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Efficient exploration of indoor localization using genetic algorithm and signal propagation model

COMPUTING 2025年第1期107卷 1-22页

作者： Assayag, Yuri Souto, Eduardo Barreto, Raimundo Carvalho, Moises Pazzi, Richard Fernandes, Horacio Univ Fed Amazonas Inst Comp BR-69067005 Manaus Brazil Ontario Tech Univ UOIT Fac Business & Informat Technol Oshawa ON L1H 7K4 Canada

Global positioning systems have proven effective in outdoor environments, but encounter challenges in indoor applications due to the absence of direct line-of-sight with satellites. To address this limitation, novel methods are emerging to navigate obstacles in indoor settings, with a focus on achieving precise tracking at reduced costs. Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) based on Received signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are widely adopted because of their cost-effective implementation. This work introduces a new IPS that utilizes Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology and RSSI in a log-distance signal propagation model optimized by a genetic algorithm to improve the positioning estimation of mobile devices. Real-time Genetic Algorithms (GA) are employed to dynamically adjust the parameters of the signal propagation (SP) model, taking into account the variable wave propagation characteristics in different indoor regions. This results in superior performance when compared to the traditional approach of using fixed values in the propagation model for the entire scenario. To assess the effectiveness of our Genetic Algorithm-based SP-IPS (GASP-IPS), we conducted experiments in a real indoor environment comprising multiple rooms. The results indicate that our solution can achieve 2.52 m average error, without the need for significant pre-deployment efforts.

关键词： Indoor positioning system Bluetooth low energy Genetic algorithm signal propagation model

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signal propagation model Calibration Under Metal Noise Factor for Indoor Localization by Using RFID

Signal Propagation Model Calibration Under Metal Noise Facto...

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IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management

作者： Wong, S. F. Ni, X. Univ Macau Dept Electromech Engn Macau Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479964109

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies as an effective indoor localization solution are acquiring increasing attention for its low cost and compactness and it plays a significant role in industrial engineering. However, the location accuracy strongly relies on environment factor that will affect the signal propagation property (using by position system). To alleviate limitation imposed by this reason unlike others, this paper proposes a new calibrated Received signal Strength Indication (RSSI) propagation curve for high accuracy under metal noise factor. Therefore this curve is obtained by taking the metallic effect characteristic into consideration. The proposed results are obtained from practical experiments by RF Code M250 and R150 tags. Aimed at incorporating these features into localization algorithm appropriately and then the accuracy of RFID-based positioning system under metal noise factor can be improved substantially.

关键词： Indoor localization Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RSSI signal propagation model

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Field validation of beacon-based indoor tracking and localization system for construction workers

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KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2025年第2期29卷

作者： Gong, Yue Seo, Joonoh Kim, Tae Wan Ahn, Seungjun Luo, Yanfang Hong Kong Polytech Univ Dept Bldg & Real Estate Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China Incheon Natl Univ Div Architecture & Urban Design 119 Acad Ro Incheon 22012 South Korea Incheon Natl Univ Urban Sci Inst Incheon 22012 South Korea Hongik Univ Dept Civil & Environm Engn 94 Wausan Ro Seoul 04066 South Korea

Construction operations involve various entities that require reliable tracking to ensure safety, optimize resources, and monitor progress. Traditional manual methods are labor-intensive and error-prone, making automated systems essential. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are preferred for their minimal infrastructure setup and cost-effectiveness. However, their reliability is affected by environmental changes, presenting challenges in dynamic environments like construction sites. This study investigates the impact of beacon-receiver distance, beacon placement strategies, and indoor environmental geometry on BLE beacon-based tracking reliability. Experiments were conducted in two indoor environments with sixteen beacon installation points, with beacons placed at ground level and 1.2 m high. The impact of signal obstruction was assessed by collecting data with a smartphone inside and outside a pocket. A researcher walked across the testbed, holding a smartphone to collect stable RSSI readings from all beacons. Overall, the experiments yielded over 20,000 RSSI readings. The findings indicate that calibrated models, which require minimal setup, align closely with site-specific data and are recommended for effective tracking. The effective RSSI range was identified as one to six meters. Based on these experimental findings, the optimized BLE beacon deployment strategies are proposed to enhance tracking stability and accuracy on construction sites.

关键词： Automated tracking Beacon Placement optimization Bluetooth Low energy beacon Construction site Tracking Distance estimation Environmental impact on RSSI signal propagation model

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FLog: Automated modeling of Link Quality for LoRa Networks in Orchards

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SENSOR NETWORKS 2025年第2期21卷 1-28页

作者： Yang, Kang Chen, Yuning Du, Wan Univ Calif Merced Merced CA 95343 USA

LoRa networks have been deployed in many orchards for environmental monitoring and crop management. An accurate propagation model is essential for efficiently deploying a LoRa network in orchards, e.g., determining gateway coverage and sensor placement. Although some propagation models have been studied for LoRa networks, they are not suitable for orchard environments, because they do not consider the shadowing effect on wireless propagation caused by the ground and tree canopies. This article presents FLog, a propagation model for LoRa signals in orchard environments. FLog leverages a unique feature of orchards, i.e., all trees have similar shapes and are planted regularly in space. We develop a three-dimensional model of orchards. Once we have the location of a sensor and a gateway, we know the media that the wireless signal traverses. Based on this knowledge, we generate the First Fresnel Zone (FFZ) between the sender and the receiver. The intrinsic path loss exponents of all media can be combined into a classic Log-Normal Shadowing model in the FFZ. Extensive experiments in almond orchards show that FLog reduces the link quality estimation error by 42.7% and improves gateway coverage estimation accuracy by 70.3%, compared with widely used propagation model. The source codes and dataset are released at https://***/ycucm/Flog.

关键词： Low-power wide-area networks LoRa link quality signal propagation model first fresnel zone

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A Site-Specific LoRaWAN Parameters Selection Approach with Multi-loss propagation model 23

A Site-Specific LoRaWAN Parameters Selection Approach with M...

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23rd International-Federation-for-Information-Processing (IFIP) Networking Conference (IFIP Networking)

作者： Pandey, Shubham Kumari, Preti Gupta, Hari Prabhat Rai, Devashish Rao, S. V. IIT BHU Varanasi Dept CSE Varanasi India Embryocraft Sol Pvt Ltd Varanasi India IIT Guwahati Dept CSE Gauhati India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350390605;9783903176638

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) emerges as a promising solution due to its impressive communication range. However, achieving this range in real-world environments is influenced by signal absorption and reflection caused by obstructions such as buildings, vegetation, and the ground along the path to the gateway. This challenge is amplified in unknown sites where infrastructure details are unavailable before the deployment of LoRaWAN. To address the aforementioned challenges, the paper proposes an approach to determine and configure the LoRaWAN parameters for a given site. The approach introduces a method that automatically detects obstructions solely using site images, thereby eliminating the need for manual intervention. Subsequently, by employing the concept of a multi-loss propagation model, the approach estimates path loss, taking into account the identified site obstructions along the communication path. Finally, the estimated path loss is utilized to determine site-specific optimal LoRaWAN parameters, aiming to streamline the deployment process and enhance network efficiency. Through extensive experimentation and evaluation in a real-world LoRaWAN deployment, the approach demonstrates significant improvements in communication efficiency and overall network performance.

关键词： Communication efficiency Link quality LoRaWAN signal propagation model

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Link Quality modeling for LoRa Networks in Orchards 22

Link Quality Modeling for LoRa Networks in Orchards

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22nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)

作者： Yang, Kang Chen, Yuning Chen, Xuanren Du, Wan Univ Calif Merced Merced CA 95343 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400701184

LoRa networks have been deployed in many orchards for environmental monitoring and crop management. An accurate propagation model is essential for efficiently deploying a LoRa network in orchards, e.g., determining gateway coverage and sensor placement. Although some propagation models have been studied for LoRa networks, they are not suitable for orchard environments, because they do not consider the shadowing effect on wireless propagation caused by the ground and tree canopies. This paper presents FLog, a propagation model for LoRa signals in orchard environments. FLog leverages a unique feature of orchards, i.e., all trees have similar shapes and are planted regularly in space. We develop a 3D model of the orchards. Once we have the location of a sensor and a gateway, we know the mediums that the wireless signal traverse. Based on this knowledge, we generate the First Fresnel Zone (FFZ) between the sender and the receiver. The intrinsic path loss exponents (PLE) of all mediums can be combined into a classic Log-Normal Shadowing model in the FFZ. Extensive experiments in almond orchards show that FLog reduces the link quality estimation error by 42.7% and improves gateway coverage estimation accuracy by 70.3%, compared with a widely-used propagation model.

关键词： Low-Power Wide-Area Networks LoRa Link quality signal propagation model First Fresnel Zone

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Robust CNN based approach for Indoor localization using RSSI 3

Robust CNN based approach for Indoor localization using RSSI

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3rd IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation, IATMSI 2025

作者： Soni, Lav Thakur, Kunal Taneja, Ashu Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521691

Indoor localization is vital for applications like navigation and asset tracking, but is challenged by the ineffectiveness of GPS indoors. This study presents an AI-based indoor localization system that utilizes machine learning to enhance accuracy and reliability by integrating wireless signals strength. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values are collected from the Bluetooth beacons installed in the indoor scenario to enable user localization. A CNN based model is proposed that is trained using the collected RSSI data. The proposed model estimates the location of the user or device with accuracy of 93.1%. Further, the paper gives a comparative analysis of proposed model with other existing models in terms of mean square error (MSE) in localization and average loss. The proposed method offers improved localization in complex indoor environments and adapts to dynamic changes, making it robust for real-world applications. This work offers a scalable solution for indoor localization, benefiting smart building management and IoT applications. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： AI CNN Indoor Localization ML RSSI signal propagation model

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Experimental Study on Low Frequency Time-Code Timing signal propagation in Forest Environment

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AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2021年第SUPPL 1期55卷 65-76页

作者： Wang, Xin Huang, Luxi Li, Shuanglin Chen, Yingming Zhao, Fan Feng, Ping Li, Xiaohui Chinese Acad Sci Natl Time Serv Ctr Xian 710600 Peoples R China Fengkai Low Frequency Time Code Time Serv Stn Zhaoqing 526500 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China

Forest environment is a common complex scene in the application of radio time service. When the timing signal enters the forest, signal strength attenuation and phase shift will occur, which greatly affects the performance of radio time service [7]. In order to explore the changing law of radio timing service signal at different distances in the forest environment, this paper takes low frequency time code timing signal as an example to describe the propagation mode and attenuation characteristics when the signal enters into the forest environment, and establishes the field strength measurement system of the timing service signal to analyze the possible field strength variation law of the low frequency time-code timing signal under different propagation distances and different occlusion environments in the forest. The research results show that, in the ground wave region, the receiving antenna is completely in the forest, the central field strength increases by about 0.6 dB mu V/m, while in the interference region between sky wave and ground wave, the signal field strength shows a clear linear attenuation trend.

关键词： low frequency time-code timing signal forest occlusion signal propagation model field strength measuring

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Spatiotemporal Location Fingerprint Generation Using Extended signal propagation model

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JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 2012年第5期7卷 789-796页

作者： Kim, Hee Sung Li, Binghao Choi, Wan Sik Sung, Sang Kyung Lee, Hyung Keun Korea Aerosp Univ Sch Avion & Telecomm Goyang South Korea Univ New S Wales Sch Surveying & Spatial Informat Syst Sydney NSW Australia Konkuk Univ Dept Aerosp Informat Eng Seoul South Korea

Fingerprinting is a widely used positioning technology for received signal strength (RSS) based wireless local area network (WLAN) positioning system. Though spatial RSS variation is the key factor of the positioning technology, temporal RSS variation needs to be considered for more accuracy. To deal with the spatial and temporal RSS characteristics within a unified framework, this paper proposes an extended signal propagation mode (ESPM) and a fingerprint generation method. The proposed spatiotemporal fingerprint generation method consists of two algorithms running in parallel;Kalman filtering at several measurement-sampling locations and Kriging to generate location fingerprints at dense reference locations. The two different algorithms are connected by the extended signal propagation model which describes the spatial and temporal measurement characteristics in one frame. An experiment demonstrates that the proposed method provides an improved positioning accuracy.

关键词： Received signal strength signal propagation model Fingerprinting Positioning

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Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the signal propagation in Soil for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

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SENSORS 2020年第9期20卷 2580-2580页

作者： Huang, Hongwei Shi, Jingkang Wang, Fei Zhang, Dongming Zhang, Dongmei Tongji Univ Dept Geotech Engn Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Tongji Univ Shanghai Inst Disaster Prevent & Relief Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs), an important part of Internet of things (IoT), have many promising applications in various scenarios. signal transmission in natural soil undergoes path loss due to absorption, radiation, reflection and scattering. The variability and dynamic of soil conditions and complexity of signal attenuation behavior make the accurate estimation of signal path loss challenging. Two existing propagation models for predicting path loss are reviewed and compared. Friis model does not consider the reflection loss and is only applicable in the far field region. The Fresnel model, only applicable in the near field region, has not considered the radiating loss and wavelength change loss. A new two stage model is proposed based on the field characteristics of antenna and considers four sources of path loss. The two stage model has a different coefficient m in the near field and far field regions. The far field distance of small size antenna is determined by three criteria: 2 D-2/lambda, 5 D, 1.6 lambda in the proposed model. The proposed two stage model has a better agreement with the field experiment data compared to Friis and Fresnel models. The coefficient m is dependent on the soil types for the proposed model in near field region. It is observed from experiment data that the m value is in the range of 0 similar to 0.20 for sandy soils and 0.433 similar to 0.837 for clayey silt.

关键词： wireless underground sensor networks theoretical study experimental study signal propagation model

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