when applied to Serial interface SSDs. Multiple threads writing to same address can limit write performance. In this paper, we propose a stripe-queued and stripe-threaded merging I/O strategy. First, SSRAID segregates write requests across different stripes using a set of stripe-queues and stripe-threads to prevent interference between them. As a result, write thread contention in SSRAID is eliminated, allowing stripe-threads to maintain the highest efficiency of parallelism. Secondly, SSRAID can merge write requests from the same stripe-queue multiple times through stripe-thread, effectively reducing the number of additional write I/Os. Finally, SSRAID presents a stage buffer based on data merging. During partial stripe-write, write-induced read I/Os on the SSD are transformed into direct access to the stage buffer, effectively reducing write-induced read I/Os. Compared to StRAID, SSRAID improves average sequential write throughput by 86% and reduces average sequential write latency by 61% in the optimal case.

关键词： Instruction sets Linux Software Performance evaluation Merging Writing Throughput Solid state drive redundant array of independent disks request scheduling management multi-thread stage buffer

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Design and Implementation of SSD-Assisted Backup and Recovery for Database Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING 2020年第2期32卷 260-274页

作者： Son, Yongseok Kim, Moonsub Kim, Sunggon Yeom, Heon Young Kim, Nam Sung Han, Hyuck Chung Ang Univ Sch Software Seoul 06974 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Univ Illinois Dept Elect & Comp Engn Champaign IL 61820 USA Dongduk Womens Univ Dept Comp Sci Seoul 02748 South Korea

As flash-based solid-state drive (SSD) becomes more prevalent because of the rapid fall in price and the significant increase in capacity, customers expect better data services than traditional disk-based systems. However, the order of magnitude performance provided and new characteristics of flash require a rethinking of data services. For example, backup and recovery is an important service in a database system since it protects data against unexpected hardware and software failures. To provide backup and recovery, backup/recovery tools or backup/recovery methods by operating systems can be used. However, the tools perform time-consuming jobs, and the methods may negatively affect run-time performance during normal operation even though high-performance SSDs are used. To handle these issues, we propose an SSD-assisted backup/recovery scheme for database systems. Our scheme is to utilize the characteristics (e.g., out-of-place update) of flash-based SSD for backup/recovery operations. To this end, we exploit the resources (e.g., flash translation layer and DRAM cache with supercapacitors) inside SSD, and we call our SSD with new backup/recovery functionality BR-SSD. We design and implement the functionality in the Samsung enterprise-class SSD (i.e., SM843Tn) for more realistic systems. Furthermore, we exploit and integrate BR-SSDs into database systems (i.e., MySQL) in replication and redundant array of independent disks (RAID) environments, as well as a database system in a single BR-SSD. The experimental result demonstrates that our scheme provides fast backup and recovery but does not negatively affect the run-time performance during normal operation.

关键词： Database systems Tools Performance evaluation Reliability Random access memory arrays Solid state drives database systems backup and recovery replication redundant array of independent disks

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Improving 3D NAND flash memory lifetime by tolerating early retention loss and process variation

Improving 3D NAND flash memory lifetime by tolerating early ...

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Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems

作者： Luo, Yixin Ghose, Saugata Cai, Yu Haratsch, Erich F. Mutlu, Onur Carnegie Mellon University United States Seagate Technology United States ETH Zürich Switzerland Carnegie Mellon Univ. United States

Compared to planar (i.e., two-dimensional) NAND flash memory, 3D NAND flash memory uses a new flash cell design, and vertically stacks dozens of silicon layers in a single chip. This allows 3D NAND flash memory to increase storage density using a much less aggressive manufacturing process technology than planar NAND flash memory. The circuit-level and structural changes in 3D NAND flash memory significantly alter how different error sources affect the reliability of the memory. In this paper, through experimental characterization of real, state-of-the-art 3D NAND flash memory chips, we find that 3D NAND flash memory exhibits three new error sources that were not previously observed in planar NAND flash memory: (1) layer-to-layer process variation, a new phenomenon specific to the 3D nature of the device, where the average error rate of each 3D-stacked layer in a chip is significantly different; (2) early retention loss, a new phenomenon where the number of errors due to charge leakage increases quickly within several hours after programming; and (3) retention interference, a new phenomenon where the rate at which charge leaks from a flash cell is dependent on the data value stored in the neighboring cell. Based on our experimental results, we develop new analytical models of layer-to-layer process variation and retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. Motivated by our new findings and models, we develop four new techniques to mitigate process variation and early retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. Our first technique, Layer Variation Aware Reading (LaVAR), reduces the effect of layer-to-layer process variation by fine-tuning the read reference voltage separately for each layer. Our second technique, Layer-Interleaved redundant array of independent disks (LI-RAID), uses information about layer-to-layer process variation to intelligently group pages under the RAID error recovery technique in a manner that reduces the likelihood that the recovery of a group fails si

关键词： Flash memory Error analysis Error correction Fault tolerance Memory architecture NAND circuits Recovery Reliability Three dimensional integrated circuits 3 d nand flash memory Experimental characterization Manufacturing process Memory reliability redundant array of independent disks Reference voltages Solid state drives Storage systems

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VERONA V6.22-An enhanced reactor analysis tool applied for continuous core parameter monitoring at Paks NPP

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NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015年 292卷 261-276页

作者： Vegh, J. Pos, I. Horvath, Cs. Kalya, Z. Parko, T. Ignits, M. Commiss European Communities Joint Res Ctr Inst Energy & Transport NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands Paks Nucl Power Plant Ltd H-7031 Paks Hungary Hungarian Acad Sci Energy Res Ctr H-1525 Budapest Hungary

Between 2003 and 2007 the Hungarian Paks NPP performed a large modernization project to upgrade its VERONA core monitoring system. The modernization work resulted in a state-of-the-art system that was able to support the reactor thermal power increase to 108% by more accurate and more frequent core analysis. Details of the new system are given in Vegh et al. (2008), the most important improvements were as follows: complete replacement of the hardware and the local area network;application of a new operating system and porting a large fraction of the original application software to the new environment;implementation of a new human-system interface;and last but not least, introduction of new reactor physics calculations. Basic novelty of the modernized core analysis was the introduction of an on-line core-follow module based on the standard Paks NPP core design code HELIOS/C-PORCA. New calculations also provided much finer spatial resolution, both in terms of axial node numbers and within the fuel assemblies. The new system was able to calculate the fuel applied during the first phase of power increase accurately, but it was not tailored to determine the effects of burnable absorbers as gadolinium. However, in the second phase of the power increase process the application of fuel assemblies containing three fuel rods with gadolinium content was intended (in order to optimize fuel economy), therefore off-line and on-line VERONA reactor physics models had to be further modified, to be able to handle the new fuel according to the accuracy requirements. In the present paper first a brief overview of the system version (V6.0) commissioned after the first modernization step is outlined;then details of the modified off-line and on-line reactor physics calculations are described. Validation results for new modules are treated extensively, in order to illustrate the extent and complexity of the V&V procedure associated with the development and licensing of the new calculation

关键词： 2D two dimensional 3D three dimensional AEKI Atomic Energy Research Institute (Budapest, Hungary) BOC beginning of cycle CFD computational fluid dynamics CFX widely used CFD code C-PORCA nodal diffusion code (used for core calculations at Paks NPP) COBRA thermal-hydraulic code (used for fuel assembly subchannel calculations) CPU central processing unit (in a computer) CUDA compute unified device architecture CULA Compute Unified Linear Algebra DBM VERONA database manager DVD digital video disc ECR emergency control room EOC end of cycle EXD external data server FIL fine control rod position indication interface FPD full-power days GE general electric GEPETTO VERONA extrapolation method based on GPT GPGPU general purpose graphical processing unit GPT general perturbation theory GW gateway computer HELIOS lattice physics transport code for nuclear fuel analysis HMI human machine interface HP Hewlett–Packard iFIX HMI/SCADA system (GE Proficy) KFKI Central Research Institute for Physics (Budapest, Hungary) LTA lead test assembly MCNP Monte-Carlo N-particle transport code MCR main control room NPP nuclear power plant OLE object linking and embedding O&M operation and maintenance OPC OLE for process control PC personal computer PDA polyp data acquisition (in-core data acquisition system at Paks NPP) RAID redundant array of independent disks RAM random accessible memory (in a computer) RAR reactor physics archive RPH reactor physics server RPhDB VERONA reactor physics database RPS reactor protection system TC thermocouple TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SPND self-powered neutron detector SQL structured query language (relational database standard) VDB VERONA database VDP VERONA data processing server VERONA VVER ON-line analysis VM virtual machine VME versa module Eurocard (industrial data acquisition standard) VVER light water cooled and moderated nuclear power plant of Russian (Soviet) design V&V validation and verification

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Design and Implementation of Encoding and Check Code Circuit with Hamming Code on QCA

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPUTING 2014年第5-6期10卷 391-404页

作者： Xie, Guangjun Xiang, Yunlong Zhang, Yongqiang Liu, Shuai Lv, Hongjun Hefei Univ Technol Sch Elect Sci & Appl Phys Hefei 230009 Anhui Peoples R China

With Hamming code encoding data and checking code in data access, this paper researches on the encode/check code circuit with Hamming code designed based on Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). By inserting error correction code in original data to realize the data error recovery function, the QCA XOR gate model and the QCA matrix operation circuit have been devised. What's more, their properties are compared and analyzed. The results show that the QCA matrix operation circuit has shorter delay and fewer cellular than the QCA XOR, also it has simple structure and pretty good extensibility, so as to improving the reliability of the data. QCA Designer has been employed for simulation of the proposed designs and the results proved their validity.

关键词： Quantum-dot Cellular Automata redundant array of independent disks Hamming code XOR gate Matrix operation circuit

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Reliable parallel file system with parity cache table support

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2007年第1期E90D卷 22-29页

作者： Hung, Sheng-Kai Hsu, Yarsun Natl Tsing Hua Univ Dept Elect Engn Hsinchu Taiwan

Providing data availability in a high performance computing environment is very important, especially in this data-intensive world. Most clusters either equip with RAID (redundant array of independent disks) devices or use redundant nodes to protect data from loss. However, neither of these can really solve the reliability problem incurred in a striped file system. Striping provides an efficient way to increase I/O throughput both in the distributed and parallel paradigms. But it also reduces the overall reliability of a disk system by N fold, where N is the number of independent disks in the system. Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS) is an open source parallel file system which has been widely used in the Linux environment. Its striping structure is good for performance but provides no fault tolerance. We implement Reliable Parallel File System (RPFS) based on PVFS but with reliability support. Our quantitative analysis shows that MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) of our RPFS is better than that of PVFS. Besides, we propose a parity cache table (PCT) to alleviate the penalty of parity updating. The evaluation of our RPFS shows that its read performance is almost the same as that of PVFS (2% to 13% degradation). As to the write performance, 28% to 45% improvement can be achieved depending on the behavior of the operations.

关键词： cluster reliability parallel virtual file system redundant array of independent disks parity cache table

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Performance analysis of advanced I/O architectures for PC-based video servers

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Multimedia Systems 1994年第1期2卷 36-50页

作者： Huynh, Khoa D. Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M. IBM Corporation Internal Zip 1430 Boca Raton 33429-1328 FL P.O. Box 1328 United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton 33431 FL United States

In the personal computing and workstation environments, more and more I/O adapters are becoming complete functional subsystems that are intelligent enough to handle I/O operations on their own without much intervention from the host processor. The IBM subsystem control block (SCB) architecture has been defined to enhance the potential of these intelligent adapters by defining services and conventions that deliver command information and data to and from the adapters. In recent years, a new storage architecture, the redundant array of independent disks (RAID), has been quickly gaining acceptance in the world of computing. In this paper, we discuss and present a performance analysis of the SCB architecture and disk array technology in typical video server environments. In particular, we would like to see whether a disk array can outperform a group of disks (of the same type, the same data capacity, and same cost) operating independently (not in parallel as in a disk array) in a video server environment where most disk I/O operations are large sequential reads. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Interrupt-driven I/O Locate Mode Move Mode Peer-to-peer I/O RAID redundant array of independent disks Subsystem control block architecture Video server

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