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International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2012)

作者： Ammann, Eckhard Univ Reutlingen Sch Informat Dept Business Informat Reutlingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789881925114

Knowledge development in an enterprise is about approaches, methods, techniques and tools, which will support the advancement of individual and organisational knowledge for the purpose of an improvement of businesses. As a basis, conceptions of knowledge and of knowledge conversions are needed. Here knowledge dynamics is understood to cover all of acquisition, conversion, transfer and usage of knowledge. Conceptions of knowledge and of knowledge conversions are provided in this paper, which introduce three dimensions of knowledge and general conversions between knowledge assets, respectively. Knowledge is represented by a three-dimensional model of knowledge with types, kinds and qualities. General knowledge conversions between the various knowledge assets are introduced as a model for knowledge dynamics in the enterprise. First a basic set of such conversions is defined. Building on this set general knowledge conversions can be defined, which reflect knowledge transfers and development. In effect, the well-known SECI model for knowledge development is as well extended as generalised in this approach. While organisational learning is not merely a multiplicity of individual learning efforts of its members, organisations learn through experience and activities of individuals to a large extent. Built on the presented conception of knowledge development, organisational learning scenarios involving teams of members and the organisational memory are identified and described in this paper. Three basic learning cycles are identified, which are closely related with appropriate combinations of basic and general knowledge conversions. Through appropriate combinations of such basic learning cycles, important learning scenarios in an organisation can be described. Especially, important known organisational learning types are covered by this approach, including single-loop learning and double-loop learning. In order to validate the approach to knowledge development and organisati

关键词： Conception of knowledge knowledge dynamics organisational learning cycles single-loop and double-loop learning

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From offshore outsourcing to insourcing and partnerships: four failed outsourcing attempts

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2014年第5期19卷 1225-1258页

作者： Moe, Nils Brede Smite, Darja Hanssen, Geir Kjetil Barney, Hamish SINTEF N-7034 Trondheim Norway Blekinge Inst Technol Karlskrona Sweden Blekinge Inst Technol Area Global Software Dev & Studies Effects Offsho Karlskrona Sweden Univ Latvia Riga Latvia Univ Latvia Area Software Engn Riga Latvia Univ New S Wales Sydney NSW Australia

Most large software companies are involved in offshore development, now small- and medium-sized companies are starting to undertake global sourcing too. Empirical research suggests that offshoring is not always successful;however, only a few comprehensive failure stories have been reported. The objective of our study has been to understand why small and medium-sized companies terminate their offshore outsourcing relationships and what alternative arrangements they undertake afterwards. Therefore, we designed a multiple case study of four medium-sized Scandinavian software companies that have terminated their offshore outsourcing relationships. Our results are based on data collected through semi-structured interviews, informal dialogues and analysis of company documents. We found that all companies terminated their offshore contracts because of low quality of the software being developed. This was caused by an inability to build the necessary human and social capital. The companies reported challenges with domain knowledge, a lack of commitment of external developers, cultural clashes, poor communication and high turnover, which only amplified the problems. After termination all four companies changed their sourcing strategy from offshore outsourcing to offshore insourcing and partnerships. We conclude that successful offshore software development requires a change from a cost-driven focus to an intellectual capital-driven focus. To prevent continuous investments into contracts that are destined to fail, companies should look for signs of escalating commitments and terminate relationships that cannot be corrected. Those companies that choose outsourcing shall also take into account that mismatch between the size of the offshore contract relative to the vendor may have a negative effect on a relationship.

关键词： Global software engineering Global software development Distributed software development Offshoring Insourcing Backsouring Outsourcing single-loop and double-loop learning Escalating commitment Intellectual capital Human capital Social capital Organizational capital SME Multiple-Case Study

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Key Challenges of Improving Agile Teamwork 14th

Key Challenges of Improving Agile Teamwork

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14th International Conference on Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming

作者： Moe, Nils Brede SINTEF NO-7465 Trondheim Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9783642383144;9783642383137

Inspect and adapt is essential to succeed with agile software development. Our objective was to understand the challenges of software process improvement in agile software development teams. We designed a multiple case study consisting of five projects in three software product companies that applied Scrum. We collected data in semi-structured interviews. We found that long-term quality was often in conflict with short-term progress, specialization hinders self-management, process related problems are difficult to solve and there are major organizational barriers to self-management. The main conclusion drawn from this work is that software process improvement challenges in agile software development are the problems of increasing redundancy to create conditions for the team to self-manage, to learn how to learn, and to improving agile software development as a large long-term organizational change project.

关键词： Agile software development multiple case study software process improvement single-loop and double-loop learning learning to learn retrospective self-management team

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Preserving permanent mountain grasslands in Western Europe: Why are promising approaches not implemented more widely?

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LAND USE POLICY 2017年 68卷 306-315页

作者： Darnhofer, Ika Schermer, Markus Steinbacher, Melanie Gabillet, Marine Daugstad, Karoline Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Feistmantelstr 4 A-1180 Vienna Austria Univ Innsbruck Univ Str 15 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria Alpine Ecol Lab UMR 5553 BP 53 F-38041 Grenoble 9 France Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NO-7491 Trondheim Norway

To protect grasslands and maintain the ecosystem services they provide, many European countries have been offering agri-environment measures aimed at maintaining extensive grazing by cattle, sheep or goats. Yet, despite more than two decades of agri-environment measures, semi-natural mountain pastures are still seen as threatened by abandonment and subsequent shrub encroachment. Building on a three-round Delphi inquiry, we analyse the perception of a range of experts on how measures aimed at maintaining mountain grasslands are designed and implemented in Austria, France and Norway. Results show that the experts see the need for a stronger involvement of diverse regional actors, the need to increase the flexibility given to farmers in managing mountain grasslands, and the need to reconceptualise monitoring as a social learning process. While these approaches are implemented in some 'best practice' examples, they are not widespread. Understanding these approaches as requiring double-loop learning may contribute to explaining their limited spread. Indeed, they build on a radically different conceptualization of farmers and of researchers, and thus of how agri-environment measures need to be designed and implemented tabe effective. Yet, such radical changes are likely to be resisted.

关键词： Open landscapes Ecosystem services single-loop and double-loop learning Agri-environmental schemes Mountain grassland

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BETTER PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Some single- and double-loop Strategies

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PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2011年第3期34卷 420-433页

作者： Van Dooren, Wouter Univ Antwerp Dept Polit Sci Antwerp Belgium

New Public Management set off a new wave of performance management efforts in government. Recent performance literature has documented the shortcomings of performance management and provided recommendations for improvement. This emerging-issues article revisits the literature, making a distinction between recommendations for better implementation of what are seen as essentially good systems (single-loop learning) and recommendations that target the performance management systems themselves (double-loop learning). It is argued that in complex settings, performance management may benefit from other ways of doing performance management and needs to be more agile, more decentralized, and more political.

关键词： complexity implementation performance management politics of performance management single-loop and double-loop learning use of performance information

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How Effective Are Incident-Reporting Systems for Improving Patient Safety? A Systematic Literature Review

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MILBANK QUARTERLY 2015年第4期93卷 826-866页

作者： Stavropoulou, Charitini Doherty, Carole Tosey, Paul City Univ London London EC1V 0HB England Univ Surrey Guildford GU2 5XH Surrey England

ContextIncident-reporting systems (IRSs) are used to gather information about patient safety incidents. Despite the financial burden they imply, however, little is known about their effectiveness. This article systematically reviews the effectiveness of IRSs as a method of improving patient safety through organizational learning. MethodsOur systematic literature review identified 2 groups of studies: (1) those comparing the effectiveness of IRSs with other methods of error reporting and (2) those examining the effectiveness of IRSs on settings, structures, and outcomes in regard to improving patient safety. We used thematic analysis to compare the effectiveness of IRSs with other methods and to synthesize what was effective, where, and why. Then, to assess the evidence concerning the ability of IRSs to facilitate organizational learning, we analyzed studies using the concepts of single-loop and double-loop learning. FindingsIn total, we identified 43 studies, 8 that compared IRSs with other methods and 35 that explored the effectiveness of IRSs on settings, structures, and outcomes. We did not find strong evidence that IRSs performed better than other methods. We did find some evidence of single-loop learning, that is, changes to clinical settings or processes as a consequence of learning from IRSs, but little evidence of either improvements in outcomes or changes in the latent managerial factors involved in error production. In addition, there was insubstantial evidence of IRSs enabling double-loop learning, that is, a cultural change or a change in mind-set. ConclusionsThe results indicate that IRSs could be more effective if the criteria for what counts as an incident were explicit, they were owned and led by clinical teams rather than centralized hospital departments, and they were embedded within organizations as part of wider safety programs.

关键词： patient safety incident-reporting systems organizational learning single-loop and double-loop learning

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