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22nd International Conference on Service Oriented Computing

作者： Baresi, Luciano Quattrocchi, Giovanni Ticongolo, Inacio Gaspar Politecn Milan Dipartimento Elettron Informaz & Bioingn Milan Italy Univ Eduardo Mondlane Dept Matemat & Informat Maputo Mozambique

ISBN: (纸本)9789819608041;9789819608058

serverless computing is a promising paradigm for deploying and managing applications on edge infrastructures. It provides small granularity and high flexibility by decomposing applications into lightweight functions. Although this modularity facilitates efficient resource allocation and function placement on edge nodes, complex dependencies among functions pose significant challenges to their effective management. Existing research has explored various optimization techniques for serverless computing platforms, but dependency-aware function placement remains an open challenge. In this paper, we propose PLUTO, an efficient solution for the placement of serverless functions that supports complex dependencies. First, we present an optimal non-linear formulation of the placement problem. Then, we introduce a heuristic approach, derived from the optimal formulation, that ensures efficiency as the number of functions increases. An extensive empirical evaluation against state-of-the-art solutions shows that PLUTO significantly reduces the overall delay and memory consumption by up to 85% and 78%, respectively.

关键词： serverless functions Edge computing Function dependencies Placement

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ChunkFunc: Dynamic SLO-Aware Configuration of serverless functions

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 2025年第6期36卷 1237-1252页

作者： Pusztai, Thomas Nastic, Stefan TU Wien Distributed Syst Grp A-1040 Vienna Austria

serverless computing promises to be a cost effective form of on demand computing. To fully utilize its cost saving potential, workflows must be configured with the appropriate amount of resources to meet their response time Service Level Objective (SLO), while keeping costs at a minimum. Since determining and updating these configuration models manually is a nontrivial and error prone task, researchers have developed solutions for automatically finding configurations that meet the aforementioned requirements. However, our initial experiments show that even when following best practices and using state-of-the-art configuration tools, resources may still be considerably over- or underprovisioned, depending on the size of functions' input payload. In this paper we present ChunkFunc, an SLO- and input data-aware framework for tuning serverless workflows. Our main contributions include: i) an SLO- and input size-aware function performance model for optimized configurations in serverless workflows, ii) ChunkFunc Profiler, an auto-tuned, Bayesian Optimization-guided profiling mechanism for profiling serverless functions with typical input data sizes to build a performance model, and iii) ChunkFunc Workflow Optimizer, which uses these models to determine an input size dependent configuration for each serverless function in a workflow to meet the SLO, while keeping costs to a minimum. We evaluate ChunkFunc on real-life serverless workflows and compare it to two state-of-the-art solutions, showing that it increases SLO adherence by a factor of 1.04 to 2.78, depending on the workflow, and reduces costs by up to 61% .

关键词： Costs Data models Time factors Measurement Tuning Optimization Monitoring Memory management Buildings Bayes methods serverless workflows serverless functions configuration tuning SLOs profiling

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Data-Driven serverless functions for Object Storage 17

Data-Driven Serverless Functions for Object Storage

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18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference (Middleware)

作者： Sampe, Josep Sanchez-Artigas, Marc Garcia-Lopez, Pedro Paris, Gerard Univ Rovira & Virgili Tarragona Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450347204

Traditionally, active storage techniques have been proposed to move computation tasks to storage nodes in order to exploit data locality. However, we argue in this paper that active storage is ill-suited for cloud storage for two reasons: 1. Lack of elasticity: Computing can only scale out with the number of storage nodes;and 2. Resource Contention: Sharing compute resources can produce interferences in the storage system. serverless computing is now emerging as a promising alternative for ensuring painless scalability, and also, for simplifying the development of disaggregated computing tasks. Here we present an innovative data-driven serverless computing middleware for object storage. It is a lightweight compute solution that allows users to create small, stateless functions that intercept and operate on data flows in a scalable manner without the need to manage a server or a runtime environment. We demonstrate through different use cases how our solution scales with minimal overhead, while getting rid of the resource contention problems incurred by active storage tasks.

关键词： serverless functions object storage programmability data flow interception openstack swift cloud computing data management

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Toward an Edge-Friendly Distributed Object Store for serverless functions 24

Toward an Edge-Friendly Distributed Object Store for Serverl...

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15th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems (APSys)

作者： Chen, Xin Paidiparthy, Manoj Prabhakar Hu, Liting Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA Univ Calif Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400711053

serverless computing is changing the way in which we structure and deploy computations in Internet-scale edge systems. This paper presents Capybara, a new scalable and programmable distributed object store for storing and sharing serverless function data objects (state) on edge infrastructures. The key innovations here are (1) achieving scalability and avoiding the significant DRAM cost through a consistent DHT-based P2P architecture;and (2) providing a programmable handler abstraction to customize state management policies (e.g., data caching policies, container "keepalive" times, access control methods, and data replication policies). We implement Capybara prototype on the Pastry DHT, deploy it on 150 Amazon EC2 nodes, and evaluate it by building several use cases to conduct real-world experiments, demonstrating its significant gains in data locality, state management customization, and scalability compared to the state-of-the-art.

关键词： Distributed object store serverless functions edge computing

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Patterns for serverless functions (Function-as-a-Service): A Multivocal Literature Review 10

Patterns for Serverless Functions (Function-as-a-Service): A...

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10th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science (CLOSER)

作者： Taibi, Davide El Ioini, Nabil Pahl, Claus Niederkofler, Jan Raphael Schmid Tampere Univ Tampere Finland Free Univ Bozen Bolzano Bozen Bolzano Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9789897584244

[Context] serverless is a recent technology that enables companies to reduce the overhead for provisioning, scaling and in general managing the infrastructure. Companies are increasingly adopting serverless, by migrating existing applications to this new paradigm. Different practitioners proposed patterns for composing and managing serverless functions. However, some of these patterns offer different solutions to solve the same problem, which makes it hard to select the most suitable solution for each problem. [Goal] In this work, we aim at supporting practitioners in understanding the different patterns, by classifying them and reporting possible benefits and issues. [Method] We adopted a multivocal literature review process, surveying peer-reviewed and grey literature and classifying patterns (common solutions to solve common problems), together with benefits and issues. [Results] Among 24 selected works, we identified 32 patterns that we classified as orchestration, aggregation, event-management, availability, communication, and authorization. [Conclusion] Practitioners proposed a list of fairly consistent patterns, even if a small number of patterns proposed different solutions to similar problems. Some patterns emerged to circumvent some serverless limitations, while others for some classical technical problems (e.g. publisher/subscriber).

关键词： serverless Function as a Service serverless functions Cloud

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Warmonger: Inflicting Denial-of-Service via serverless functions in the Cloud 21

Warmonger: Inflicting Denial-of-Service via Serverless Funct...

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ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS)

作者： Xiong, Junjie Wei, Mingkui Lu, Zhuo Liu, Yao Univ S Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA George Mason Univ Fairfax VA 22030 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450384544

We debut the Warmonger attack, a novel attack vector that can cause denial-of-service between a serverless computing platform and an external content server. The Warmonger attack exploits the fact that a serverless computing platform shares the same set of egress IPs among all serverless functions, which belong to different users, to access an external content server. As a result, a malicious user on this platform can purposefully misbehave and cause these egress IPs to be blocked by the content server, resulting in a platform-wide denial of service. To validate the Warmonger attack, we ran months-long experiments, collected and analyzed the egress IP usage pattern of four major serverless service providers (SSPs). We also conducted an in-depth evaluation of an attacker's possible moves to inflict an external server and cause IP-blockage. We demonstrate that some SSPs use surprisingly small numbers of egress IPs (as little as only four) and share them among their users, and that the serverless platform provides sufficient leverage for a malicious user to conduct well-known misbehaviors and cause IP-blockage. Our study unveiled a potential security threat on the emerging serverless computing platform, and shed light on potential mitigation approaches.

关键词： Cloud Computing Edge Computing serverless functions Denial-of-Service

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Troubleshooting serverless functions: a combined monitoring and debugging approach

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SICS SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 2019年第2-3期34卷 99-104页

作者： Manner, Johannes Kolb, Stefan Wirtz, Guido Univ Bamberg Distributed Syst Grp Weberei 5 D-96047 Bamberg Germany

Today, serverless computing gathers pace and attention in the cloud computing area. The abstraction of operational tasks combined with the auto-scaling property are convincing reasons to adapt this new cloud paradigm. Building applications in a serverless style via cloud functions is challenging due to the fine-grained architecture and the tighter coupling to back end services. Increased complexity, loss of control over software layers and the large number of participating functions and back end services complicate the task of finding the cause of a faulty execution. A tedious but widespread strategy is the manual analysis of log data. In this paper, we present a semi-automated troubleshooting process to improve fault detection and resolution for serverless functions. Log data is the vehicle to enable a posteriori analysis. The process steps of our concept enhance the log quality, detect failed executions automatically, and generate test skeletons based on the information provided in the log data. Ultimately, this leads to an increased test coverage, a better regression testing and more robust functions. Developers can trigger this process asynchronously and work with their accustomed tools. We also present a prototype SeMoDe to validate our approach for serverless functions implemented in Java and deployed to AWS Lambda.

关键词： serverless functions FaaS AWS Lambda Monitoring Debugging Testing

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Tapping into NFV Environment for Opportunistic serverless Edge Function Deployment

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2022年第10期71卷 2698-2704页

作者： Zhang, Lu Feng, Weiqi Li, Chao Hou, Xiaofeng Wang, Pengyu Wang, Jing Guo, Minyi Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

Even with Network Function Virtualization (NFV), many commodity network servers have spare cycles. Despite that they are small and irregularly occur, spare cycles are fit for deploying short-lived serverless computing functions at the network edge. In this work, we perform detailed analyses of the benefits and limitations of co-locating serverless functions on NFV-ready servers. We propose NEMO, a novel platform that enables efficient serverless edge function deployment in the NFV environment. NEMO can intelligently harvest spare cycles of network functions to warm up the serverless functions and speed up the function invocation in an agile manner. Besides, NEMO can judiciously manage the thread conflict in a resource-limited environment. We build a prototype of NEMO. Our thorough evaluations show that NEMO can harvest up to 41% spare cycles and achieve about 12.5 similar to 25X performance improvement compared with straightforward co-location.

关键词： Network function virtualization serverless functions spare cycle

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Warmonger Attack: A Novel Attack Vector in serverless Computing

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IEEE-ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 2024年第6期32卷 4826-4841页

作者： Xiong, Junjie Wei, Mingkui Lu, Zhuo Liu, Yao Univ S Florida Dept Comp Sci & Engn Tampa FL 33620 USA George Mason Univ Dept Cybersecur Engn Fairfax VA 22030 USA Univ S Florida Dept Elect Engn Tampa FL 33620 USA

We debut the Warmonger attack, a novel attack vector that can cause denial-of-service between a serverless computing platform and an external content server. The Warmonger attack exploits the fact that a serverless computing platform shares the same set of egress IPs among all serverless functions, which belong to different users, to access an external content server. As a result, a malicious user on this platform can purposefully misbehave and cause these egress IPs to be blocked by the content server, resulting in a platform-wide denial of service. To validate the effectiveness of the Warmonger attack, we conducted extensive experiments over several months, collecting and analyzing the egress IP usage patterns of five prominent serverless service providers (SSPs): Amazon Web Service (AWS) Lambda, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure functions, Cloudflare Workers, and Alibaba Function Compute. Additionally, we conducted a thorough evaluation of the attacker's potential actions to compromise an external server and trigger IP blocking. Our findings revealed that certain SSPs employ surprisingly small sets of egress IPs, sometimes as few as four, which are shared among their user base. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that the serverless platform offers ample opportunities for malicious users to engage in well-known disruptive behaviors, ultimately resulting in IP blocking. Our study uncovers a significant security threat within the burgeoning serverless computing platform and sheds light on potential mitigation strategies, such as the detection of malicious serverless functions and the isolation of such entities.

关键词： Cloud computing edge computing serverless functions denial-of-service

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Doppler: Understanding serverless Query Execution

Doppler: Understanding Serverless Query Execution

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Proceedings of the International Workshop on BigIG Data in Emergent Distributed Environments (BIDEDE)

作者： Bodner, Thomas Pietz, Tobias Bollmeier, Lars Jonas Ritter, Daniel Univ Potsdam Hasso Plattner Inst Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450393461

Analyzing and understanding query execution dynamics in distributed cloud-based databases is difficult and requires laborious system designs. serverless query execution, with its massive amount of small, short-lived, and stateless query workers, is even more challenging. To meet this challenge and materialize the economic benefits of serverless computing, all system components have to be serverless themselves. We demonstrate Doppler, a serverless toolkit designed to trace serverless data processing systems with minimal performance and cost overhead and to provide a deep understanding of their query execution. We highlight Doppler's features and capabilities through a proof-of-concept implementation with the serverless data processing system Skyrise.

关键词： Debug Logging Performance Diagnosis System Behavior serverless Computing serverless functions

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