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Concerns about hash cracking - Aftereffect on authentication procedures in applications of cyberspace

IEEE AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS MAGAZINE 2007年第1期22卷 3-7页

作者： Wang, Shiuh-Jeng Ke, Hung-Jui Huang, Jia-Hung Chan, Chien-Lung Cent Police Univ Dept Informat Management Tao Yuan 333 Taiwan Changhua Cty Police Bur Informat Management Off Changhua 500 Taiwan Yuan Ze Univ Dept Informat Management Taoyuan 333 Taiwan

In the Crypto 2004 conference [6], one of the big news was that a fundamental technique in Cryptography - one of the hash algorithms, Message Digest 5 (MD5) had been cracked. Soon after this event, it was announced that the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1) had been cracked as well. This series of information shocked the researches in the field of cryptography, and raised the attention of every related organization of security application mechanisms. Most agencies are still looking into the impact this may have, and are considering their future responses and solutions in the wake of these developments in the hash structure of cryptanalysis. Based on this information, this paper will discuss in detail the broken MD5 and SHA-1, which both are reported to have been cracked, and will investigate any impact, and propose recommendations for the applications in cyber-space, such as password authentication and forensic software, when using a hash algorithm.

关键词： cryptography message authentication Message Digest 5 cryptanalysis cyberspace forensic software hash algorithms password authentication secure hash algorithm security application mechanisms secure hashing algorithm message authentication Online resources cryptography hashing CRYPTANALYSIS MD5

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The First 10 Years of Advanced Encryption

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IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY 2010年第6期8卷 72-74页

作者： Daemen, Joan Rijmen, Vincent Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Elect Engn Louvain Belgium

On 2 October 2000, after a three-year study period in which 15 block ciphers competed, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced that the block cipher Rijndael would become the Advanced En... 详细信息

关键词： AES Advanced Encryption Standard DES Data Encryption Standard Rijndael SHA-3 secure hash algorithm algebraic attacks block ciphers cryptanalysis key-iterated ciphers rebound attacks related-key attacks security and privacy symmetric cryptography Data Encryption Standard symmetric cryptography Advanced Encryption Standard Block cipher CRYPTANALYSIS

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SN-SEC: a secure wireless sensor platform with hardware cryptographic primitives

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PERSONAL AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 2013年第5期17卷 1051-1059页

作者： Moh'd, Abidalrahman Aslam, Nauman Phillips, William Robertson, William Marzi, Hosein Dalhousie Univ Dept Engn Math & Internetworking Halifax NS Canada Northumbria Univ Sch Comp Engn & Informat Sci Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST Tyne & Wear England St Francis Xavier Univ Dept Informat Syst Antigonish NS B2G 1C0 Canada

Security was not considered when current wireless sensor nodes were designed. As a result, providing high level of security on current WSNs platforms is unattainable, especially against attacks based on key resolving and node compromise. In this paper, we scrutinize the security holes in current WSNs platforms and compare the main approaches to implementing their cryptographic primitives in terms of security, time, and energy efficiency. To secure these holes and provide more efficiency, we propose SN-SEC, a 32-bit RISC secure wireless sensor platform with hardware cryptographic primitives. The choice of cryptographic primitives for SN-SEC is based on their compatibility with the constrained nature of WSNs and their security. SN-SEC is implemented using very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language. Experimental results using synthesis for Spartan-6 low-power FPGA show that the proposed design has a very reasonable computational time and energy consumption compared to well-known WSN processers.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks Security platform Advanced encryption standard Elliptic curve cryptography secure hash algorithm

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An Image Encryption Scheme Based on DNA Computing and Multiple Chaotic Systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 25650-25663页

作者： Samiullah, Muhammad Aslam, Waqar Nazir, Hira Lali, M. Ikramullah Shahzad, Basit Mufti, Muhammad Rafiq Afzal, Humaira Islamia Univ Bahawalpur Dept Comp Sci & Informat Technol Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan Univ Educ Div Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & IT Lahore 54770 Pakistan Natl Univ Modern Language Fac Engn & Comp Sci Dept Engn Islamabad 44000 Pakistan COMSATS Univ Islamabad Vehari Dept Comp Sci Vehari 45550 Pakistan Bahauddin Zakariya Univ Dept Comp Sci Multan 60000 Pakistan

A number of techniques for securing plaintext, images and video frames have been developed in cryptography using jointly DNA computing and Chaos Theory. With the advancement of DNA/quantum computing, the threats of security breaches to information have an increasing possibility. In this paper, we propose a symmetric encryption algorithm for color images by extending the current encryption/decryption techniques. Our encryption algorithm is based on three chaotic systems (PWLCM, Lorenz and 4D Lorenz-type), a secure hash algorithm, a scrambler, a chaotic generator and DNA sequence based Linear Feedback Shift Register. We introduce multilevel security to increase the degree of diffusion and confusion. Through experiments, we present security analysis for key irreproducibility and sensitivity, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix based analysis, maximum deviation, irregular deviation, entropy, histogram, variance and correlation, number of pixel change rate, unified average cipher intensity, known/chosen-plaintext attacks, mean absolute error, robustness against noises of various types using PSNR and occlusion attacks. It is demonstrated that mostly our proposed encryption algorithm has enhanced performance as compared to contemporary works in information security, while comparable in other cases.

关键词： Bit scrambling chaotic generator DNA sequence based linear feedback shift register DNA encoding hypechaos secure hash algorithm

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Implementation of high speed and lightweight symmetric key encryption algorithm-based authentication protocol for resource constrained devices

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC SECURITY AND DIGITAL FORENSICS 2022年第3期14卷 238-263页

作者： Rajashree, R. Peroumal, Vijayakumar Kishore, Lalit Reddy, K. Venkata Diwakar Reddy, Srujan Jagannath, M. Vellore Inst Technol Sch Elect Engn Chennai Tamil Nadu India

Encryption and decryption is accomplished by means of software or hardware, and has been in continuous usage since the 2000s for data encryption using any communication medium. A modern authentication algorithm is introduced based on the AES algorithmic program and SHA algorithms to encrypt information for encrypted communication with improved security features. SHA shall be applied at the same time as the AES mechanism for secrecy, reliability and honesty checks. The core concept of algorithmic application is to achieve a high degree of data protection by integrating SHA and AES algorithmic programs in software and hardware. Both transmitter and receiver sections are included in the proposed model to safely send and receive data. It has been developed using Xilinx ISE 14.2, so that the parameters of the proposed algorithmic program can be compared with various different FPGAs and then further comparison of parameters along with DES algorithm may lead to satisfactory results.

关键词： advanced encryption standard AES data encryption standard DES symmetric key cryptography block ciphers secure hash algorithm field programmable gate array FPGA authentication

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Image sequence encryption based on chaotic fingerprint phase mask and single-shot digital holography

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JOURNAL OF OPTICS-INDIA 2023年第3期52卷 1608-1619页

作者： Li, Tianlun Zhao, Qinyu Wang, Yonghui Zhang, Haoran Liu, Shuaiqi Su, Yonggang Hebei Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn Baoding 071000 Peoples R China

In this paper, an image sequence encryption scheme based on chaotic fingerprint phase mask and single-shot digital holography is proposed. In this proposed encryption scheme, the fingerprint serves as the secret key directly, and the chaotic fingerprint phase masks generated from the fingerprint using the secure hash algorithm and chaotic map are just used as interim variables. With the help of the chaotic fingerprint phase masks located in the Fresnel transform domain and the single-shot digital holography, an introductory image sequence can be encrypted into a series of noise-like holograms. Since the fingerprint key shared by the sender and authorized receiver is strongly linked with the user and need not be transmitted via the open network, the security of the proposed encryption scheme will be enhanced greatly. In addition, the parameters of the chaotic map and Fresnel transform can also provide additional security to the proposed encryption scheme. Numerical simulations and analysis have been carried out to verify the feasibility, security, and robustness of the proposed encryption scheme.

关键词： Image sequence encryption Chaotic fingerprint phase mask Digital holography Chaotic map secure hash algorithm

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LDPC and SHA based iris recognition for image authentication

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EGYPTIAN INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2012年第3期13卷 217-224页

作者： Seetharaman, K. Ragupathy, R. Annamalai Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Chidambaram 608002 India

We introduce a novel way to authenticate an image using Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) and secure hash algorithm (SHA) based iris recognition method with reversible watermarking scheme, which is based on Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and threshold embedding technique. The parity checks and parity matrix of LDPC encoding and cancellable biometrics i.e., hash string of unique iris code from SHA-512 are embedded into an image for authentication purpose using reversible watermarking scheme based on IWT and threshold embedding technique. Simply by reversing the embedding process, the original image, parity checks, parity matrix and SHA-512 hash are extracted back from watermarked-image. For authentication, the new hash string produced by employing SHA-512 on error corrected iris code from live person is compared with hash string extracted from watermarked-image. The LDPC code reduces the hamming distance for genuine comparisons by a larger amount than for the impostor comparisons. This results in better separation between genuine and impostor users which improves the authentication performance. Security of this scheme is very high due to the security complexity of SHA-512, which is 2 256 under birthday attack. Experimental results show that this approach can assure more accurate authentication with a low false rejection or false acceptance rate and outperforms the prior arts in terms of PSNR. (C) 2012 Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Error correction code Low density parity check Integer wavelet secure hash algorithm Iris recognition system

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Robust symmetric cryptography using plain-text variant session key

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC SECURITY AND DIGITAL FORENSICS 2015年第1期7卷 30-40页

作者： Khan, Hari Narayan Regent Educ & Res Fdn Dept Comp Sci & Engn Kolkata 700121 W Bengal India

The secured data communication over internet is the most important concern nowadays. Our main aim is to build an apparently attack resistant encryption model. Session key may be one solution where new encryption key is used in every session but that needs key exchange prior to every communication. Common solution is, the new key be the function of the previous key and previous plain-text. Here after every communication one needs to extract the next session key and to remember till the next communication. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme where session key is the function of a secret key and the current plain-text. Thus in each session the encryption key is changing but there is no need to extract and remember the next session key. Moreover, we have used double encryption technique and shown that our scheme is better against crypto-analysis than other existing schemes like DES, AES.

关键词： symmetric cryptography session key advanced encryption standard AES secure hash algorithm SHA transpose cipher

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Reconstruction of pseudonymized patient-trajectories in Austria's stroke cohort using medical record-linkage of in-patient routine documentation to establish a nation-wide acute stroke cohort of 102,107 pseudonymized patients between 2015 and 2019

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EUROPEAN STROKE JOURNAL 2022年第4期7卷 456-466页

作者： Heidinger, Martin Lang, Wilfried Boehme, Christian Knoflach, Michael Kiechl, Stefan Willeit, Peter Kleyhons, Rainer Tuerk, Silvia Austrian Fed Minist Social Affairs Hlth Care & Consumer Prot Radetzkystr 2 A-1030 Vienna Austria St Johns God Hosp Dept Neurol Vienna Austria Austrian Stroke Soc Vienna Austria Med Univ Innsbruck Dept Neurol Innsbruck Austria VASCage Res Ctr Vasc Ageing & Stroke Innsbruck Austria Univ Cambridge Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care Cambridge England

Introduction: Administrative health data are increasingly used for disease surveillance, quality assurance and research purposes. In Austria, reporting of a standardized dataset is mandatory for each patient. Patients and methods: Routine documentation includes administrative and medical data, including admission and discharge characteristics, disease-diagnosis using ICD-10, medical procedure codes, and coding of involved hospital departments. Since 2015, a three-step pseudonymization on these data is provided including a pseudonym using secure hash algorithm 256, a non-recalculable record-ID, and age-groups of 5 years, allowing the reconstruction of individual patient-trajectories. We included persons aged > 20 years with an in-patient treatment in Austrian hospitals for acute stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) between 01.01.2015 and 31.12.2019 using medical record-linkage. Results: This totals 102,107 patients (49.3% women) with 107,055 treatment episodes. An ischemic stroke (IS) occurred in 60.9% (n = 65,133), 27.1% (n = 29,019) had a TIA, 3.3% (n = 3488) a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 8.8% (n = 9415) an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The study period covers 35.2 million person-years at risk, with a hospitalization rate for acute stroke of 221.8 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 220.2-223.3), and 185.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 183.7-186.5) for IS. Unscheduled re-admissions within 1 year occurred in 29.2% (95% CI 28.8-29.7) after IS, and 41.7% (95% CI 40.0-43.3) after ICH. Recurrent stroke occurred in 5.3% (95% CI 5.1-5.5) after IS, and 5.6% (95% CI 4.9-6.4) after ICH. Discussion: We present herein the details of a novel methodology to establish a nation-wide unselected Austrian stroke cohort, and to reconstruct pseudonymized individual longitudinal patient-trajectories on a national level. This approach shows potential applications in epidemiological research, quality assessment and outcome measurement. Conclusion: This novel approach opens new res

关键词： Epidemiology stroke medical record-linkage pseudonymized patient-trajectory secure hash algorithm

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A Novel Chaos-Based Encryption Approach for Future-Generation Passive Optical Networks Using SHA-2

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JOURNAL OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2017年第12期9卷 1184-1190页

作者： Gill, Harsimranjit Singh Gill, Sandeep Singh Bhatia, Kamaljit Singh IKG PTU Kapurthala India GNDEC Dept Elect & Commun Engn Ludhiana Punjab India IKG PTU Elect & Commun Engn Dept Kapurthala India

A physical layer enhanced secure future generation passive optical network (PON) based on chaotic signal scrambling and the secure hash algorithm (SHA) is proposed and demonstrated. In this paper, the architecture of a wavelength-division multiplexed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) PON system based on a centralized light source using direct detection is analyzed. A logistic chaos map is employed here for the scrambling of OFDM symbols in the frequency and time domains. Before transmitting the signal over optical fiber, a message-digest of scrambled and descrambled OFDM signals is computed and compared at the optical line terminal and optical network unit, respectively, to verify the actual data recovered. For the downstream channel, a 10 Gbps 32 quadrature amplitude modulation OFDM signal is successfully transmitted over a distance of 50 km single-mode fiber within the limits of the peak-to-average-power value. The results show that the proposed scheme can protect the system from bad actors and eavesdroppers, while chaos encryption with SHA-2 provides a robust and promising secure strategy for future-generation PON systems.

关键词： Chaos scrambling Future-generation PON Optical access network Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Passive optical network secure hash algorithm Wavelength division multiplexing

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