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Error-resilient scalable compression based on distributed video coding

SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION 2009年第6期24卷 437-451页

作者： Ouaret, Mourad Dufaux, Frederic Ebrahimi, Touradj Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne MultiMedia Signal Proc Grp MMSPG CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Distributed Video coding (DVC) is a new paradigm for video compression based on the information theoretical results of Slepian-Wolf (SW) and Wyner-Ziv (WZ). In this work, a performance analysis of image and video coding schemes based on DVC is presented, addressing temporal, quality and spatial scalability. More specifically, conventional coding is used to obtain a base layer while WZ coding generates the enhancement layers. At the decoder, the base layer is used to construct Side Information (SI) for the DVC decoding process. Initially, we show that the scalable DVC approach is codec-independent, which means that it is independent from the method used to encode the base layer. Moreover, the influence of the base layer quality on the overall performance of the schemes is studied. Finally, evaluation of the proposed schemes is performed in both cases, with and without transmission errors. The simulation results show that scalable DVC has a lower compression efficiency than conventional scalable coding (i.e. scalable video coding and JPEG2000 for video and image, respectively) in error-free conditions. On the other hand, the DVC-based schemes show better error resilience as they outperform conventional scalable coding in error-prone conditions. More specifically, the Rate Distortion (RD) performance of the proposed schemes for image coding is compared with respect to Reed Solomon (RS) protected JPEG2000. While the latter exhibits a cliff effect as its performance dramatically decreases after a certain error rate, the performance of the DVC-based schemes decreases in a steady way with error rate increase. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Error-resilience Distributed video coding scalable coding Codec-independent scalability

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Local Inverse Tone Mapping for scalable High Dynamic Range Image coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2018年第2期28卷 550-555页

作者： Wei, Zhe Wen, Changyun Li, Zhengguo Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Singapore 639798 Singapore Inst Infocomm Res Signal Proc Dept Singapore 138632 Singapore

Tone mapping operators (TMOs) and inverse TMOs (iTMOs) are important for scalable coding of high dynamic range (HDR) images. Because of the high nonlinearity of local TMOs, it is very difficult to estimate the iTMO accurately for a local TMO. In this letter, we present a two-layer local iTMO estimation algorithm using an edge-preserving decomposition technique. The low dynamic range (LDR) image is first linearized and then decomposed into a base layer and a detail layer via a fast edge-preserving decomposition method. The base layer of the HDR image is generated by subtracting the LDR detail layer from the HDR image. An iTMO function is finally estimated by solving a novel quadratic optimization problem formulated on the pair of base layers rather than the pair of HDR and LDR images as in existing methods. Experimental results show that the proposed two-layer iTMO can recover the HDR accurately so that it is possible to use these local TMOs in scalable HDR image coding schemes.

关键词： Edge-preserving decomposition high dynamic range (HDR) inverse tone mapping scalable coding tone mapping

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Lossless-by-Lossy coding for scalable Lossless Image Compression

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2008年第11期E91A卷 3356-3364页

作者： Shinoda, Kazuma Kikuchi, Hisakazu Muramatsu, Shogo Niigata Univ Dept Elect Engn Niigata 9502181 Japan

This paper presents a method of scalable lossless image compression by means of lossy coding. A progressive decoding capability and a full decoding for the lossless rendition are equipped with the losslessly encoded bit stream. Embedded coding is applied to large-amplitude coefficients in a wavelet transform domain. The other wavelet coefficients are encoded by a context-based entropy coding. The proposed method slightly outperforms JPEG-LS in lossless compression. Its rate-distortion performance with respect to progressive decoding is close to that of JPEG2000. The spatial scalability with respect to resolution is also available.

关键词： image compression lossless compression scalable coding embedded coding wavelet transform context modeling

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Block-based frequency scalable technique for efficient hierarchical coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2006年第7期54卷 2559-2566页

作者： Lee, Jooheung Vijaykrishnan, Narayanan Irwin, Mary Jane Chandramouli, Rajarathnam Penn State Univ Embedded & Mobile Comp Design Ctr University Pk PA 16802 USA Stevens Inst Technol Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

In this paper, we propose a block-based frequency scalable technique for efficient hierarchical coding. The proposed technique divides an image into its multiple resolution versions, based on the spectral properties of discrete cosine transform (DCT) kernels. We present that spectral decomposition, downsampling, and DCT operations are performed effectively over input DCT coefficients of one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) signals by using the proposed transform matrices. The proposed image coder is observed to reduce the computational complexity and the memory buffer size with a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), when compared with the traditional hierarchical image coder. In addition, the proposed architecture can preserve compatibility easily with the previous DCT-based image coder.

关键词： discrete cosine transform (DCT) hierarchical coding image/video coding scalable coding

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scalable omnidirectional Video coding for Real-Time Virtual Reality Applications

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 56323-56332页

作者： Liu, Deyang An, Ping Ma, Ran Zhan, Wenfa Ai, Liefu Anqing Normal Univ Sch Comp & Informat Anqing 246000 Peoples R China Anqing Normal Univ Univ Key Lab Intelligent Percept & Comp Anhui Pro Anqing 246000 Peoples R China Shanghai Univ Key Lab Adv Display & Syst Applicat Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China

Virtual reality (VR) can provide users an immersive and realistic visual experience, which leads to the widely use of VR in many fields. However, transmission of the ultrahigh resolution omnidirectional video requires huge bandwidth, which brings great challenges for real-time VR application. In this paper, we propose a scalable omnidirectional video coding method to improve the coding efficiency with the help of the viewer's point of view (POV) and provide three-layer scalability as well. Based on the equirectangular projection (ERP), a down-sampling procedure of ERP video with corresponding super-resolution method is proposed to save bandwidth and provide spatial resolution scalability. With the super-resolution version of the reconstructed down-sampled video as the inter-view reference, the viewer's POV within sphere is mapped and encoded in high quality, while the non POV areas are compressed in low quality to further improve the coding efficiency and provide quality scalability. The correlation of the ERP and cube map projection is utilized in the POV mapping procedure. The proposed scalable coding method is achieved based on the multiview extension of high efficiency video coding, where only a few modifications are operated in the encoder side. Experiments results demonstrate that the proposed method can save approximately 75% average bit rate with no significant decrease in quality of the viewer's POV region compared with HEVC standard.

关键词： Virtual reality (VR) omnidirectional video coding scalable coding point of view MV-HEVC

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Efficient scalable UHD/360-Video coding by Exploiting Common Information With Cuboid-Based Partitioning

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2022年第6期32卷 3961-3977页

作者： Afsana, Fariha Paul, Manoranjan Murshed, Manzur Taubman, David Charles Sturt Univ Sch Comp & Math Bathurst NSW 2795 Australia Federat Univ Australia Fac Sci & Technol Ballarat Vic 3350 Australia Univ New South Wales Sch Elect Engn & Telecommun Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

The scalable extension of High Efficiency Video coding, SHVC can code Ultra High-Definition (UHD) video, including 360-degree video for various devices to serve a single bitstream with different display resolutions and qualities. To improve the SHVC compression efficiency, this paper proposes a novel intra and inter-frame coding scheme by first separating the common/visually important information and then applying cuboid-based variable size block partitioning and coding process for the common/visually important information in the base layer. In cuboid-based partitioning a video frame is partitioned into arbitrary shaped rectangular regions, known as cuboids, based on the distribution of relatively homogeneous pixel values. As the cuboid adopts a variable block partitioning based on the homogeneity of the data value, the partitioned blocks have better alignment with the object boundary. Moreover, in the cuboid coding process, only the partitioning tree information and a single value for each block need to be coded which takes lower number of bits and computational time compared to the traditional SHVC base layer. To verify the performance of the proposed method we embedded the proposed scheme as a base layer into the standard SHVC reference software and used several popular UHD/360-degree videos. The experimental results indicate that the proposed scalable coding strategy achieves an average of 14.04% BD-Rate reduction and 0.61 dB BD-PSNR gain for UHD/360-video compared to the operation points provided by an SHVC conforming encoder.

关键词： Encoding Video coding Scalability Streaming media Redundancy Decoding Bit rate scalable coding SHVC UHD 360-degree video coding cuboid partitioning coding efficiency

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A scalable video compression technique based on wavelet transform and MPEG coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 1999年第3期45卷 788-793页

作者： Chang, PC Lu, TT Natl Cent Univ Dept Elect Engn Chung Li 320 Taiwan

We present a scalable coding scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and MPEG coding for video applications. It utilizes the hierarchical pyramid structure that provides multiple resolutions. DWT decomposes the image into several bands, In each band, a fixed-size motion compensated MPEG coder with custom-designed quantization tables and scanning direction is: employed. This scheme has the advantages of reusing the widely available MPEG hardware and software as well as relieving the limitation of the image size imposed by the MPEG hardware technology. The simulation results show that the DWT-MPEG coding method improves the image quality over ordinary MPEG coding by 0.3 similar to 1.5 dB.

关键词： video compression scalable coding discrete wavelet transform MPEG

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Low-Complexity Enhancement Layer Compression for scalable Lossless Video coding Based on HEVC

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2017年第8期27卷 1749-1760页

作者： Heindel, Andreas Wige, Eugen Kaup, Andre Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg Inst Multimedia Commun & Signal Proc D-91058 Erlangen Germany Citrix Mobil Apps D-01067 Dresden Germany

Lossless compression is desired, especially for professional applications like medical imaging. However, scalability may be necessary to transmit a fast preview of pictures when the channel capacity is limited. Furthermore, there may be the need for random access to single frames of a losslessly reconstructed video. We present and evaluate a lossyto- lossless scalable video coding system in which the scalability is achieved by using a lossy base layer (BL) in conjunction with lossless compression of the reconstruction error in the enhancement layer (EL). High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) is employed for encoding the BL. For compression of the EL, we propose a low-complexity scheme called sample-based weighted prediction for EL coding (SELC). Furthermore, EL compression using JPEG-LS and the scalable extension of HEVC (SHVC) are evaluated. The performance of scalable coding using each of these three methods is compared with lossless single- layer (SL) coding using the intra-main RExt configuration. Experimental results show that the scalable coding with SELC achieves average bitrate savings of 7.3% compared with the lossless SL coding, while average bitrate reductions of only 6.3% and 3.9% are obtained using JPEG-LS and SHVC, respectively. Concerning runtime, the additional encoder runtimes of SELC and JPEG-LS compared with the BL coding are negligible. In contrast to that, the runtime of the SHVC EL encoder is much higher and similar to the runtime of the BL encoder.

关键词： Base layer (BL) enhancement layer (EL) High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) sample-based weighted prediction (SWP) sample-based weighted prediction for enhancement layer coding (SELC) scalable coding

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A multiple description coding and delivery scheme for motion-compensated fine granularity scalable video

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2008年第8期17卷 1353-1367页

作者： Chan, Yee Sin Cosman, Pamela C. Milstein, Laurence B. Verizon Commun Walnut Creek CA 94597 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Motion-compensated fine-granularity scalability (MC-FGS) with leaky prediction has been shown to provide an efficient tradeoff between compression gain and error resilience, facilitating the transmission of video over dynamic channel conditions. In this paper, we propose an n-channel symmetric motion-compensated multiple description (MD) coding and transmission scheme for the delivery of scalable video over orthogonal frequency division multiplexed systems, utilizing the concepts of partial and leaky predictions. We investigate the proposed MD coding and transmission scheme using a cross-layer design perspective. In particular, we construct the symmetric motion-compensated MD codes based on the diversity order of the channel, defined as the ratio of the overall bandwidth of the system to the coherence bandwidth of the channel. We show that knowing the diversity order of a physical channel can assist an MC-FGS video coder in selecting the motion-compensation prediction point, as well as on the use of leaky prediction. More importantly, we illustrate how the side information can reduce the drift management problem associated with the construction of symmetric motion-compensated MD codes. We provide results based on both an information-theoretic approach and simulations.

关键词： cross protocol layer designs diversity drift management fine granularity scalability (FGS) leaky prediction motion-compensation prediction multiple description (MD) coding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scalable coding wireless video

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Towards coding for Human and Machine Vision: scalable Face Image coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2021年 23卷 2957-2971页

作者： Yang, Shuai Hu, Yueyu Yang, Wenhan Duan, Ling-Yu Liu, Jiaying Peking Univ Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

The past decades have witnessed the rapid development of image and video coding techniques in the era of big data. However, the signal fidelity-driven coding pipeline design limits the capability of the existing image/video coding frameworks to fulfill the needs of both machine and human vision. In this paper, we come up with a novel face image coding framework by leveraging both the compressive and the generative models, to support machine vision and human perception tasks jointly. Given an input image, the feature analysis is first applied, and then the generative model is employed to reconstruct image with compact structure and color features, where sparse edges are extracted to connect both kinds of vision and a key reference pixel selection method is proposed to determine the priorities of the reference color pixels for scalable coding. The compact edge map serves as the basic layer for machine vision tasks, and the reference pixels act as an enhanced layer to guarantee signal fidelity for human vision. By introducing advanced generative models, we train a decoding network to reconstruct images from compact structure and color representations, which is flexible to accept inputs in a scalable way and to control the imagery effect of the outputs between signal fidelity and visual realism. Experimental results and comprehensive performance analysis over the face image dataset demonstrate the superiority of our framework in both human vision tasks and machine vision tasks, which provide useful evidence on the emerging standardization efforts on MPEG VCM (Video coding for Machine).

关键词： Image coding Machine vision Task analysis Image reconstruction Visualization Feature extraction Image color analysis Generative compression image coding scalable coding video coding for machine

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