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LSSVC: A Learned Spatially scalable video coding Scheme

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING 2024年 33卷 3314-3327页

作者： Bian, Yifan Sheng, Xihua Li, Li Liu, Dong Univ Sci & Technol China MOE Key Lab Brain Inspired Intelligent Percept & C Hefei 230027 Peoples R China

Traditional block-based spatially scalable video coding has been studied for over twenty years. While significant advancements have been made, the scope for further improvement in compression performance is limited. Inspired by the success of learned video coding, we propose an end-to-end learned spatially scalable video coding scheme, LSSVC, which provides a new solution for scalable video coding. In LSSVC, we propose to use the motion, texture, and latent information of the base layer (BL) as interlayer information for compressing the enhancement layer (EL). To reduce interlayer redundancy, we design three modules to leverage the upsampled interlayer information. Firstly, we design a contextual motion vector (MV) encoder-decoder, which utilizes the upsampled BL motion information to help compress high-resolution MV. Secondly, we design a hybrid temporal-layer context mining module to learn more accurate contexts from the EL temporal features and the upsampled BL texture information. Thirdly, we use the upsampled BL latent information as an interlayer prior for the entropy model to estimate more accurate probability distribution parameters for the high-resolution latents. Experimental results show that our scheme surpasses H.265/SHVC reference software by a large margin. Our code is available at https://***/EsakaK/LSSVC.

关键词： Learned video coding spatial scalability scalable video coding contextual MV encoder-decoder hybrid temporal-layer context mining interlayer prior

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Efficient scalable video coding Method Using Discrete Bandelet Transform

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PATTERN RECOGNITION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2020年第14期34卷

作者： Patnaik, Yogananda Patra, Dipti MVGR Coll Engn Elect & Elect Engn Vizianagaram 535005 AP India Natl Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Rourkela 769008 Odisha India

video coding is an imperative part of the modern day communication system. Furthermore, it has vital roles in the fields of video streaming, multimedia, video conferencing and much more. scalable video coding (SVC) is an emerging research area, due to its extensive application in most of the multimedia devices as well as public demand. The proposed coding technique is capable of eliminating the Spatio-temporal regularity of a video sequence. In Discrete Bandelet Transform (DBT), the directions are modeled by a three-directional vector field, known as structural flow. Regularity is decided by this flow where the data entropy is low. The wavelet vector decomposition of geometrically ordered data results in a lesser extent of significant coefficients. The directions of geometrical regularity are interpreted with a two-dimensional vector, and the approximation of these directions is found with spline functions. This paper deals with a novel SVC technique by exploiting the DBT. The bandelet coefficients are further encoded by utilizing Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) encoder, followed by global thresholding mechanism. The proposed method is verified with several benchmark datasets using the performance measures which gives enhanced performance. Thus, the experimental results bring out the superiority of the proposed technique over the state-of-arts.

关键词： Bandelet transform bandeletization discrete wavelet transform HEVC scalable video coding video coding

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Concealment of Whole-Picture Loss in Hierarchical B-Picture scalable video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2009年第1期11卷 11-22页

作者： Ji, Xiangyang Zhao, Debin Gao, Wen Chinese Acad Sci Grad Sch Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Harbin Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Harbin 150001 Peoples R China Peking Univ Inst Digital Media Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

H.264/AVC scalable video coding (H.264/AVC SVC), as the scalable extension of H.264/AVC, offers the flexible adaptivity in terms of spatial, temporal and SNR scalabilities for the generated bitstream. However, such compressed video still suffers from the bad playback quality when packet loss occurs over unreliable networks. In this paper, we present an error concealment algorithm to tackle the whole-picture loss problem in H.264/AVC SVC when hierarchical B-picture coding is used to support temporal scalability. In the proposed algorithm, by taking advantage of the temporal relationship among the adjacent video pictures, the motion information of the lost picture is derived simply and efficiently based on the principle of temporal direct mode. Utilizing the derived motion information, the lost picture is concealed by performing motion compensation on the correctly received temporally previous and future video pictures. The experimental results, demonstrate that as a post-processing tool, the proposed error concealment algorithm is able to significantly improve both the objective and subjective qualities of the decoded video pictures in the presence of packet losses when compared to the error concealment algorithm used in H.264/AVC SVC reference software. The proposed method can also be applied to H.264/AVC with hierarchical R-picture coding for error concealment.

关键词： Error concealment H.264/AVC hierarchical B-picture motion compensation scalable video coding

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Layer Assignment Based on Depth Data Distribution for Multiview-Plus-Depth scalable video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR video TECHNOLOGY 2011年第6期21卷 742-754页

作者： Karlsson, Linda S. Sjostrom, Marten Mid Sweden Univ Dept Informat Technol & Media SE-85170 Sundsvall Sweden

Three dimensional (3-D) video is experiencing a rapid growth in a number of areas, including 3-D cinema, 3-D TV, and mobile phones. Several problems must be addressed to display captured 3-D video at another location. One problem is how to represent the data. The multiview plus depth representation of a scene requires a lower bit rate than transmitting all views required by an application and provides more information than a 2-D-plus-depth sequence. Another problem is how to handle transmission in a heterogeneous network. scalable video coding enables adaption of a 3-D video sequence to the conditions at the receiver. In this paper, we present a scheme that combines scalability based on the position in depth of the data and the distance to the center view. The general scheme preserves the center view data, whereas the data of the remaining views are extracted in enhancement layers depending on distance to the viewer and to the center camera. The data is assigned into enhancement layers within a view based on depth data distribution. Strategies concerning the layer assignment between adjacent views are proposed. In general, each extracted enhancement layer increases the visual quality and peak signal-to-noise ratio compared to only using center view data. The bit-rate per layer can be further decreased if depth data is distributed over the enhancement layers. The choice of strategy to assign layers between adjacent views depends on whether quality of the fore-most objects in the scene or the quality of the views close to the center is important.

关键词： H.264/AVC multiview scalable video coding

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H.264-based selective fine granular scalable video coding

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2006年第8期E89B卷 2271-2274页

作者： Park, Gwang-Hoon Yoo, Won-Hyuck Suh, Doug-Young Kyung Hee Univ Coll Elect & Informat Media Lab Natl Res Lab Korea Kyunggido 449701 South Korea ETRI Broadcasting Media Technol Dept Taejon South Korea

An H.264-based selective FGS coding scheme is proposed. It selectively uses the interframe-prediction data inside the enhancement-layer only when those data can significantly reduce the temporal-redundancies. Since this minimizes the drift effects, the overall coding efficiency is improved. Simulations show that average PSNR of the proposed scheme is higher by 1-3 dB and 3-5 dB than those of the H.264-based FGS and the MPEG-4 video FGS profile, respectively.

关键词： multimedia system MPEG fine granularity scalability scalable video coding video streaming

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Slice loss concealment using bridge pictures in scalable video coding

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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2010年第12期46卷 842-U57页

作者： Dereboylu, Z. Worrall, S. Cellatoglu, A. Kondoz, A. Univ Surrey CVSSP Guildford GU2 7XH Surrey England

The scalable extension of H.264/AVC (scalable video coding, SVC) provides spatial, temporal and/or quality scalability with a coding performance that is comparable to that of H.264/AVC. As in the transmission of all types of compressed video, packet losses or errors may result in the degradation of SVC reconstructed video quality. A concealment method for SVC is proposed that uses the motion vectors (MVs) of higher temporal level pictures (bridge pictures) to estimate the MVs of a lost slice. The proposed scheme is tested on a spatial base layer and experimental results show that up to 2.2 dB performance improvement is obtained compared to the temporal direct method, which is a non-normative error concealment method of SVC.

关键词： H.264-AVC bridge pictures data compression motion vectors nonnormative error concealment method packet losses scalable video coding slice loss concealment temporal direct method video coding video quality

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Low bit-rate SNR scalable video coding based on overcomplete dictionary learning and sparse representation

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2020年第2期31卷 465-489页

作者： Irannejad, Maziar Mahdavi-Nasab, Homayoun Islamic Azad Univ Dept Elect Engn Najafabad Branch Najafabad Iran Islamic Azad Univ Digital Proc & Machine Vis Res Ctr Najafabad Branch Najafabad Iran

In the current decade, scalability has been developed in video coding (VC) schemes to reply end-user demands and heterogeneity of networks. In this paper, a low bit-rate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scalable VC based on dictionary learning (DL) and sparse representation is proposed. A notable feature of SNR scalability compared to spatial and temporal versions is that there are not any limitations in the number of enhancement layers, making it more applicable to adapt to different conditions. In this research, unlike traditional VC in which the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of video signals are quantized to obtain different SNR qualities, sparse codes are applied. Sparse coding is done over trained overcomplete dictionaries, for which three different DL algorithms, namely MOD, K-SVD, and RLS-DLA, are utilized and compared. The dictionaries are trained over the DCT domain of general natural images, to achieve higher compression and prevent blocking artifacts. The results of the proposed method are compared with non-scalable coding based on DL, and scalable and non-scalable coding schemes based on complete DCT dictionary employed in traditional VC standards such as MPEG.X and H.26X. The results show that, although video scalability naturally decreases the quality compared to non-scalable coding, the proposed scheme presents superior subjective and rate-distortion performance compared to non-scalable and scalable VC based on the traditional DCT quantization. Moreover, among the three DL methods applied, RLS-DLA achieves superior results both for non-scalable and scalable VC.

关键词： scalable video coding SNR Sparse coding Dictionary learning Quantization

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Embedded indexing in scalable video coding

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2010年第1期48卷 105-121页

作者： Adami, Nicola Boschetti, Alberto Leonardi, Riccardo Migliorati, Pierangelo Univ Brescia DEA SCL I-25123 Brescia Italy

Effective encoding and indexing of audiovisual documents are two key aspects for enhancing the multimedia user experience. In this paper we propose the embedding of low-level content descriptors into a scalable video-coding bitstream by jointly optimizing encoding and indexing performance. This approach provides a new type of bitstream where part of the information is used for both content encoding and content description, allowing the so called "Midstream Content Access". To support this concept, a novel technique based on the appropriate combination of Vector Quantization and scalable video coding has been developed and evaluated. More specifically, the key-pictures of each video Group Of Pictures (GOP) are encoded at a first draft level by using a suitable visual-codebook, while the residual errors are encoded using a conventional approach. The same visual-codebook is also used to encode all the key-pictures of a video shot, where boundaries are dynamically estimated. In this way, the visual-codebook is freely available as an efficient visual descriptor of the considered video shot. Moreover, since a new visual-codebook is introduced every time a new shot is detected, also an implicit temporal segmentation is provided.

关键词： scalable video coding Low-level descriptors embedding Midstream content access

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Optimized Preference-Aware Multi-Path video Streaming with scalable video coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING 2020年第1期19卷 159-172页

作者： Elgabli, Anis Liu, Ke Aggarwal, Vaneet Univ Oulu Ctr Wireless Commun Oulu 90014 Finland Chinese Acad Sci Inst Comp Technol Beijing Peoples R China Purdue Univ Sch Ind Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

Most client hosts are equipped with multiple network interfaces (e.g., WiFi and cellular networks). Simultaneous access of multiple interfaces can significantly improve the users' quality of experience (QoE) in video streaming. An intuitive approach to achieve it is to use Multi-path TCP (MPTCP). However, the deployment of MPTCP, especially with link preference, requires OS kernel update at both the client and server side, and a vast amount of commercial content providers do not support MPTCP. Thus, in this paper, we realize a multi-path video streaming algorithm in the application layer instead, by considering scalable video coding (SVC), where each layer of every chunk can be fetched from only one of the orthogonal paths. We formulate the quality decisions of video chunks subject to the available bandwidth of the different paths, chunk deadlines, and link preferences as an optimization problem. The objective is to to optimize a QoE metric that maintains a tradeoff between maximizing the playback rate of every chunk and ensuring fairness among chunks. The proposed metric prefers to use bandwidth of the links to optimize a concave utility function of the chunk quality. Even though the formulation is a non-convex discrete optimization, we provide a quadratic complexity algorithm which is shown to be optimal in some special cases. We further propose an online algorithm where several challenges including bandwidth prediction errors, are addressed. Extensive emulated experiments in a real testbed with real traces of public dataset reveal the robustness of our scheme and demonstrate its significant performance improvement compared to other multi-path algorithms.

关键词： Static VAr compensators Streaming media Prediction algorithms Bandwidth video coding Quality of experience Optimization video streaming multi-path scalable video coding video quality stall duration multi-path TCP non convex optimization

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Benefits and costs of scalable video coding for internet streaming

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JOURNAL OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND IMAGE REPRESENTATION 2005年第4-5期16卷 397-411页

作者： Narroschke, M Leibniz Univ Hannover Inst Theoret Nachrichtentech & InformatVerarbeitu D-30167 Hannover Germany

Benefits and costs of scalable hybrid video coding techniques are analyzed with respect to internet streaming. Temporal, spatial, amplitude scalability, and combinations as described in MPEG-4 are considered. Benefits are a reduction of the server storage capacity, a reduction of the netload for multicast delivery and a graceful degradation in case of transmission errors. Costs are ail increasing netload for unicast delivery and ail increasing computational expense in the decoder. The result of an evaluation shows that temporal scalability has minimum costs among all analyzed techniques. It increases the netload for unicast only marginally with no additional Computational expense in the decoder. Temporal scalability provides a reduction of the server storage capacity and netload for multicast by about 30%, and two steps of graceful degradation. All other known standardized and nonstandardized techniques of spatial and amplitude scalability are associated with costs that appear too high to be attractive for internet streaming. Therefore, only temporal scalability is used at the present. Some of the scalable video coding techniques may become of interest for other applications where the investigated costs are less relevant. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： video coding scalable video coding scalability MPEG-4

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